Wildfires are a natural hazard that present an increasing risk to communities in fire-prone areas. This study examines the impacts of the municipal-level built environment upon fire damages in California, a particularly fire-vulnerable state. This study uses a multivariate linear regression model to isolate the effects of the human built environment upon reported monetary wildfire damages. Reported monetary losses from wildfires for the years 2007 to 2010 are examined against relevant built environment variables, while statistically controlling for biophysical and socio-economic variables. The fully-specified regression model indicates that wildfire property damage is driven primarily by the built environment. Socioeconomic and biophysical variables contribute comparatively little explanatory power to the model. Findings from this study will be of particular interest to fire management officials, land developers, and urban planners interested in creating a more fire-resilient future for cities within California.

The thesis deals with the fulfilment of the following objectives: Objective 1: System Analysis of emergency events associated with fire protection, the causes of fires and the link to the system environment. Objective 2: Examination of the homogeneity of the selected time period in terms of the survey of selected parameters (number of fires, damage, number of injured people, number of people killed). Objective 3: Examination of paired dependence of selected parameters (number of fires, damage, number of injured people, number of people killed). Objective 1 was fulfilled on the basis of the system analysis performed and evidenced on individual chapters of 1.1 to 1.7 of the theoretical part, which describe the examined problem as a system with structure and with links to the system surroundings and the system superior. Compliance with Objectives 2 and 3 was associated with the verification of the H1 hypothesis (and its sub-hypotheses H11, H12) and H2 hypothesis. The thesis explored the following hypotheses: Hypothesis H1: The selected fire parameters in the monitored period are statistically dependent. Due to the system analysis, this hypothesis was divided into two partial hypotheses: Hypothesis H11: Statistical dependence will be demonstrated for selected parameters in terms of time development. Hypothesis H12: Statistical dependence will be demonstrated for selected parameters from the viewpoint of paired bonds between the parameters. Hypothesis H2: The theoretical distribution of selected fire parameters is the normal distribution. The H11 hypothesis was accepted. In terms of time development, determination coefficients from 0.4234 to 0.8271 were found. Correlation coefficients from 0.65 to 0.91 corresponded to this. The values of all the examined parameters, i.e. "number of fires", "damage", "number of injured people", "number of people killed" increased with the time. The H12 hypothesis was accepted. The examined paired relationships correlated with values of 0.72, 0.80, 0.69 and 0.67. The global H1 hypothesis was adopted. Contrary to the H1 hypothesis, the H2 hypothesis was basically rejected - normality was proved only in one parameter ("number of people killed"), in the other three cases it would be necessary to look for another theoretical division. The rejection of the H2 hypothesis was supported by both acceptance of the H1 hypothesis and the detection of the inhomogeneity of the 1977-1991 period (some homogeneity emerged for the partial periods of 1977-1991 and 1992-2016). The benefits of the diploma thesis can be seen in theoretical part (justified application of mathematical statistics without scaling in time development, justified application of mathematical statistics with scaling in paired dependencies) as well as in the practical part (finding specific time and pair correlations). Based on the description of obtained results, the possible suggestions for follow-up work were described. To carry out partial investigation from the viewpoint of two identified partial periods with possible data homogeneity, to carry out an investigation with an extended number of parameters based on e.g. factor analysis.

in English This diploma thesis deals with the manner and extent of compensation for damage in civil law, which is systematically included in the fourth part of the Civil Code, entitled Relative property rights and in section named Obligations arising from torts. Specifically, the manner and extent of compensation for damage is defined in articles from 2951 to 2971. The thesis contains basic comparison of the conceptions of the manner and extent of compensation in the former Civil Code and in the new one, with emphasis on the most important reforms. It clarifies new terminology and describes the background of the newly established rules of law. It contains an analysis of the Czech legislation and its comparison with legislation of the neighboring states. It also mentions the European conception of the manner and extent of compensation for damage. The system of the thesis follows the organisation of the provisions on the manner and extent of compensation in the new Civil Code and is also divided into three chapters. The first one deals with compensation for material damage. Its main issue is the manner and extent of the material compensation and the conditions for its reduction. It also contains a provision on compensation for damage caused by an intentional criminal offence and rules for determining...

