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The concept of a propagator is useful and is a well-known object in diffusion NMR experiments. Here, we investigate the related concept; the propagator for the magnetization or the Green’s function of the Torrey-Bloch equations. The magnetization propagator is constructed by defining functions such as the Hamiltonian and Lagrangian and using these to define a path integral. It is shown that the equations of motion derived from the Lagrangian produce complex-valued trajectories (classical paths) and it is conjectured that the end-points of these trajectories are real-valued. The complex nature of the trajectories also suggests that the spin degrees of freedom are also encoded into the trajectories and this idea is explored by explicitly modeling the spin or precessing magnetization by anticommuting Grassmann variables. A pseudoclassical Lagrangian is constructed by combining the diffusive (bosonic) Lagrangian with the Grassmann (fermionic) Lagrangian, and performing the path integral over the Grassmann variables recovers the original Lagrangian that was used in the construction of the propagator for the magnetization. The trajectories of the pseudoclassical model also provide some insight into the nature of the end-points.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-07T18:20:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PauloPinheiro.pdf: 740954 bytes, checksum: 7a586404eb9969daad1f2c29dbbf0b42 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-07T18:20:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PauloPinheiro.pdf: 740954 bytes, checksum: 7a586404eb9969daad1f2c29dbbf0b42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / The possibility of spontaneous breaking of Lorentz symmetry in the context of string theory appeared in 1990´s as an element capable to direct new ways for developing physics at Planck scale. Possible breaking of Lorentz invariance is seen as a characteristic of the physics beyond the usual Model Standard, that forbids such breaking in its structure. The observation of Lorentz breaking (LV) at lower energies can be seen as an evidence of occurrence of Lorentz spontaneous breaking at Planck scale, with important consequence for the development of the quantum gravitation theory. This work aims at studying the LV effects in a regime of low energies, more necessarily in the context of the Maxwell electrodynamics, in the presence of the CPT-even term (W∝υρφF∝υFρφ) of the standard model extension. In the first part of the work, we deal with the electrodynamics stemming from the parity-odd sector of the tensor W∝υρφ, where the electric and magnetic sectors are connected by the breaking parameter (violating vector k). The method of Green is then used to yield the classic solutions for this electrodynamics. It is observed that Lorentz-violating coefficients contribute in first order for the electric and magnetic sectors. An experiment of feasible accomplishment in laboratory is considered for stipulating an upper bound for the background magnitude (k < 10−16). In the sequel we deal with the electrodynamics stemming from the parity-even sector of the tensor W∝υρφ. The solutions for the electric and magnetic sector are attained similarly by the Green method. With such solutions, we are able to impose an upper bound on the parameters: (eκe−)ib < 2.9 × 10−20. Finally, we evaluate the gauge propagator of this theory, both for the parity-even and the parity-odd sectors. We then use it to analyze the stability, causality and unitary of this model. Keywords: Maxwell electrodynamics, Lorentz symmetry, Classical solutions, / A possibilidade de violação espontanea da simetria de Lorentz no contexto da teoria das cordas surgiu nos anos 90 como um elemento capaz de direcionar novos caminhos para a fısica na escala de Planck. Possíveis violações da invariância de Lorentz são vistas como uma caracterıstica da fısica além do Modelo Padrão usual, que proíbe tal violação em sua estrutura. A observação da violação de Lorentz (VL) em mais baixas energias pode ser vista como uma evidência da ocorrência do mecanismo de quebra espontanea na escala de Planck, com importantes consequências para o desenvolvimento da teoria da gravitação quantica. Este trabalho propõe-se a estudar efeitos da VL em um regime de baixas energias, mais precisamente no contexto da eletrodinâmica de Maxwell modificada pelo termo CPT-par (W∝υρφF∝υFρφ) do Modelo Padrão Estendido. Na primeira parte do trabalho, tratamos a eletrodinamica resultante do setor de paridade ímpar do tensor W∝υρφ, em que os setores elétrico e magnético são acoplados pelo parâmetro de quebra (vetor violador k). Usa-se então o método de Green para obter as soluções clássicas desta eletrodinâmica. Observa-se que os coeficientes violadores de Lorentz contribuem em primeira ordem para os setores elétrico e magnético. Propõe-se um experimento de factível realização em laboratório, para estipular um limite superior para a magnitude do ”background”(k < 10−16). Tratamos em seguida a eletrodinâmica advinda do setor de paridade par. As soluções para o setor elétrico e magnético são obtidas similarmente pelo método de Green. Com tais soluções, conseguimos impor um limite superior sobre os parâmetros: (eκe−)ib < 2.9 × 10−20. Por fim, calculamos o propagador desta teoria, tanto para o setor paridade-par quanto para o setor paridade ímpar, e usamo-lo para obter informações sobre a causalidade, estabilidade e unitariedade do modelo.

