The dental community has a broad understanding of how traditional combustible cigarettes affect the oral cavity of the dental patient but there is little research available on the effects that e-cigarettes have on the patient’s dental health. Vaping products have been marketed as a healthier option over traditional combustible cigarettes. Since they were first introduced in 2003, very little research has been performed to understand their dental implications. This project was executed to investigate the chemicals associated with these vaping products and how they possibly contribute to the progression of periodontal disease. This research project was conducted with the contribution of 23 participants who confirmed the usage of vaping products via an anonymous online survey. Participants were dental patients of record at the University of Tennessee College of Dentistry. The data collected was analyzed and it was determined that there is a positive correlation between the use of e-cigarettes and the prevalence of periodontal disease.

Amiloride, a diuretic used for managing resistant hypertension, is hindered by low oral bioavailability and Gastrointestinal side effects, impacting patient compliance. This study investigates transdermal delivery as an alternative to reduce pill burden and improve adherence. Using dermatomed porcine ear skin, the research examined the passive transdermal delivery of amiloride and the effect of various chemical enhancers, including oleic acid, oleyl alcohol, tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, individually or in combination. A validated High-Performance Liquid Chromatography method, adhering to Internal Council for Harmonized guidelines (ICH), was employed for quantitative analysis. In vitro permeation studies, conducted using porcine skin and Franz diffusion cells over 168 hours, revealed that oleyl alcohol (761.86±74.97 µg/cm²) and oleic acid (691.90±78.59 µg/cm²) were the most effective enhancers. These findings suggest that chemical enhancers can significantly facilitate the transdermal delivery of amiloride, offering a promising alternative to enhance patient compliance and achieve better therapeutic outcomes.

Örebro flygplats är en central knutpunkt för luftfarten inom regionen. I och med att flygplatsen har Sveriges fjärde största fraktflygplansanläggning, ställs höga krav på flygsäkerheten. Därför används det varje vinter stora mängder avisningsvätska för att hålla flygplanen fria från is och snö. Senaste säsongen användes över 74 000 kg avisningsvätska som är främst bestående av propylenglykol. Men hur effektivt är reningssystemet på flygplatsen för att minimera den förbrukade vätskans miljöpåverkan? Denna studie undersöker flygplatsens rening av förbrukad avisningsvätska i deras dagvattensystem. Främsta fokus är att undersöka markbädden som är den huvudsakliga reningsmetoden för förbrukad avisningsvätska, men även dagvattendammen som ska rena övrigt dagvatten utan avisningsvätska. Tidigare har det uppdagats att höga värden av kemisk syreförbrukning (COD mg/l) förekommer i både markbädden och dagvattendammen. Det har konstaterats att propylenglykol är lätt nedbrytbart och kräver mycket syre för att brytas ned. Denna höga syreförbrukning leder till höga COD-värden samt kan leda till syrebrist i vattnet.Studien består av provtagningar och analyser av dagvatten från olika delar av dagvattensystemet, inklusive markbädden och dagvattendammen. Samtliga prover har analyserats för COD-värden, mer ingående analyser har gjorts för metaller och pH-värden i markbädden. Analyserna visar att markbäddens förmåga att rena avisningsvätska är otillfredsställande och att det fortfarande finns höga COD-värden i utloppet av bädden. Det konstateras också att dagvattendammen tar emot avisningsvätska via oavsiktliga spridningsvägar, vilket påverkar vattenkvaliteten negativt. Förbättringsåtgärder krävs för att hantera avisningsvätska mer effektivt för att minimera dess negativa miljöpåverkan. Det rekommenderas att markbädden syresätts och att mikroorganismer tillförs. Vidare är det också viktigt med en effektiv uppehållstid för det tillkommande vattnet, för att uppnå ett kontinuerligt flöde. Dagvattendammen är i behov av en längre uppehållstid för vattnet innan det når utloppet för att minimera höga COD-värden i utgående vatten mot recipient. Dessa åtgärder bidrar till att säkerhetsställa en bättre vattenkvalité för det utgående dagvattnet till recipient. / Örebro Airport is a central hub for aviation in the region. With the airport being Sweden's fourth-largest cargo aircraft facility, high demands are placed on flight safety. Therefore, large amounts of deicing fluid are used every winter to keep the aircraft free from ice and snow. Last season, over 74,000 kg of deicing fluid, primarily consisting of propylene glycol, was used. But how effective is the airport's treatment system in minimizing the environmental impact of the used fluid?This study investigates the airport's treatment of spent deicing fluid in their stormwater system. The main focus is on examining the constructed wetland, which is the primary treatment method for used deicing fluid, but also the stormwater pond, which is supposed to treat other stormwater without deicing fluid. Previously, high values of chemical oxygen demand (COD mg/l) have been found in both the constructed wetland and the stormwater pond.It has been established that propylene glycol is readily biodegradable and requires a lot of oxygen to break down. This high oxygen demand leads to high COD values and can cause oxygen depletion in the water.The study consists of sampling and analyzing stormwater from different parts of the stormwater system, including the constructed wetland and the stormwater pond. All samples have been analyzed for COD values, with more detailed analyses conducted for metals and pH levels in the constructed wetland. The analyses show that the constructed wetland's ability to treat deicing fluid is unsatisfactory and that high COD values still exist in the outflow of the wetland. It is also noted that the stormwater pond receives deicing fluid through unintended pathways, which negatively affects water quality.Improvement measures are required to handle deicing fluid more effectively to minimize its negative environmental impact. It is recommended that the constructed wetland be aerated and that microorganisms be introduced. Furthermore, an effective retention time for the incoming water is crucial to achieve a continuous flow. The stormwater pond needs a longer retention time for the water before it reaches the outflow to minimize high COD values in the outgoing water to the recipient. These measures will help ensure better water quality for the outgoing stormwater to the recipient.

