management as a route for solving conflicts. It argues that present approaches used to solve conflicts in protected areas have been ineffective in their aim because they fail to address the very root causes of conflicts as well as to understand their complex, diverse and dynamic nature. The thesis thus calls for a shift away from instrumental forms of participation, that put the control over the participatory process on conservationist and protected area managers, towards collaborative processes that would help to address the underlying issues in dispute. Although seldom acknowledged, conflicts in protected areas generally include struggles over complex issues such as modernity, identity, authority, ownership, knowledge systems and different cultural notions of nature and land use, among others. The long-term transformation of conflicts requires that these issues are adequately understood and addressed. A shift away from the dominant participatory paradigm also requires breaking away from a managerial conflict resolution approach that treats conflicts as static, negative and undifferentiated phenomena. In its place an approach that emphasises the dynamic, differentiated nature of conflicts and their transformative power in forcing necessary social changes in protected area management is advocated. Special attention is paid here to analysing the dynamics of power relations among actors and the history of their interactions in order to determine the factors that limit or offer opportunities for a productive engagement among actors in addressing the root cause of conflicts. In order to demonstrate the complex, dynamic and diverse nature of conflicts in protected areas this thesis studies three different types of conflicts currently taking place in Canaima National Park, Venezuela: conflicts over the use of fire, tourism management and the building of a high voltage power-line. Through this differentiated analysis this thesis concludes with a discussion of the types of collaborative processes that could help address and discuss the core issues in dispute in each case but also the factors that limit and offer opportunities for such engagement

The Dongsha Islands, a group of remote islands under Taiwan's jurisdiction, consist of Dongsha Atoll (the only atoll in Taiwan) and North Vereker Bank and South Vereker Bank (two coral reef groups). Dongsha Island is the only terrestrial portion of the islands. Owing to its location in the northern part of the South China Sea, the physical and chemical conditions fostered the formerly abundant marine and coastal biota of this region. This area is one of Taiwan's traditional fishing grounds. The islands are also located near the major sea route connecting the Pacific and Indian Oceans. However, due to improper fishing practices and the development of fishing facilities, the marine biota and habitats have been depleted in recent decades to the point of being threatened with extinction. These improper and excessive human activities/uses within the waters of the Dongsha Islands are threatening its ecosystems and resources through unsustainable exploitation and depletion. The current situation of the Dongsha Islands illustrates the difficulties of protecting the marine ecosystems of remote islands where the presence of law enforcement is not particularly in evidence. Even if the Kaohsiung City Government were to designate the Dongsha Islands a ¡§no-fishing zone¡¨, further steps, i.e., the planning and management of marine protected areas for example, would still require in-depth considerations and discussion. This study focuses on several aspects, including the planning process of developing the management plan, the legal and administrative framework of the management plan and associated action plans, and a model outline for developing the management plan and action plans. Following the results/guidelines are suggestions for further study.