A pesquisa aborda o problema da reparação dos danos acidentários e tem como objetivo inicial estabelecer uma coerência sistêmica entre o instituto da responsabilidade civil e a proteção previdenciária. Estudam-se sistemas reparatórios de danos acidentários em outros países, com intuito comparativo e visando fomentar discussões que aperfeiçoem o sistema brasileiro. Na sequência, esmiuça-se o sistema reparatório nacional, com realce em sua natureza binária: de um lado direitos previdenciários e, de outro, a reparação com lastro no instituto da responsabilidade civil. Concluída a abordagem sistêmica, analisam-se os elementos que congregam a responsabilidade civil no âmbito da infortunística. Questionase a possibilidade de cumulações indenizatórias sob o prisma do princípio da reparação integral, pois o estudo dos sistemas estrangeiros e da ordem jurídica interna autoriza concluir pela perfeita comunicabilidade entre as vias reparatórias. Quanto ao nexo causal, após cotejar as principais teorias e conjugá-las para responder coerentemente à necessidade de se estabelecerem critérios mais equânimes na fixação de elos entre fatos e danos, enfoca-se o problema do nexo concausal nas doenças ocupacionais. O nexo de imputação é enfrentado tanto sob o prisma da responsabilidade subjetiva quanto objetiva do empregador e, em relação a essa última, há preocupação em definir seus exatos contornos. Estudam-se, ainda, os fatos que poderão excluir a responsabilidade objetiva. O terceiro Capítulo trata da identificação e reparação dos danos acidentários. Optou-se pela adoção da divisão tradicional entre danos patrimoniais e extrapatrimoniais. Em relação aos danos patrimoniais, defende-se a aplicabilidade do princípio da reparação integral e estudam-se os contornos da exceção prevista no Código Civil. Almeja-se um detalhamento dos danos emergentes que podem surgir de causas acidentárias e faz-se referência à distinção entre lucros cessantes e pensionamento, a respeito do qual se abordam os critérios para fixação do valor e duração, discutindo-se, ainda, o problema ocasionado por alterações fáticas supervenientes. Debate-se a opção de pagamento do pensionamento em parcela única e versa-se, por fim, os danos patrimoniais ocasionados pelo evento morte. No que se refere aos danos extrapatrimoniais, o trabalho realiza abordagem crítica da denominação dano moral. É debatida a conceituação tradicional dos danos extrapatrimoniais e defende-se que sua existência jurídica está vinculada à ofensa aos direitos de personalidade. Discutemse as dificuldades para quantificação do dano extrapatrimonial e, tendo como parâmetro as funções da responsabilidade civil, traçam-se os principais critérios que podem e devem ser utilizados para definir o valor indenizatório. Elabora-se uma proposta concreta de sistematização dos danos extrapatrimoniais, buscando maior objetivação nos critérios de avaliação e redução do arbítrio judicial na fixação dos valores. Aproveita-se a experiência italiana que diferencia dano-evento e dano-prejuízo, associando-a à experiência francesa de especificação e detalhamento de prejuízos que resultam de danos à pessoa para apresentar proposta compatível com o sistema jurídico brasileiro. Estuda-se, em separado, a indenização pela perda de uma chance e, em arremate, abordam-se as parcelas acessórias que podem influenciar na quantificação indenizatória: atualização monetária, juros de mora e honorários advocatícios. / This research approaches the problem of