Foram produzidas dispersões aquosas não-poluentes e inovadoras de poli(uretano-uréia) à base de poli(glicol propilênico) (PPG) e de copolímeros em bloco, poli(glicol etilênicob-glicol propilênico), (EG-b-PG) com teor de 7% de unidades de glicol etilênico. Os poli(uretano-uréia)s foram preparados, em duas etapas, pelo método do prepolímero. Na primeira etapa, foram obtidos anionômeros, sintetizados em massa, à base do copolímero EG-bPG, PPG, ácido dimetilol propiônico (DMPA) (gerador dos sítios aniônicos) e diisocianato de isoforona (IPDI). Ainda na primeira etapa, os grupos carboxílicos do DMPA foram submetidos à neutralização com trietilamina (TEA). Na segunda etapa, foi realizada a dispersão do prepolímero anionômero e, em seguida, foi conduzida a reação de extensão de cadeia com a hidrazina (HYD). Nas diferentes formulações, foram variadas a razão NCO/OH e as proporções de PPG e do copolímero em bloco EG-b-PG. Além disso, foram obtidas dispersões aquosas programadas para teores de sólidos de 40 e 50%. As dispersões foram avaliadas quanto ao teor de sólidos totais, tamanho médio de partícula e viscosidade. Os filmes, obtidos por vazamento das dispersões, foram avaliados quanto à absorção de água, termogravimetria (TG) e propriedades mecânicas (ensaio de tração). Os filmes vazados e os monômeros foram caracterizados por espectrometria na região de infravermelho (FTIR) As dispersões obtidas se mostraram adequadas para serem aplicadas como revestimento para madeira, metais e vidro / Non-polluting and poly(urethane-urea) aqueous dispersions based on poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) and block copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol-b-propylene glycol) (EG-b-PG) containing 7% of ethylene glycol repeating units, were produced in an innovative way. The poly(urethane-urea)s were prepared, in two steps, by the prepolymer method. In the first step, anionomers, synthesized in bulk, based on EG-b-PG, PPG, dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) (anionomer sites generator) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) were obtained. Still in the first step, the DMPA carboxylic groups were neutralized with triethylamine (TEA), generating the anionomer groups. In the second step, the anionomer prepolymer was dispersed in water under vigorous stirring and afterwards was chain extended with hydrazine. Different formulations were obtained by varying the NCO/OH ratio, and the proportions of PPG and EG-b-PG. Besides, poly(urethane-urea) aqueous dispersions with 40% and 50% of solid contents were obtained. The dispersions were evaluated in terms of their solid-contents, particle size and viscosity. The cast films, obtained from the dispersions concernig of water absorption, thermogravimetry (TG) and mechanical properties (stress and elongation at break). The films and monomers were characterized by infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The obtained dispersions were suitable when applied as for wood, metals and glass surfaces

Foram produzidas dispersões aquosas não-poluentes e inovadoras de poli(uretano-uréia) à base de poli(glicol propilênico) (PPG) e de copolímeros em bloco, poli(glicol etilênicob-glicol propilênico), (EG-b-PG) com teor de 7% de unidades de glicol etilênico. Os poli(uretano-uréia)s foram preparados, em duas etapas, pelo método do prepolímero. Na primeira etapa, foram obtidos anionômeros, sintetizados em massa, à base do copolímero EG-bPG, PPG, ácido dimetilol propiônico (DMPA) (gerador dos sítios aniônicos) e diisocianato de isoforona (IPDI). Ainda na primeira etapa, os grupos carboxílicos do DMPA foram submetidos à neutralização com trietilamina (TEA). Na segunda etapa, foi realizada a dispersão do prepolímero anionômero e, em seguida, foi conduzida a reação de extensão de cadeia com a hidrazina (HYD). Nas diferentes formulações, foram variadas a razão NCO/OH e as proporções de PPG e do copolímero em bloco EG-b-PG. Além disso, foram obtidas dispersões aquosas programadas para teores de sólidos de 40 e 50%. As dispersões foram avaliadas quanto ao teor de sólidos totais, tamanho médio de partícula e viscosidade. Os filmes, obtidos por vazamento das dispersões, foram avaliados quanto à absorção de água, termogravimetria (TG) e propriedades mecânicas (ensaio de tração). Os filmes vazados e os monômeros foram caracterizados por espectrometria na região de infravermelho (FTIR) As dispersões obtidas se mostraram adequadas para serem aplicadas como revestimento para madeira, metais e vidro / Non-polluting and poly(urethane-urea) aqueous dispersions based on poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) and block copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol-b-propylene glycol) (EG-b-PG) containing 7% of ethylene glycol repeating units, were produced in an innovative way. The poly(urethane-urea)s were prepared, in two steps, by the prepolymer method. In the first step, anionomers, synthesized in bulk, based on EG-b-PG, PPG, dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) (anionomer sites generator) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) were obtained. Still in the first step, the DMPA carboxylic groups were neutralized with triethylamine (TEA), generating the anionomer groups. In the second step, the anionomer prepolymer was dispersed in water under vigorous stirring and afterwards was chain extended with hydrazine. Different formulations were obtained by varying the NCO/OH ratio, and the proportions of PPG and EG-b-PG. Besides, poly(urethane-urea) aqueous dispersions with 40% and 50% of solid contents were obtained. The dispersions were evaluated in terms of their solid-contents, particle size and viscosity. The cast films, obtained from the dispersions concernig of water absorption, thermogravimetry (TG) and mechanical properties (stress and elongation at break). The films and monomers were characterized by infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The obtained dispersions were suitable when applied as for wood, metals and glass surfaces

Einleitung: Bei Milchkühen häufen sich Erkrankungen in der Frühlaktation. Sie gehören zu den wichtigsten Ursachen frühzeitiger Merzung und damit der aktuell unbefriedigenden Nutzungsdauer. Ziele der Untersuchungen: Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Stoffwechsel von Milchkühen in der kritischen Übergangszeit vom Trockenstehen zur Laktation (Transitphase) durch drei verschiedene prophylaktische Maßnahmen zu stabilisieren: mittels Huminsäuren Belastungen aus dem Darm einschließlich Endotoxinen zu mindern, mit einem Ammoniumpropionat-Propylenglykol- Gemisch die Energieversorgung zu verbessern sowie mit Dexamethason-21-isonicotinat die Stoffwechselfunktion der Leber zu fördern sowie gleichzeitig Entzündungsprozesse infolge der Kalbung zu hemmen. Materialien und Methoden: Die Untersuchungen wurden in einem sächsischen Bestand an 312 Kühen der Rasse „Holstein Friesian“ randomisiert innerhalb eines Jahres durchgeführt. An jeweils 78 Kühe wurden 300 ml Ammoniumpropionat-Propylenglykol-Gemisch(C3) täglich vom 14. Tag ante partum (a.p.) bis zum 14. Tag post partum (p.p.) oral verabreicht; ebenfalls oral wurden 100 g Huminsäure-Fertigpräparat (HS-FP) bzw. 50 g Huminsäuren-Rohstoff (HS-RS) im selben Zeitraum appliziert, und Dexamethason-21-isonicotinat (DEXA21) wurde einmalig am 1. Tag p.p. intramuskulär in der Dosierung 0,02 mg/kg Körpermasse verabreicht. 78 unbehandelte Kühe dienten als Kontrollgruppe. Die Auswirkungen dieser Maßnahmen auf Gesundheit, Leistung und Stoffwechsel wurden durch klinische Untersuchungen, durch Blutkontrollen am 14. Tag a.p., am 3. und 28. Tag p.p. (Leukozyten, freie Fettsäuren [FFS], Bilirubin, ß-0H-Butyrat[BHB], Glucose, Cholesterol, Creatinkinase [CK], Aspartat-Amino-Transferase [ASAT], Glutamat-Dehydrogenase [GLDH], gamma-Glutaryl-Transferase [GGT], Protein, Albumin, Mg, Fe, Ca, anorganisches Phosphat [Pi], Na, K) sowie durch die Erfassung von Gesundheitsstatus, Milchleistung und Fruchtbarkeit zu bestimmten Zeitpunkten geprüft. Ergebnisse: Die verschiedenen prophylaktischen Maßnahmen hatten keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf Fruchtbarkeits- und Gesundheitsparameter. Bei den absoluten und fettkorrigierten Milchmengen konnten ebenfalls keine statistisch gesicherten Unterschiede zwischen den Versuchsgruppen und der Kontrollgruppe festgestellt werden. Der Milcheiweißgehalt von C3 28 d p.p. sowie der Milchfettgehalt von DEXA21 und C3 100 d p.p. waren signifikant erhöht. Die Ergebnisse der Blutuntersuchungen ergaben hauptsächlich am 3., aber auch am 28. Tag p.p. gesicherte Unterschiede bei wichtigen Stoffwechselparametern wie Glucose, Cholesterol, Bilirubin, Protein, Albumin, Ca, Fe und CK. Die einmalige Gabe von Dexamethason-21-isonicotinat am 1. Tag p.p. hatte den besten Einfluss auf den Leber- und Energiestoffwechsel. In dieser Gruppe waren am 3. Tag p.p. die Glucose-, Bilirubin-, Cholesterol-, Protein, Ca- und Fe-Konzentrationen sowohl gegenüber der KG wie auch gegenüber allen anderen Versuchsgruppen signifikant günstiger. Für die Albumin- und Na-Konzentrationen sowie die CK-Aktivität traf das gegenüber der Kontroll- sowie der C3-Gruppe zu. Der Einsatz der Wirkstoffe mit HS-RS, HS-FP sowie C3 führte ebenfalls zu positiven Effekten auf die Leistung und den Stoffwechsel gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe, jedoch ließen sich diese nur in wenigen Fällen statistisch sichern. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Applikation von Dexamethason-21-isonicotinat einen Tag p.p. stabilisiert signifikant den Stoffwechsel von Kühen nach dem Partus. Gleichartige Effekte auf Milch- und Fruchtbarkeitsleitung sowie die Morbidität konnten nicht gesichert nachgewiesen werden. Für Huminsäure-Rohstoff, Huminsäure-Fertigpräparat sowie Ammoniumpropionat-Propylenglykol-Gemisch waren solche Effekte tendenziell erkennbar, statistisch aber nicht zu sichern. Auch wenn besonders mit Dexamethason-21-isonicotinat der Stoffwechsel in Belastungssituationen kurzfristig stabilisiert werden kann, müssen generell Haltung und Fütterung analysiert sowie Mängel beseitigt werden. / Problem: In dairy cattle diseases are common in early lactation. They are among the main causes of early culling and the current unsatisfactory productive life. Objective: The aim of this work was to stabilize metabolism of dairy cows in the critical transition period from standing dry to lactation by three different prophylactic applications: using humic acids to minimize strain from the gut including endotoxins, using ammonium propionate mixed with propylene glycol to improve energy supply and dexamethasone-21-isonicotinate to promote metabolic function of the liver and at the same time to inhibit inflammatory processes following parturition. Experimental design: The studies were performed in a Saxon dairy farm on 312 cows of the „Holstein Friesian\" breed, randomly performed within one year. 78 cows were administered orally 300 ml ammonium propionate mixed with propylene glycol (C3) daily from 14 days before parturition (a.p.) to 14 days after parturition (p.p.), another 78 cows 100 g of a humic acid drug (HS-FP) or 50 g of humic acid raw material (HS-RS) were administered orally in the same period and dexamethasone-21-isonicotinate (DEXA21) was applied intramuscularly to another 78 cows on the first day p.p. in a dose of 0.02 mg/kg body weight. 78 untreated cows were used as control group. The impact of these administrations on health, performance and metabolism has been measured by clinical examinations and blood tests on 14. day a.p., on 3. and 28. day p.p. (Leukocytes, free fatty acids [ FFS ], bilirubin, beta-0H-butyrate [BHB] , glucose, cholesterol, creatine kinase [CK], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], glutamate dehydrogenase [GLDH], gamma glutaryl transferase [GGT], protein, albumin, Mg, Fe, Ca, inorganic phosphate [Pi] , Na, K) and was verified by detection of health status, milk yield and fertility. Results: The different prophylactic administrations had no significant effect on fertility and health parameters. The absolute and fat- corrected milk yields also showed no statistically reliable differences between experimental groups and control group. Milk protein content in C3 28 days p.p. and milk fat content in DEXA21 and C3 100 days p.p. were significantly increased. Blood control results showed mainly on 3. and 28. day p.p. important differences in metabolic parameters, such as glucose, cholesterol, bilirubin, protein, albumin, Ca, Fe and CK, which are statistically secured. A single dose of dexamethasone-21- isonicotinate on first day p.p. had the best effect on liver and energy metabolism. Three days p.p. glucose, bilirubin, cholesterol, protein, Ca and Fe concentrations performed significantly better in DEXA21 group compared both to control group and all other treatment groups. For albumin and Na concentrations and CK activity that was true with respect to control and C3 group. The use of a humic acid drug, humic acid raw material and ammonium propionate mixed with propylene glycol had positive impact on performance and metabolism compared with control group too, but could be statistically secured in only a few cases. Conclusions: The application of dexamethasone-21-isonicotinate at the first day p.p. significantly stabilizes metabolism in cows after parturition. Similar effects on milk yield and fertility as well as morbidity could not be observed. For humic acid drug, humic acid raw material and ammonium propionate mixed with propylene glycol such effects tended to be recognizable, but cannot be statistically secured. Metabolism can be stabilized in short term stress situations with dexamethasone-21-isonicotinate, general care and feeding must be analyzed and deficiencies have to be eliminated.