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Santana / Banca: Dalva Maria Bianchini Bonotto / Banca: Denise de Freitas / Atualmente a questão ambiental revela-se como grande preocupação de diferentes instituições, como empresas, Organizações Não-Governamentais (ONGs) e escolas. No entanto, existem poucos dados e pesquisas sobre como tem sido desenvolvido o trabalho com Educação Ambiental na Educação Infantil, apesar de muitos professores afirmarem realizar atividades consideradas por eles como sendo de EA. Os Referenciais Curriculares Nacionais (RCNEIs) não apresentam os princípios, metas e objetivos da EA, a temática ambiental dificilmente está presente na formação dos professores da EI, além dos cursos de formação continuada serem destinados principalmente aos professores de outros níveis da Educação. Além desta pesquisa investigar a EA na EI, também mostra-se pertinente pelo fato de tal investigação ocorrer na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) de Campinas SP, de importância significativa para a região. Diante destes fatores, esta pesquisa tem como objetivos: identificar as concepções de EA dos professores de Educação Infantil da APA de Campinas no processo de desenvolvimento de atividades consideradas como de EA; identificar as concepções de APA destes professores e que significados atribuem ao desenvolvimento de atividades consideradas como sendo de EA dentro desta área; identificar as características que estão presentes nas atividades de EA desenvolvidas por estes professores no que se refere aos objetivos, à temática, aos conteúdos, aos procedimentos pedagógicos, aos recursos didáticos, e à avaliação; caracterizar os aspectos que os professores destacam dentro da relação entre a EA e a EI, identificar se há aspectos positivos e dificuldades dentro desta relação, e caso haja, caracterizá-los. A análise foi realizada a partir dos dados coletados nas entrevistas, nas observações e nos documentos. Constatamos que as professoras de EI da APA... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / In the present, the environmental issue revealed as an important concern of different institutions, as companies, Non-Governamental Organizations and schools. However, there is few information and researches about how Environmental Education has been developed in childhood education, despite many teachers affirm that they realize activities considered as an EE activity by them. The Nacional Reference Curricular does not present the EE's elements, goals and purposes. The environmental theme is hardly present in the preschool education teachers's formation, besides the continuated formation courses of studies are designated especially to teachers of other education's levels. Besides this research investigates EE in preschool, it also is pertinent by the fact of such investigation happens in the Ambiental Protected Area of Campinas-SP, that has significantly importance to the region. Before these factors, this research aims: identify the EE conceptions of preschool teachers in the development process of activities considerated as EE; identify the teacher's concept of APA, and what meanings do they attribute to the development of activities considerated as being of EE in this area; identify the characteristics present in the EE actives developed by these teachers referring to its aims, to the theme, to the contents, pedagogic proceeding, didactic resources and the valuation; characterize the aspects that the teachers accentuate in EE and relationship EE-Preschool Education; identify if there are positive aspects and difficulties in this relationship, and if it has, identify the characteristics. The analysis was done by the informations collected in the interviews, by the observations and by documents. We found out that in relation to EE concept, the teachers are emphatic in relation to individual and comportamental action... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This thesis deals with the historical development and the positive law of the territorial protection of nature. A lot of treaties and other documents were made on the international and the European level. The legislation of the European Union is also very important in Europe, especially two directives, that gives a basis to the creation of the Natura 2000 network. The Czech Act on the Protection of Nature and the Landscape regulates the general territorial protection of nature, the system of six catagories of the special territorial protection of nature and other related institutions of law.

Although more than 1300 marine reserves have already been established around the world, they still present a relatively new tool for environmental conservation and fisheries management. In accordance with this new approach towards marine protection, conservationists currently call for rapid establishment of a reserve network, which would encompass 10% to 30% of the oceans. Representative habitats from coastal areas as well as high seas would be included. Such a network should serve as a haven for marine species, ensuring their sustainability and aiding them to recover from fishery pressure. Furthermore, reserves are expected to enhance yields to the fishing industry through spillover and larval export. The paper attempts to determine, whether and under which conditions do marine reserves bring net benefits to economies.

The natural characteristics of protected areas have changed for a variety of reasons through time. Changes in protected area landscapes can occur because of natural and/or cultural processes. Natural processes such as geomorphological disturbance and climatic condition can permanently and/or temporarily change the characteristics of the environment. In addition, changes in human needs, knowledge and activities are the cultural driving forces behind changing characteristics of landscape through time. These changes can be studied both spatially and temporally. Spatially, protected area landscape structures such as shape, size and location with respect to their neighbourhood context can be studied to describe landscape configuration. Temporally, landscape functions such as different geographical locations and land characteristics can be studied to determine the rate of temporal variability in landscape. Any changes in temporal characteristics may lead to changes in spatial characteristics of protected areas and vice versa. This thesis has developed a framework to enhance the landscape ecological planning approach with attention to changes in landscapes of protected areas. Considering landscape ecological concepts, this framework draws upon spatial and temporal characteristics of protected areas. Initially, a basic model of the landscape ecological approach to protected area planning and data requirements for landscape ecological planning was developed according to the concept of landscape ecological planning. In order to examine the model in the real world, the data requirements for landscape ecological planning were implemented using a case study method. The basic list of data required for landscape ecological planning was further developed through the case study approach by highlighting the importance of road metrics in the process of planning. In addition, the case study approach proved that spatial and temporal metrics can be used in the interpretation of spatial configuration and temporal variability of protected areas th rough a quantitative method. The framework was developed for three case studies in Iran and three case studies in Australia. A number of metrics were applied in order to quantify spatial and temporal aspects of the protected areas. A list of spatial and temporal criteria was developed to assist interpretation of area compaction, spatial fragmentation and temporal variability of protected areas. Using the criteria list, a new framework for spatial and temporal evaluation of protected areas has been developed. This can be used to determine spatial and temporal management issues of protected areas at the landscape scale. Then planning scenarios for spatial and temporal issues of protected areas at the landscape scale can be suggested. The developed framework has the potential to be applied to all protected areas even where detailed ecological data and information are not available. In addition, when all data required are available, the developed framework using spatial and temporal metrics has the potential to suggest a flexible zoning plan for protected areas.