Relations between propagators and Green<p>functions of Hamiltonians which are SUSY partners have been obtained. New exact propagators for the family of multi-well, time-dependent and non-hermitian potentials have been calculated.<p><p>Non-conservative SUSY transformation has been studied in<p>the case of multichannel Schrodinger equation with different thresholds. Spectrum (bound/virtual states and resonances) of the<p>non-conservative SUSY partner of zero potential has been founded. <p><p>Exactly solvable model of the magnetic induced Feshbach resonance<p>has been constructed. This model was tested in the case of Rb$^{85}$.<p><p>Conservative SUSY transformations of the first and the second order have been studied in the case of multichannel Schrodinger equation with equal thresholds. Transformations which introduce non-trivial coupling between scattering channels have been founded. <p><p>The first order SUSY transformation which preserves $S$-matrix eigen-phase shifts and<p>modifies mixing parameter has been founded in the case of two channel scattering with partial waves of different parities. In the case of coinciding parities we have found the second order SUSY transformation which preserves $S$-matrix eigen-phase shifts and modifies mixing parameter. <p><p>Phenomenological two channel $^3S_1-^3D_1$<p>neutron-proton potential has been obtained by using single channel, phase equivalent and coupling SUSY transformations applied to zero potential. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In diese Dissertation werden lineare retardierte Differentialgleichungen (DDEs) und deren Lösungsoperatoren untersucht. Wir stellen eine neue Methode vor, mit der die Lösungsoperatoren für autonome und nicht-autonome DDEs bestimmt werden. Die neue Methode basiert auf dem Pfadintegralformalismus, der aus der Quantenmechanik und von der Analyse stochastischer Differentialgleichungen bekannt ist. Es zeigt sich, dass die Lösung eines Delaysystems zum Zeitpunkt t durch die Integration aller möglicher Pfade von der Anfangsbedingung bis zur Zeit t gebildet werden kann. Die Pfade bestehen dabei aus verschiedenen Schritten unterschiedlicher Längen und Gewichte. Für skalare autonome DDEs können analytische Ausdrücke des Lösungsoperators in der Literatur gefunden werden, allerdings existieren keine für nicht-autonome oder höherdimensionale DDEs. Mithilfe der neuen Methode werden wir die Lösungsoperatoren der genannten DDEs aufstellen und zusätzlich auf Delaysysteme mit mehreren Delaytermen erweitern. Dabei bestätigen wir unsere Ergebnisse sowohl analytisch wie auch numerisch. Die gewonnenen Lösungsoperatoren verwenden wir anschließend zur Stabilitätsanalyse periodischer Delaysysteme. Es werden zwei neue Verfahren präsentiert, die mithilfe des Lösungsoperators den transformierten Monodromieoperator des Delaysystems nähern und daraus die Stabilität bestimmen können. Beide neue Verfahren sind spektrale Methoden für autonome sowie nicht-autonome Delaysysteme und haben keine Einschränkungen wie bei der bekannten Chebyshev-Kollokationsmethode oder der Chebyshev-Polynomentwicklung. Die beiden bisherigen Verfahren beschränken sich auf Delaysysteme mit rationalem Verhältnis zwischen Periode und Delay. Außerdem werden wir eine bereits bekannte Methode erweitern und zu einer spektralen Methode für periodische nicht-autonome Delaysysteme entwickeln. Wir bestätigen alle drei neue Verfahren numerisch. Damit werden in dieser Dissertation drei neue spektrale Verfahren zur Stabilitätsanalyse periodischer Delaysysteme vorgestellt. / In this thesis linear delay differential equations (DDEs) and its solutions operators are studied. We present a new method to calculate the solution operators for autonomous and non-autonomous DDEs. The new method is related to the path integral formalism, which is known from quantum mechanics and the analysis of stochastic differential equations. It will be shown that the solution of a time delay system at time t can be constructed by integrating over all paths from the initial condition to time t. The paths consist of several steps with different lengths and weights. Analytic expressions for the solution operator for scalar autonomous DDEs can be found in the literature but no results exist for non-autonomous or high dimensional DDEs. With the help of the new method we can calculate the solution operators for such DDEs and for time delay systems with several delay terms. We verify our results analytically and numerically. We use the obtained solution operators for the stability analysis of periodic time delay systems. Two new methods will be presented to approximate the transformed monodromy operator with the help of the solution operator and to get the stability. Both new methods are spectral methods for autonomous and non-autonomous delay systems and have no limitations like the known Chebyshev collocation method or Chebyshev polynomial expansion. Both previously known methods are limited to time delay systems with a rational relation between period and delay. Furthermore we will extend a known method to a spectral method for non-autonomous time delay systems. We verify all three new methods numerically. Hence, in this thesis three new spectral methods for the stability analysis of periodic time delay systems are presented.