This study investigates the rate kinetics for BD and PGMEA oxidation by UV/O3 process. The reactor constructs of a 100 cm x 20 cm x 85 cm (L x W x H) stainless steel chamber, in which four vertical steel plates (20 cm x 65 cm, W x H) were inserted to establish a plug flow path for the flowing gas. The reactor has a total effective volume of 170 L. Each of the five compartments of the reactor is equipped with an individual UV irradiation system with a 3.0-cm x 15-cm (ID x L) quartz sheath that housed an UV lamp, and two electric UV power inputs of 0.147 or 0.294 W/L were obtained. The gas flows perpendicularly to the UV lamps in the reactor. The influent tested VOC concentration was adjusted to about 50 ppm, and the gas flows were controlled at the individual flow rate of 60 and 120 L/min. The effects of moisture content (relative humidity, RH), ozone dosage (initial molar ratio of ozone to the tested VOC, m) and UV volumetric electric power input on the removal of the tested VOCs are investigated in the study. Also, kinetic models of the tested VOCs by photolysis, ozonation and UV/O3 have been developed and confirmed with reference to the experimental data. According to the kinetic models, both photolysis rate and oxidation rate by UV/O3 are following the first order behavior with respect to the tested VOC concentrations which are low. The result reveals the absorbance for the reactions is weak absorbance under UV irradiation. The reaction rates are proportional to the UV electric power inputs in UV-initiated reactions. And the parameter, £i, which represents the ratio of OH radical consumption rate by the tested VOC to the total OH radical consumption rate, can be obtained by simulating the performance of experimental data of OH reactions. The experimental results reveal that for BD oxidation with a gas space time of 85 sec and RH = 40 ¡V 99%, BD photolysis did not occur at wavelength of 185 nm with UV electric power inputs of 0.147 and 0.294 W/L. The ozonation efficiency of BD reached 90% at m = 3.5, and RH had no influence on the removal efficiency of BD. The removal efficiencies by UV/O3 process reached 90% with m = 2.2 and 1.6 for UV power inputs of 0.147 and 0.294 W/L, respectively. The addition of ozone apparently encouraged BD removal efficiency by UV/O3 process. And the enhancement of ozone dosage (m = 0.5 ¡V 4.4) would promote the decomposition of BD more effectively than the enhancements of UV power input (from 0.147 to 0.294 W L-1) and RH (from 40 to 99%). For PGMEA photolysis in a batch reactor with volume of 1.188 L, the photolysis occurred at wavelength of 185 nm under UV irradiation. And the photolysis rate follows the first order behavior with respect to the concentration of PGMEA. But PGMEA photolysis did not occurred at UV wavelength of 254 nm. PGMEA ozonation was performed in the same batch reactor; and the removal efficiency of only 50% at m = 3.96 would take 35 min. So, PGMEA ozonation in the plug flow reactor did not be observed at the conditions of the gas space time of 85 sec and RH = 15 ¡V 99%. Besides, the photolysis of PGMEA was carried out at the above conditions. The removal efficiency of PGMEA by UV/O3 could reach 90% at the conditions of the gas space time of 170 sec, UV volumetric electric power input of 0.294 W/L and m = 2.9. And the enhancement of UV power input (from 0.147 to 0.294 W L-1) would promote the decomposition of PGMEA more effectively than the addition of ozone dosage (m = 1.05 ¡V 15.63) and RH = 15 ¡V 99%.

Tyrophagus putrescentiae, known as the ham mite, is the most difficult pest to control in the dry-cured ham industry. Food-grade propylene glycol coated nets have been studied as an alternative to conventional mite infestation treatments but were heavy and costly to ship. This study aimed to increase the ease of use of the coated nets via drying. Three drying treatments: oven dried for 7 min (OD7m), oven dried for 20 min (OD20m), and counter dried for 24 h (CD24h), were tested to determine the efficacy at controlling mites as well as the mechanical properties of the nets and sensory characteristics of ham wrapped in the treated nets. The OD7m and CD24h treatments were effective at controlling mite growth in a laboratory setting. The drying treatments did not affect the mechanical properties, or the sensory characteristics of the hams wrapped with the dried net treatments.