Protected areas are considered to be the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation strategies and are valued sources of human well-being and ecosystem services. Yet they are not immune to the unprecedented impacts being felt worldwide. As an example, increased human activity, including development, transport of invasive species, and contributions to climate change, are transforming protected areas within the Laurentian Great Lakes into new and novel ecosystems. It is in this context of uncertainty that I explored the practice of managing for resilience. Canada’s first national marine conservation area, Fathom Five National Marine Park in Lake Huron, functioned as the study area. Besides profound and complex ecosystem change, Fathom Five is also experiencing governance challenges in the form of tangled responsibilities and issues of legitimacy. The resilience-based approach recommended elements that strengthened the capacity of the park to cope with and recover from disturbance and maintain its defining structures, functions, and feedbacks. This included a reduction of vulnerabilities (e.g., limit exposure to coastal fragmentation, manage disturbance regimes, and maintain functional and response diversity), an increase in adaptability (e.g., need to foster social learning, innovation, and improved governance structures), and an ability to navigate change (e.g., better express desired state, identify thresholds, and influence transformations), within established management practices. More specifically, methods to make spatial planning and monitoring more operational and resilience-based, were developed. For spatial planning, the decision-support tool Marxan with Zones was utilized and demonstrated how themes of representivity, replication, and connectivity could be applied in a resilience-based zoning context. For monitoring, a multivariate distance-based control chart method was developed to detect a decrease in resilience of the parks coastal wetland fish communities. Although an increase in variability was observed, a regime shift was not reported during the years investigated (2005-2012). In summary, the thesis provided an original contribution to science by examining the uncertainties and complexities facing a freshwater protected area and reframing practical conservation solutions through a resilience lens.

The study of place has been a component of the recreation literature for about three decades. Most researchers have sought to either describe the cognitive and evaluative beliefs (place meaning) recreational visitors ascribe to a setting or identify the intensity of the human-place bond (place attachment). Few have attempted to qualitatively investigate the meanings visitors ascribe to a setting and quantitatively measure the intensity of their attachment to that setting within the same study design. Nor has there been much work aimed at understanding these concepts in marine environments. In this dissertation, I began to fill these gaps in the literature through the use of a three- phase multiple-method research design. In the first phase, I conducted 20 interviews to identify the meanings that recreational visitors ascribe to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) and to further explore how the symbolic interactionist framework can be used to understand place meanings. Ten place meaning themes emerged from the informants' statements. The second phase used 34 items developed from the 10 meaning themes that emerged from the previous interviews and a place attachment scale to explore how recreational visitors' attachment to a marine resource was reflected in their depictions of why the resource is meaningful. Three hundred and twenty-four individuals, living in Queensland, Australia, responded to a postal/email survey conducted during January and February of 2009. The results indicated that all the meanings recreational visitors ascribe to the GBRMP provide context for the attachment they hold for the setting, however particular sets of meanings are important in differentiating between attachment intensity levels. The final phase, which also used the postal/email survey described, identified how place attachment affected the relationship, identified by Stern et al. (1995), between the recreational visitors' environmental world view (EWV) and attitudes toward negative impacts on the reef ecosystem. I found that place attachment partially mediated the relationship between EWV and attitudes toward impacts. The conclusions presented in this dissertation filled in gaps in the recreation literature's understanding of place while providing further insight into how place meaning influences other constructs important to natural resource management.