accidental damage reparation and has as its initial objective to establish a systemic coherence between the institute of civil responsibility and the social security protection. Systems of accidental damage reparation are studied in other countries, with a reparative goal and aiming at fomenting discussions to perfect the Brazilian system. Following on, the national reparatory system is mulled down, highlighting its binary nature: on the one side social security rights, on the other side reparation based on the civil responsibility institute. Once the systemic approach is concluded, the elements that gather the civil responsibility in the scope of accidents is analyzed. The possibility of cumulative indemnification under the light of the integral reparation principle is questioned, because the study of foreign systems and of the internal legal order authorizes to conclude in favor of perfect communicability between reparatory ways. As for the causal connection, after collating the main theories and combining them coherently according to the necessity of establishing more equitable criteria in the fixation of links between facts and damage, the problem of concausal connection in occupational diseases is focused. The connection of the imputation is faced both under the prism of subjective and objective responsibility of the employer, and, in relation to the latter, there is preoccupation in defining its exact outlines. Furthermore, the fact that can exclude the objective responsibility are studied. The third chapter covers the identification and reparation of accidental damages. We opted for the traditional division between property and personal damage. In relation to property damages, the applicability of the principle of integral reparation is defended and the outlines of exceptions anticipated in the Civil Code are studied. A breakdown of emerging damages that may arise from accident causes is aimed at, and we reference the distinction between ceasing profits and pensioning, in relation to which the criteria for fixation of value and duration are approached, discussing, moreover, the problem caused by supervening factual alterations. The payment of pensioning in one lump sum is debated and, finally, we discuss the property damage causes by event death. In what concerns the personal damage, the research critically approaches the moral damage denomination. The traditional conceptualization of the personal damage is debated and we defend that its legal existence is linked to the injuries to the personality rights. The difficulties to qualify the personal damage are also discussed and, having the functions of civil responsibility as a parameter, the main criteria that can and must be utilized to define the compensatory value are traced. We elaborate a concrete proposal of systematization of personal damages, aiming at a wider objectification in the criteria of evaluation and reduction of the legal decision in the fixation of values. Benefiting from the Italian experience, which differentiate event-damage and injurydamage, and associating it to the French experience of specification and detailing of injuries that result in damage to the person, we present a compatible proposal with the Brazilian legal system. Furthermore, we study, in separate, the compensation for the loss of opportunity and, to conclude, we approach the accessory installment that may affect the compensatory quantification: monetary update, interest on arrears and legal fees.