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-08-23T18:24:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RoemirMoreira.pdf: 689688 bytes, checksum: 82f6a2259d4db9b3772731a4618fdc96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T18:24:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RoemirMoreira.pdf: 689688 bytes, checksum: 82f6a2259d4db9b3772731a4618fdc96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The gauge sector of the Standard Model Extended (MPE) has been investigated in many respects in recent years, discussing the effects of Lorentz symmetry violation in physical systems and the limitations on the magnitude of the parameters of violation. This work revisited some planar theories derived from the dimensional reduction of the gauge sector of the MPE, and perform an original contribution: the dimensional reduction of the CPT-even and nonbirefringent gauge sector of the MPE, composed of nine components. The resulting planar theory includes a gauge sector and scalar sector (which has an nonsual kinetic term), coupled together by a 3-vector Cα Lorentz violation. Both sectors, gauge and scale, are affected by the six components of a symmetric tensor violates Lorentz, kµρ. The energy-momentum tensor is explicitly calculated, revealing that the energy of the gauge and scalar sectors is stable for small values of the parameters of violation. The equations of motion for the electric and magnetic elds, as well as the potentials, are written and analyzed in the steady state. Then employ the method of Green to get the stationary solutions of classical electrodynamics to rst order in the parameters of violation. It is observed that the coe cients of Lorentz violation does not alter the asymptotic behavior of the elds, but does not induce an angular dependence observed in the planar theory of Maxwell. The dispersion relation is exactly computed and is compatible with a theory does not birefringent, and demonstrating that the theory is stable, but in general, not causal. Finally, we calculate the Feynman propagator for the gauge elds and scalar theory of planar, accurately, using a set of 11 projectors that form a closed algebra. We use the expression of the Feynman propagator to analyze the consistency of the theory regarding its stability, causality and unitarity. / O setor de gauge do Modelo Padrão Estendido (MPE) tem sido investigado em muitos aspectos nos últimos anos, discutindo os efeitos da violação da simetria de Lorentz em sistemas físicos e as limitações da magnitude dos parâmetros de violação. Neste trabalho, rediscutimos algumas teorias planares obtidas a partir da redução dimensional do setor de gauge do MPE, e realizamos uma contribuição original: a redução dimensional do setor de gauge CPT-par e não-birrefringente do MPE, composto por nove componentes. A resultante teoria planar abarca um setor de gauge e um setor escalar (dotado de um termo cinético não usual), acoplados entre si por um 3-vetor Cα de violação de Lorentz (LV). Ambos os setores, de gauge e escalar, são afetados pelas seis componentes de um tensor simétrico violador de Lorentz, kµρ. O tensor de energia-momento É explicitamente calculado, revelando que a energia dos setores de gauge e escalar são estáveis para pequenos valores dos parâmetros de violação. As equações de movimento para os campos elétrico e magnético, assim como para os potenciais, são escritas e analisadas no regime estacionário. Empregamos então o método de Green para obter as soluções clássicas estacionárias desta eletrodinâmica em primeira ordem nos parâmetros de violação. É observado que os coefi cientes de violação de Lorentz não alteram o comportamento assintótico dos campos, mas induzem uma dependência angular não observada na teoria planar de Maxwell. A relação de dispersão é exatamente computada, sendo compatível com uma teoria não birrefringente, e demonstrando que a teoria é estável, mas, em geral, não causal. Por fim, calculamos o propagador de Feynman para os campos de gauge e escalar desta teoria planar, de forma exata, usando um conjunto de 11 projetores que formam uma álgebra fechada. Usamos a expressão do propagador de Feynman para analisar a consistência da teoria no que concerne a sua estabilidade, causalidade e unitariedade.