Swedavia är ett statligt ägt bolag som äger och driver tio flygplatser i Sverige, varav Stockholm Arlanda Airport är en. Flygplatsen har ett miljötillstånd där ett utredningsvillkor kallat U4 finns. Prövotidsutredningen syftar främst till att utvärdera reningseffekten hos dagvattenanläggningarna vid flygplatsen, med slutgiltiga villkor om utsläpp av bl.a. organiska föreningar och näringsämnen. När det under vintertid bildas snö- och isbeläggningar på flygplanen och banorna riskerar det att delvis påverka den aerodynamiska förmågan men också orsaka otillräcklig friktion mellan flygplansdäcken och marken. För att förhindra att olyckor sker eller att plan inte lyfter används framför allt kaliumformiat och propylenglykol som av-isning och halkbekämpningsmedel. Följden av att använda dessa blir förhöjda halter löst TOC (Total Organic Carbon) i dagvattnet och det kan leda till syrefria förhållanden i recipienten, vilket i detta fall är Märstaån. Swedavia har, med det primära syftet att rena dagvattnet på av-isning-och halkbekämpningsmedel, anlagt flera dagvattenanläggningar på flygplatsområdet. Dessa består av dammar som genom biologisk nedbrytning och sedimentering ska rena vattnet med avseende på TOC. Enligt ett prövotidsvillkor som uppkom i samband med miljödomen för flygplatsen ska slutgiltiga halter bestämmas och den potentiella reningseffektiviteten av dagvattnet ska undersökas. Reningseffektiviteten har dock visat sig vara svår att fastställa då dammarna kontinuerligt fylls på med vatten och att vattnet leds förbi dammarna via bypass-funktion vid för stora vattenflöden. Då reningseffektiviteten i dammarna fortfarande inte är fastställd är denna studies syfte att utvärdera reningseffekten och om den kan förbättras. Ett inkubationsförsök för nedbrytning gjordes med en experimentuppställning där vattenprover från Arlanda inkuberades i 3 olika temperaturer (5°C, 10°C och 23°C) med kategorierna låg/hög TOC-halt och med/utan tillsats av makronäringsämnena fosfor och kväve (N och P), enligt Redfield förhållandet 106:16:1. Försöket pågick i 33 dagar och kontinuerliga vattenprover togs för att sedan analysera TOC-halten. Resultatet visade att näringstillsats, enligt Redfieldförhållandet, inte hade någon statistisk signifikant påverkan på nedbrytningshastigheten vid 5°C och 10°C. Det fanns dock en statistisk signifikant skillnad vid 23°C, vilket tyder på att näringstillsats är gynnsamt för nedbrytningen vid högre temperaturer. Vid jämförelser mellan nedbrytningshastigheterna vid olika temperaturer fanns det en statistisk signifikant skillnad mellan proverna, förutom för kategorin med hög initialhalt utan näring. Vid låg initialhalt och en temperatur på 5°C, 10°C och 23°C kunde en reduktion av TOC på 65-73%, 83-86% samt 80-90% för respektive temperatur observeras efter en inkubationstid på 33 dagar. För proverna som startade med hög initialhalt i temperaturerna 5°C, 10°C reducerades TOC med 4-42% och 11-16%, och för 23°C skiljde sig nedbrytningen mellan kategorierna näringstillsats/ingen näringstillsats. Utan näring ökade TOC-halten med 38% och med näring reducerades den med 88 % efter 33 inkubationsdagar. En ökning av halten tyder på felkällor i metoden. Nedbrytningshastigheten och tiden för 100% nedbrytning vid låg och hög initialhalt för olika förutsättningar för hela perioden var mellan 0.34-1.02 mg/l respektive 8.45-11.47 mg/l TOC per dag samt 30-47 respektive 39-84 dagar. Efter en vecka var spannet mellan nedbrytningshastigheter för låga och höga initialhalter 1.63-6.98 mg/l respektive 33.21-83.28 mg/l TOC per dag och reningskapacitetenefter en vecka var 33-100% respektive 30-81%. De förbättringar som kan föreslås, baserat på resultatet i studien, är att se över möjligheten att ha ett kostnadseffektivt uppvärmt system, eventuellt genom att nyttja spillvärme på flygplatsen. Vid uppvärmning kan ett alternativ vara att tillföra näringsrikt avloppsvatten, för att upprätthålla en effektiv nedbrytning. Om detta inte är möjligt bör man överväga möjligheten att introducera ett ytterligare reningssteg, som ett biofilter som reducerar TOC-halten innan vattnet lagras i dammarna. Mer studier krävs dock för att kunna dra välgrundade slutsatser från arbetet, eftersom det i studien uppkommit osäkerheter i resultatet. / Swedavia