A pesquisa aborda o problema da reparação dos danos acidentários e tem como objetivo inicial estabelecer uma coerência sistêmica entre o instituto da responsabilidade civil e a proteção previdenciária. Estudam-se sistemas reparatórios de danos acidentários em outros países, com intuito comparativo e visando fomentar discussões que aperfeiçoem o sistema brasileiro. Na sequência, esmiuça-se o sistema reparatório nacional, com realce em sua natureza binária: de um lado direitos previdenciários e, de outro, a reparação com lastro no instituto da responsabilidade civil. Concluída a abordagem sistêmica, analisam-se os elementos que congregam a responsabilidade civil no âmbito da infortunística. Questionase a possibilidade de cumulações indenizatórias sob o prisma do princípio da reparação integral, pois o estudo dos sistemas estrangeiros e da ordem jurídica interna autoriza concluir pela perfeita comunicabilidade entre as vias reparatórias. Quanto ao nexo causal, após cotejar as principais teorias e conjugá-las para responder coerentemente à necessidade de se estabelecerem critérios mais equânimes na fixação de elos entre fatos e danos, enfoca-se o problema do nexo concausal nas doenças ocupacionais. O nexo de imputação é enfrentado tanto sob o prisma da responsabilidade subjetiva quanto objetiva do empregador e, em relação a essa última, há preocupação em definir seus exatos contornos. Estudam-se, ainda, os fatos que poderão excluir a responsabilidade objetiva. O terceiro Capítulo trata da identificação e reparação dos danos acidentários. Optou-se pela adoção da divisão tradicional entre danos patrimoniais e extrapatrimoniais. Em relação aos danos patrimoniais, defende-se a aplicabilidade do princípio da reparação integral e estudam-se os contornos da exceção prevista no Código Civil. Almeja-se um detalhamento dos danos emergentes que podem surgir de causas acidentárias e faz-se referência à distinção entre lucros cessantes e pensionamento, a respeito do qual se abordam os critérios para fixação do valor e duração, discutindo-se, ainda, o problema ocasionado por alterações fáticas supervenientes. Debate-se a opção de pagamento do pensionamento em parcela única e versa-se, por fim, os danos patrimoniais ocasionados pelo evento morte. No que se refere aos danos extrapatrimoniais, o trabalho realiza abordagem crítica da denominação dano moral. É debatida a conceituação tradicional dos danos extrapatrimoniais e defende-se que sua existência jurídica está vinculada à ofensa aos direitos de personalidade. Discutemse as dificuldades para quantificação do dano extrapatrimonial e, tendo como parâmetro as funções da responsabilidade civil, traçam-se os principais critérios que podem e devem ser utilizados para definir o valor indenizatório. Elabora-se uma proposta concreta de sistematização dos danos extrapatrimoniais, buscando maior objetivação nos critérios de avaliação e redução do arbítrio judicial na fixação dos valores. Aproveita-se a experiência italiana que diferencia dano-evento e dano-prejuízo, associando-a à experiência francesa de especificação e detalhamento de prejuízos que resultam de danos à pessoa para apresentar proposta compatível com o sistema jurídico brasileiro. Estuda-se, em separado, a indenização pela perda de uma chance e, em arremate, abordam-se as parcelas acessórias que podem influenciar na quantificação indenizatória: atualização monetária, juros de mora e honorários advocatícios. / This research approaches the problem of accidental damage reparation and has as its initial objective to establish a systemic coherence between the institute of civil responsibility and the social security protection. Systems of accidental damage reparation are studied in other countries, with a reparative goal and aiming at fomenting discussions to perfect the Brazilian system. Following on, the national reparatory system is mulled down, highlighting its binary nature: on the one side social security rights, on the other side reparation based on the civil responsibility institute. Once the systemic approach is concluded, the elements that gather the civil responsibility in the scope of accidents is analyzed. The possibility of cumulative indemnification under the light of the integral reparation principle is questioned, because the study of foreign systems and of the internal legal order authorizes to conclude in favor of perfect communicability between reparatory ways. As for the causal connection, after collating the main theories and combining them coherently according to the necessity of establishing more equitable criteria in the fixation of links between facts and damage, the problem of concausal connection in occupational diseases is focused. The connection of the imputation is faced both under the prism of subjective and objective responsibility of the employer, and, in relation to the latter, there is preoccupation in defining its exact outlines. Furthermore, the fact that can exclude the objective responsibility are studied. The third chapter covers the identification and reparation of accidental damages. We opted for the traditional division between property and personal damage. In relation to property damages, the applicability of the principle of integral reparation is defended and the outlines of exceptions anticipated in the Civil Code are studied. A breakdown of emerging damages that may arise from accident causes is aimed at, and we reference the distinction between ceasing profits and pensioning, in relation to which the criteria for fixation of value and duration are approached, discussing, moreover, the problem caused by supervening factual alterations. The payment of pensioning in one lump sum is debated and, finally, we discuss the property damage causes by event death. In what concerns the personal damage, the research critically approaches the moral damage denomination. The traditional conceptualization of the personal damage is debated and we defend that its legal existence is linked to the injuries to the personality rights. The difficulties to qualify the personal damage are also discussed and, having the functions of civil responsibility as a parameter, the main criteria that can and must be utilized to define the compensatory value are traced. We elaborate a concrete proposal of systematization of personal damages, aiming at a wider objectification in the criteria of evaluation and reduction of the legal decision in the fixation of values. Benefiting from the Italian experience, which differentiate event-damage and injurydamage, and associating it to the French experience of specification and detailing of injuries that result in damage to the person, we present a compatible proposal with the Brazilian legal system. Furthermore, we study, in separate, the compensation for the loss of opportunity and, to conclude, we approach the accessory installment that may affect the compensatory quantification: monetary update, interest on arrears and legal fees.

