This master's thesis deals mainly with the interface between patent law and competition law. The main objective is to provide the reader with a complex patent law overview and explanation of basic concepts related to intellectual property law, with a pivotal focus on patent law. In order to do so, author examines how national legislation contained primarily in Act no. 527/1990 Coll., On Inventions and Rationalization Proposals, as amended works and then analyzes Paris Convention and other treaties, which still remain to be the cornerstone of the international law. After introduction to a patent protection there are examined three of the most significant patent systems in the world - European Union, United States of America and Japan and their respective approaches to patent protection. In addition to exploring limits of a patent rights protection, there are explained doctrines relating to intellectual property rights, with closer attention to patents. Another objective of the work is the analysis of patent law's interface with the competition law. As part of this examination there is paid attention mainly to the abuse of a dominant position through the exercise of patent rights, essential facilities doctrine and FRAND licensing. In conclusion, the author tries to critically assess what the current problems...

The aim of my thesis is to analyse the new legal regulation of community property included in the "new" Czech civil code - Act No. 89/2012 Coll. - and in this connection, to focus mainly on the settlement after its termination. The new legislation of this issue is quite brief and there are many questions arising in this context which are not clear. The thesis is composed of nine chapters. Chapter one characterises the legal term of the community property and its basic features. Chapter two describes marital property relations in a historical context, beginning with their roots in the Roman law and continuing with particular historical periods of legal regulation of these relations on the territory of the current Czech Republic. Chapter three outlines an extent of the community property and its governance in the statutory arrangement. Chapter four is concerned with contractual modifications of the community property and with an arrangement established by a court decision. A part of this chapter also investigates a question of protection of third parties in the connection with the community property. Chapter five deals with possible ways how the community property terminates. It explores both the ways of the termination of the community property although marriage continues and the ways of the...

Even though we may not realize it, immovables are all around us. Because immovables are usually considered very valuable, ownership of real estate is examined more comprehensively in comparison to other things. Therefore, the laws of different states pay detailed attention to ownership rights and real estate. The same applies to the Czech Civil Code which came into effect as of 1 January 2014. This thesis is focused on a general explanation of ownership rights and immovables. Furthermore, it focuses on the theoretical analysis of the most important changes and developments that relate to real estate ownership rights brought about by the new Civil Code as well as on the consideration of the practical impact of these changes on legal relationships. Within the framework of these particular topics, the thesis refers to court decisions issued prior to the new Civil Code becoming effective, which are, in the author's view, also applicable to legal relationships established under the new civil rules. The basic principles of the operation of the Real Estate Register are also the subject of this thesis because the registration of the ownership rights of the majority of immovables in such a public register is necessary.

Ce travail vise à saisir la dynamique du droit qui assure la protection internationale des dessins et modèles. Il propose une approche partant des normes internationales, et introduit des éléments de comparaison des ordres juridiques, d’analyse institutionnelle, historique et de politique économique. Si un premier constat de faiblesse de la portée de l’internationalisation par le biais des conventions internationales est indéniable, un changement de perspective permet non seulement d’y apporter un ensemble de justifications, mais également de percevoir des tendances à la convergence portées par d’autres vecteurs. Parmi ceux-ci, on dénombre notamment la convergence informelle vers un modèle normatif, l’action du juge ou encore l’intégration régionale. Cet inévitable mouvement d’internationalisation doit poursuivre la cohérence dans le respect de la diversité. Au lieu de bâtir un projet d’intégration normative du droit substantiel, c’est l’amélioration des aspects procéduraux et la coopération dans un cadre multilatéral sur des projets concrets qu’il convient de porter. / This thesis uncovers the legal dynamics which contribute to the international protection of industrial designs. To that end it analyses the conventional international framework and brings together comparative insights, as well as institutional, historical and economic analysis. Whereas the defects of past substantive harmonisation efforts are clear at first sight, a shift in perspective allows not only to bring a set of justifications, but also to evidentiate converging tendencies which are driven through other vectors. Among those are the informal convergence towards a normative model, the activity of the Judiciary as well as regional integration. Further efforts of such internationalisation will have to comply with a need for coherence and respect for diversity. Instead of further substantial harmonisation, additional procedural coordination, as well as international cooperation on specific projects find endorsement.

Orientador: Fernanda Mello Sant'Anna / Resumo: O problema habitacional no Brasil não é recente; os conflitos sobre posse e propriedade estão presentes historicamente no cotidiano do país. Na cidade de São Paulo o déficit habitacional de grandes proporções provoca litígios, invasões e confrontos impactando diretamente o direito de propriedade e o direito a moradia digna. O objetivo geral do presente estudo é analisar a resolução do conflito no processo de regularização fundiária no assentamento urbano informal e consolidado na cidade de São Paulo; e especificamente, entender o processo histórico de habitação e regularização fundiária, as leis e as políticas habitacionais no Brasil e no município de São Paulo; compreender a resolução de conflitos fundiários e seus impactos no direito de propriedade e direito à moradia e identificar e analisar os impactos da regularização fundiária no assentamento urbano Santa Marcelina através de uma empresa mediadora. Optou-se pelo método qualitativo para analisar os dados e informações que fundamentam esse estudo. Em sua parte fundamental, pretende-se utilizar-se da pesquisa analítica como base para os fundamentos teóricos; pelo levantamento bibliográfico através de livros, legislação, dos preceitos e princípios fundamentais que permeiam e positivam o direito de propriedade, direito social e a dignidade à moradia, bem como a avaliação e implantação de políticas públicas na regularização fundiária urbana. Conclui-se que a mediação realizada pela Terra Nova foi imprescindível para a conclus... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