is a state-owned company that owns and operates ten airports in Sweden, of which Stockholm Arlanda Airport is one. The airport has an environmental permit where an investigation condition called U4 exists. The investigation condition primarily aims to evaluate the treatment of stormwater at the airport, with final conditions regarding emissions of e.g. organic compounds and nutrients. Snow and ice deposits form on airplanes and runways during winter, this affects the aerodynamic ability of the airplanes and cause insufficient friction between the airplane tires and the ground. To prevent crashes or planes not taking off, anti-icing agents such as mono propylene glycol and potassium formate are being used. The consequence of using these agents is increased levels of dissolved organic material in the stormwater and in the worst case this can lead to oxygen depletion in the recipient, which in this case is Märstaån. Swedavia has, with the primary purpose of purifying stormwater, built several stormwater facilities in the airport area. These consist of ponds that through biological decomposition depletes the water of the dissolved organic material. According to the trial period investigation, the final conditions for the storm water should be decided and the potential TOC-removal efficiency from the storm water needs to be evaluated. However, it has been hard to establish how well the ponds reduction of TOC work since water continuously fills up the ponds and because water sometimes gets bypassed when there are high flows. Since the reduction of TOC in the ponds is still not determined, the the purpose of this study was to evaluate the TOC-removal efficiency and whether it can be improved. Experimental incubations for degradation of TOC where conducted with water samples from Arlanda, incubated at 3 different temperatures (5°C, 10°C and 23°C) with the categories low/high TOC content and with/without addition of nutrients, according to the Redfield ratio 106:16:1. The experiment lasted 33 days and continuous water samples were taken to then analyze the TOC content. The result showed that nutrient addition according to the Redfield ratio had no statistically significant influence on the degradation, except at 23°C, which suggests that nutrient addition is beneficial at higher temperatures. When comparing the degradation rates at different temperatures, there was a statistically significant difference between the samples, except for the high initial content category without added nutrients. At a low initial content and a temperature of 5°C, 10°C and 23°C, a TOC-reduction of 65-73%, 83-86% and 80-90% was observed for the respective temperature after 33 days of incubation. For the samples that started with a high initial content in the temperatures 5°C, 10°C, a TOC removal of 4-42% and 11-16% was observed and for 23°C, the TOC-removal differed between the the samples without and with addition of nutrients. Without added nutrient, the TOC content increased by 38% and with added nutrient, it was reduced by 88 % after 33 days of incubation. An increase in the TOC content indicates sources of error in the method. The degradation rate and time to 100% degradation at low and high initial content for different conditions and the entire test period was between 0.34-1.02 mg/l respectively 8.45-11.47 mg/l TOC per day and 30-47 and 39-84 days respectively. After a week the range of degradation rates for low and high initial concentrations was 1.63-6.98 mg/l respectively 33.21-83.28 mg/l TOC per day and the TOC-removal capacity after one week was 33-100% respectively 30-83%. The improvements suggested, based on the results of the study, is to investigate the possibility of having a cost-effective heated pond system, possibly if there is waste heat to use from the airport. When heating, an alternative may be to add nutrient-rich wastewater, to maintain efficient degradation. If this is not possible, consideration should be given to the possibility of introducing an additional step for TOC-removal, such as a biofilter that reduces the TOC content before the water is stored in the ponds. However, more studies are required to draw well-founded conclusions from the study, as there were uncertainties in the results.