The mode and of harm and non-proprietary damages relating to health care The subject of this thesis is the issue of compensation of proprietary and non- proprietary damage suffered by patients during the provision of health care. Particularly, it is a damage resulting from bodily and deadly injury, which is most commonly caused by malpractice of doctors and other medical workers. Legal institute of damage compensation is of cardinal and irreplaceable importance in the area of Civil law. The thesis examines this institute from its material aspect, namely in terms of the mode and amount of compensation. First part of the work deals with the introduction of the major changes brought by the new regulation of Czech Civil law into the area of damage compensation and their potential impacts on this sphere. Subsequently, there are further definitions of compensation's content, mode and amount, their mutual relations and historical development. That is followed by presentation of the main functions of the material and non-proprietary damage compensation. The core of this work is focused on exploring the mode and amount of compensation for the different types of material and non-proprietary damage. In this part, there is widely used existing established practice of the courts, the author deals with...

This thesis has the task to bring us to the issue of the valuation of the house loaded defect perimeter walls. The first chapter focuses on the theoretical information in the issue of property valuation. The second chapter deals with possible defects and faults of real estate. The third chapter is to approach the issue of property damage. The fourth chapter provides a survey of real estate and the last, fifth, chapter focuses on a case study of the valuation of the house with impaired peripheral walls and the suggestion of possible ways how to reduce the value of the property as a result of the defect.

This thesis deals with an elaboration vehicle inspection methodology of used by a loss adjuster and especially with an application of the inspection results in a forensic engineering. A theoretical part attends to an insurance with focus on problematics of valuing of insurance events in the field of motor vehicles and categorization of a motor vehicles itself. This thesis contents an analysis of working methods used by the loss adjusters in both theoretical and practical ways. A methodology was elaborated based on an analysis and requierements on forensic expert work.

Skyfall har blivit mer och mer frekventa i Sverige till följd av den globala uppvärmningen och de klimatförändringar som sker, och kraftiga skyfall kan leda till omfattande skador som ibland är svåra att förutse. Studien undersöker potentiella samband mellan skador på byggnader som uppstod vid ett skyfallsevent i Jönköping 2013 och byggnadernas omgivande topografi, hydrologi samt hårdgjorda ytor. Tidigare studier inom området har undersökt samband mellan flera variabler och skadade områden, men genom att studera topografi/hydrologi samt hårdgjorda ytor tillsammans med försäkringsdata, undersöks dessa förutsättningars påverkan mer specifikt i detta arbete. Olika stora buffertzoner runt byggnader användes för att extrahera flödesackumulering baserade på höjddata för analys av hydrologin samt klassificerad data för analys av andel hårdgjord yta. Data från hela studieområdet samt ett mindre område koncentrerat till två villakvarter studerades och på extraherad data utfördes visualiseringar, statistiska beräkningar och T-tester för att undersöka potentiella samband. Resultaten visade att den större buffertzonen på 50 m med metoden identifierar ett större antal skadade byggnader än de mindre buffertzonerna. En klassificerad hårdgjord yta kan vara användbar för att identifiera mer sårbara områden i ett större perspektiv medan flödesackumulerad data på grund av sin stora variation verkar lämpa sig bättre för analyser av mindre områden. / Due to global warming and climate change, heavy rainfalls have become more frequent in Sweden and can lead to extensive damage that is sometimes difficult to predict. This study examines potential correlations between damage to buildings that occurred during a cloudburst event in Jönköping in 2013 and the surrounding hydrology, topography and degree of surface sealing. Previous studies in the field have examined correlations between several variables and damaged areas, but by studying hydrology and impervious surfaces individually and their correlation with insurance data, their impact is examined more specifically in this study. Different sized buffer zones around buildings were used to extract flow-accumulation data and percentage of impervious surfaces. Data from the entire study area and a smaller area concentrated on two residential blocks were studied and visualizations, statistical calculations and T-tests were performed on extracted data to investigate potential correlations. The results showed that the larger 50 m buffer zone with the method identifies a larger number of damaged buildings than the smaller buffer zones. Classified impervious surface can be useful for identifying more vulnerable areas in a larger perspective while flow-accumulation data due to its large variation seems better suited for analysis of smaller areas.

On 1 January 2014 the new Civil Code, the most important piece of legislation, has come into effect. It is a part of large recodification of the Czech civil law. This thesis, "The impact of the new Civil Code on liability insurance", points out the most significant changes and the implications which effects, among others, the insurance sector. The first part of the thesis addresses mostly the theoretical concept of liability, the elemental preconditions of liability and methods of compensation for material and immaterial damage, including comparison of claim rights under former legal norm and the current legal norm. It also mentions the ambiguity in law in case of compensation for work-related injuries and occupational diseases. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to describing the process of implementation of the new Civil Code to operation of insurance companies from both legal and financial point of view. This includes evaluation of the impact of the changes on settlement of compensation claims for immaterial damage from the first available data. The third part is focused on the characteristics of liability insurance and its construction. It includes basic breakdown by legal bindings and a description of types of liability insurances. The conclusion contains overall assessment of liability insurance on the Czech insurance market.