O comportamento infra-vermelho dos propagadores de glúons e de ghosts é de fundamental importância para o entendimento do limite de baixas energias da cromodinâmica quântica (QCD), especialmente no que diz respeito ao problema do confinamento de quarks e de glúons. O objetivo desta tese é implementar um novo método para o estudo do propagador de glúons no calibre covariante linear para a QCD na rede. Em particular, analisamos em detalhe a nova implementação proposta e estudamos os algoritmos para fixação numérica deste calibre. Note que a fixação numérica da condição de calibre de Feynman apresenta vários problemas não encontrados nos casos de Landau e de Coulomb, o que impossibilitou por longo tempo o seu estudo adequado. De fato, a definição considerada inicialmente, por Giusti et. al., é de difícil implementação numérica e introduz condições espúrias na fixação de calibre. Como consequência, os únicos estudos efetuados anteriormente referem-se aos propagadores de glúons e de quarks em redes relativamente pequenas, não permitindo uma análise cuidadosa do limite infra-vemelho da QCD neste calibre. A obtenção de novas soluções para a implementação do calibre de Feynman na rede é portanto de grande importância para viabilizar estudos numéricos mais sistemáticos dos propagadores e dos vértices neste calibre e, em geral, no calibre covariante linear. / The infrared behavior of gluon and ghost propagators is of fundamental importance for the understanding of the low-energy limit of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), especially with respect to the problem of the confinement of quarks and gluons. The goal of this thesis is to implement a new method to study the gluon propagator in the linear covariant gauge in lattice QCD. In particular, we analyze in detail the newly proposed implementation and study the algorithms for numerically fixing this gauge. Note that the numerical fixing of the Feynman gauge condition poses several problems that are not present in the Landau and Coulomb cases, which prevented it from being properly studied for a long time. In fact, the definition considered initially, by Giusti et. al., is of difficult numerical implementation and introduces spurious conditions into the gauge fixing. As a consequence, the only studies carried out previously involved gluon and quark propagators on relatively small lattices, hindering a careful analysis of the infrared limit of QCD in this gauge. Obtaining new solutions for the implementation of the Feynman gauge on the lattice is therefore of great importance to enable more systematic numerical studies of propagators and vertices in this gauge and, in general, in the linear covariant gauge.

An analytical solution for the coupled telegrapher’s equations in terms of the voltage and current on a homogeneous lossy transmission line and multiconductor transmission line is presented. The resulting telegrapher’s equation solution is obtained in the form of an exact time domain propagator operating on the line voltage and current. It is shown that the analytical equations lead to a stable numerical method that can be used in the analysis of both homogeneous and inhomogeneous transmission lines. A numerical dispersion relation is derived proving that this method has no numerical dispersion down to the two points per wavelength Nyquist limit. Examples are presented showing that exceptionally accurate results are obtained for lossy single and multiconductor transmission lines. The method is extended to represent the general solution to Maxwell’s differential equations in vector matrix form. It is shown that, given the electromagnetic field and boundary conditions at a given instant in time, the free space time domain propagator and corresponding dyadic Green’s functions in 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensions can be used to calculate the field at all subsequent times.

[Truncated abstract] This thesis presents three different methods to investigate flexural wave propagation and scattering, power flow and transmission efficiencies, and dynamic stress concentration and fatigue failures in structural dynamics. The first method is based on the acoustical wave propagator (AWP) technique, which is the main part described in this thesis. Through the numerical implementation of the AWP, the complete information of the vibrating structure can be obtained including displacement, velocity, acceleration, bending moments, strain and stresses. The AWP technique has been applied to systems consisting of a one-dimensional stepped beam, a two-dimensional thin plate, a thin plate with a sharp change of section, a heterogeneous plate with multiple cylindrical patches, and a Mindlin?s plate with a reinforced rib. For this Mindlin?s plate structure, through the comparison of the results obtained by Mindlin?s thick plate theory and Kirchhoff?s classical thin plate theory, the difference of theoretical predicted results is investigated. As part of these investigations, reflection and transmission coefficients, power flow and transmission efficiencies in a onedimensional stepped beam, and power flow in a two-dimensional circular plate structure, are studied. In particular, this technique has been successfully extended to investigate wave propagation and scattering, and dynamic stress concentration at discontinuities. Potential applications are fatigue failure prediction and damage detection in complex structures. The second method is based on experimental techniques to investigate the structural response under impact loads, which consist of the waveform measuring technique in the time domain by using the WAVEVIEW software, and steady-state measurements by using the Polytec Laser Scanning Vibrometer (PLSV) in the frequency domain. The waveform measuring technique is introduced to obtain the waveform at different locations in the time domain. These experimental results can be used to verify the validity of predicted results obtained by the AWP technique. Furthermore, distributions of dynamic strain and stress in both near-field (close to discontinuities) and far-field regions are investigated for the study of the effects of the discontinuities on reflection and transmission coefficients in a one-dimensional stepped beam structure. Experimental results in the time domain can be easily transferred into those in the frequency domain by the fast Fourier transformation, and compared with those obtained by other researchers. This PLSV technique provides an accurate and efficient tool to investigate mode shape and power flow in some coupled structures, such as a ribbed plate. Through the finite differencing technique, autospectral and spatial of dynamic strain can be obtained. The third method considered uses the travelling wave solution method to solve reflection and transmission coefficients in a one-dimensional stepped beam structure in the time domain. In particular, analytical exact solutions of reflection and transmission coefficients under the given initial-value problem are derived. These analytical solutions together with experimental results can be used to compare with those obtained by the AWP technique.