O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi avaliar a produção in vitro de embriões (PIVE) em vacas holandesas não lactantes submetidas a aspiração oocitária (OPU) posteriormente ao protocolo de superestimulação folicular similar ao descrito por Nivet et al. (2012) em comparação à realização da OPU em dia aleatório do ciclo estral. Para tal, vacas holandesas não lactantes e não gestantes foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em delineamento tipo crossover em Controle (n = 35), em que as vacas não foram tratadas com FSH, mas submetidas a uma sessão de aspiração em dia aleatório do ciclo estral; ou p-FSH (n = 35), em que, 36 horas após a OPU para sincronização da onda folicular, as vacas foram tratadas com p-FSH por 3 dias e 44 horas após, submetidas a sessões de OPU. O número total de complexos cumulusoócito (CCO) recuperados e o número de oócitos viáveis foram semelhantes entre os grupos controle e p-FSH. Além disso, não houve aumento na proporção de CCO viáveis (CCO viáveis / CCO total recuperado). Da mesma forma, não se detectaram diferenças no número de embriões / sessão de OPU e taxa de blastocistos. O protocolo de superestimulação folicular não melhorou a PIVE em vacas holandesas não lactantes. O experimento 2 testou a hipótese de que vacas leiteiras de alta produção se tornam cada vez mais resistentes à insulina com o avançar da lactação, e consequentemente, a qualidade do oócito é comprometida. Foram utilizadas vacas holandesas em 50 (51,5 ± 3,7; n = 30), 100 (102,3 ± 9,4; n = 30) e 150 (154,5 ± 18,9; n = 30) dias em lactação (DEL). Durante o teste de tolerância à glicose (TTG), não houve diferença entre grupos para qualquer variável relacionada à glicose circulante. No entanto, medidas de insulina circulante foram diferentes em vacas aos 150 DEL em comparação com 50 ou 100 DEL, tais como: maior insulina basal, pico, Δ máx de insulina e AUC 5-60. Porém, não houve diferença entre os grupos para o número ou percentagem de oócitos viáveis. Assim, as vacas desenvolveram resistência à insulina com o aumento do DEL. No entanto, o aumento da resistência à insulina não foi associado com alteração detectável na qualidade dos oócitos aspirados de folículos pequenos e médios. O experimento 3 foi para avaliar se o aumento de insulina circulante durante os períodos de pré e pós desvio folicular aumenta o desenvolvimento inicial e final, do folículo, bem como do corpo lúteo (CL). Além disso, por induzir a ovulação de um folículo maior, o CL resultante de vacas com alta insulina circulante também é maior e mais esteroidogênico, refletindo em maiores concentrações circulantes de progesterona (P4). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino em arranjo fatorial 2x2, em quatro grupos experimentais: 1) CC = água pré e pós desvio folicular (n = 16); 2) CP = água e propilenoglicol (PPG) pré e pós desvio folicular, respectivamente (n = 16); 3) PC = PPG e água pré e pós desvio folicular, respectivamente (n = 16) e 4) PP = PPG pré e pós desvio folicular (n = 16). O aumento agudo e transitório, durante os períodos de pré e pós desvio não aumentou o desenvolvimento folicular, luteal e concentrações plasmáticas de P4. / The aim of the first study was to evaluate the in vitro embryo production (IVEP) in nonlactating Holstein cows subjected to ovum pick-up (OPU) after ovarian superstimulation with a protocol similar to that described by Nivet et al. (2012) in comparison with OPU at a random day of the estrous cycle. Nonlactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned in a crossover design to: Control (n = 35) in which cows were not treated with p-FSH, but subjected to OPU at a random day of the estrous cycle; or p-FSH (n = 35), in which, 36 hours after OPU to synchronize follicle wave, the cows were treated with p-FSH for 3 days and 44 hours later, subjected to OPU sessions. The total number of cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) recovered and the number of viable oocytes were similar between control and p-FSH groups. In addition, there was no increase in the proportion of viable COC (viable COC / overall COC recovered). Likewise, we detected no differences in the number of embryos / OPU session and blastocyst rate. Follicle superstimulation protocol with p-FSH did not improve IVEP in nonlactating Holstein cows. Experiment 2 tested the hypothesis that high-producing dairy cows become increasingly resistant to insulin with advancing lactation, and consequently oocyte quality is compromised. We used Holstein cows at 50 (51.5 ± 3.7; n = 30), 100 (102.3 ± 9.4; n = 30) and 150 (n = 30 154.5 ± 18.9) days in milk (DIM). During the glucose tolerance test (GTT), there was no difference between groups for any variable related to circulating glucose. However, circulating insulin measurements such as basal insulin, peak insulin, Δ max and AUC 5-60 were higher for cows at 150 DIM. Nevertheless, there was no difference between groups for the number or percentage of viable oocytes. Therefore, although cows developed insulin resistance with increasing DIM, this has not been associated with detectable change in the quality of oocytes aspirated from small and medium follicles. The third experiment assessed whether the increase in circulating insulin during periods of pre- and post-follicle deviation increases the initial and final follicle size and corpus luteum (CL) volume. Moreover, by inducing ovulation of greater follicles, resulting in greater CL, cows with high circulating insulin also have higher circulating progesterone (P4). The experimental design was a Latin square in a 2x2 factorial arrangement in four groups: 1) CC = water pre and post follicle deviation (n = 16); 2) CP = water pre and propylene glycol (PPG) post follicle deviation (n = 16); 3) PC = PPG and water pre and post follicle deviation, respectively (n = 16), 4) PP = PPG pre and post follicle deviation (n = 16). Acute and transient circulating insulin increase during periods of pre and post follicle deviation has not affected follicle development, luteal volume or plasma concentrations of P4.