The thesis studies the influence of the French Civil Code of 1804 on the civil codes of Quebec (the Civil Code of Lower Canada of 1866), Louisiana (the Civil Code of the State of Louisiana of 1825) and Francophone Switzerland (civil codes of cantons of Vaud of 1821, Valais of 1843-1855, Neuchâtel of 1853-1855, Fribourg of 1834-1850 as well as the French Civil Code as applied in two Swiss territories: the Canton of Geneva and Bernese Jura from 1804 until 1912). The study is focused not only on the reception of the positive law of one country by the positive law of another, but also on the reception of the legal tradition of one society by another. The study focuses on the modifications that the same law undergoes under different social and political conditions that exist within different nations. As it is impossible to examine all the provisions of the codes in question the research focuses only on the reception of the second book of the French Code “Of Property, and the Different Modifications of Ownership”. The study shows that, the reception of the French Civil Code took place in societies that were at different stages of their economic development, with varying political landscape, and with divergent cultural and religious values. In all jurisdictions the reception of the French Code was a creative, well thought-out enterprise that took into account local particularities and interests as well as historical sources of local law. Codifiers were not afraid of rejecting certain provisions of the French law if they found them unsuitable for their society. Nor were they afraid of keeping institutions that were abandoned in France itself if they found them pertinent to their countries.

Esta tese trata da noção de direitos que informa o pensamento político dos colonos e líderes revolucionários na América britânica do século XVIII. Derivada de uma visão de mundo influenciada por fontes e tradições diversas, essa noção combina, de forma inusitada, duas escolas do pensamento jurídico; ambas herdadas de uma longa tradição. A primeira se baseia nos direitos históricos dos súditos ingleses na América, derivada do constitucionalismo inglês; a segunda é claramente inspirada na doutrina dos direitos do homem, formulada pela escola do direito natural moderno. A tese central deste trabalho é que a afirmação dos direitos e liberdades fundamentais do homem no Novo Mundo não se dá pela substituição absoluta de um paradigma por outro, mas pela conjunção das duas tradições jurídicas, coexistindo no pensamento colonial. Essa combinação contribuiria mais tarde para a formulação de um modelo republicano democrático liberal constitucionalista inovador. Contudo, esse modelo inovador não foi uma criação ex-nihilo. Os colonos e líderes revolucionários não abandonaram as tradições, as doutrinas e os princípios herdados, mas souberam combiná-los, articulá-los, modernizá-los e adaptá-los às exigências e às circunstâncias de um Novo Mundo e de um novo tempo. Vale sempre lembrar a grande contribuição que esse trabalho ofereceu para a formulação posterior dos direitos humanos e do direito internacional público. / This thesis deals with the notion of rights that informs the political thought of colonists and revolutionary leaders from the 18th century British America. Derived from a world view influenced by distinct sources and traditions, this notion unexpectedly combines two schools of legal thought; both inherited from a long tradition. The first one is based on the historical rights of English subjects in America, derived from English constitutionalism; the second one is clearly inspired by the doctrine of the rights of man postulated by the modern natural right school. The central thesis of this paper is that the affirmation of the fundamental rights and liberties of men in the New World is not through the absolute replacement of one paradigm by another, but by the conjunction of the two legal traditions coexisting in colonial thought. This combination would later contribute to the formulation of an innovative constitutional liberal democratic republican model. However, this innovative model was not an ex-nihilo creation. Colonists and revolutionary leaders did not abandon their inherited traditions, doctrines, and principles, but they knew how to combine, articulate, modernize, and adapt to the demands and circumstances of a New World and a new time. It is always worth remembering the great contribution that this work has made to the subsequent formulation of both human rights and public international law.

Abstract not available

<p>Upphovsrätten har den senaste tiden varit ett av de mest omdiskuterade juridiska områdena. Dagens lagstiftning ger upphovsmäns prestationer skydd under hela upphovsmannens livstid plus i ytterligare 70 år medan en utövande musikers prestation endast skyddas i 50 år. En utövande musiker har således inte samma starka skydd som en upphovsman. EU-kommissionen har emellertid lagt fram ett förslag på förändring av de regler som omfattar just de utövande musikerna.</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att diskutera om det finns ett behov av ett utökat skydd för utövande musiker. Vidare kommer vi att diskutera huruvida förslaget är en lämplig lösning för att uppnå ett starkare skydd för de utövande musikernas förevigade prestationer.</p>

Recently, the potential conflict between intellectual property law and competition law within the European Union has become political as many of the Member States see the economic Holy Grail through the so called knowledge economy, an economy to which intellectual property is inextricable linked. The general rule in EC-law is that a holder of an intellectual property right is not obliged to license the use of that right to others. However, the law can intervene in certain specific circumstances, forcing an owner to license his right. Remedies of this kind are called compulsory licenses and have as their purpose to work as a safety valve, hindering the possible abuse of the exclusiveness following an IPR. An analysis of the EC Commission’s Microsoft Decision reveals that the Decision is inconsistent with settled case law from the European Court of Justice in a number of respects. The Decision is unclear and it will be difficult, close to impossible to predict how this approach will be applied in future cases. The Decision taken by the Commission in Microsoft states a new legal and economic policy for Europe, a paradigm applying a new standard on when a compulsory license could be ordered. The analysis show that this paradigm represent a considerable loosening of the circumstances when a remedy of a compulsory license could be ordered and, as a consequence, introduces a considerable degree of legal uncertainty. This uncertainty can have a substantial effect on innovations by market leaders around the whole world who market their products in Europe.