Abstract As an island state, Taiwan has developed a delicately close relationship with the resources in the ocean around her. The Pescadores, or commonly known as Penghu, is an archipelago located in the middle of the Taiwan Strait to the southwest of the Taiwan Proper. The waters here are crystal clear with every element there should be to form the best fishing grounds. For example, there are endless intertidal zones rich in crustaceans and sea snails and clams for baby fish of all kinds to feed on, and the coral forests in deeper waters offer perfect shelters for schools and schools of adult fish. However, in recent years, due to over-fishing, the oceanic environment has been rapidly and severely damaged, resources decayed. To retain diversity and vitality for oceanic resources and to make fishing here a permanently maintainable business, establishing oceanic nature preserves is a necessary, urgent thing to do. Nevertheless, restrictions and limitations that would come along with the establishment of nature preserves could very probably cause conflicts in between the fishermen, local public, experts in this field, as well as the local government. The Goal of this research is to derive effective and efficient principles of conflict management. By applying the conflict management mechanism the author offers to the rules of oceanic nature preserves, we should hope that the preserves in Penghu will set an example for the others to come in Taiwan. This research is basically a qualitative study. The¡§structured interview method¡¨ is employed to standardize questions for interviewees to answer or choose to answer. By providing interviewees with the framework of whole idea and asking them to answer similar questions, we can explore deeper into the core of the research. The interviewees include executives of Penghu County Chinwan Marine Protected Area, other officials concerned, experts that care much about Penghu¡¦s oceanic environment, nature protection group members, representatives of the two nearby villages, and the villagers. Besides that, this research also covers some depth study as to the uniqueness and variety of the coral communities in this region. This research has revealed that all people interviewed consider the establishment of the preserve site very important and essential to the preservation of both fishery resources and biological diversity. Out of the seventeen interviewees, thirteen (that is, nearly 80% of the people involved) do not think that the preserve site will do any harm to their interests, while the others do. The biggest conflicts are that the local people in the fishing business are worried about their careers being threatened, that local people have not felt well respected and participated in this public matter, and that there is quite some misunderstanding as to the policy regarding the preserve site. However, the villagers do wish to work this out through such ways of communication as holding hearings, villagers¡¦ meetings, or carrying our surveys. According to the press, this case, being a pre-conflict environmental policy issue in nature, has been experiencing quite some resistance. However, this research reveals that the negative powers are not so strong as reported; the desired balance can be reached when all factors involved have been properly taken into account. For example, by developing eco-tourism, local people can turn their fishing careers into scuba diving coaching, boat rental, or the like to retain their economical competitiveness. Besides, the government can help assemble a community development committee and a patrol squad for the villagers to spontaneously join in. This way, the government and local people can develop a partnership toward mutual profits instead of suffering from conflicts.

Abstract There are three marine protected or conservation areas (MPA or MCA) at Southern Taiwan that are enriched with marine resources. These sites are assigned by the order of government administration. The Kenting National Park was first established in 1984. In 1987, the Executive Yuan also passed two more coastal sites, Jien-sen and Jiou-peng, as marine protected areas. The government has adopted the strategy and policy on the marine coastal sites but it has lack of clarity on the administration and authority to manage the site since their establishment. The local residences also are not pleased with the site selection for setting up the marine protected area because of the problems of economic need and their livelihood influences from the protected site restrictions. These have caused the inefficiency of implementation on the management of the marine protected sites to protect and conserve the marine resources.The present studies research to understand both the Houbihood pilot protected site in Kenting National Park and the Jen-sen coastal protected area for a better operation mechanism with regard to managing the conservation sites. The research employs the literature search, interview to local residences and scientists to obtain information about the operation and management of marine protected site. These include the issues of site establishment, zoning and process, law requirement and implementation, public inquiry and participation, committee organization and site management. The obtained survey results were made to compare with the successful management scheme and organization of the Basin Head marine conservation site, Prince Edward Island Province of Canada. The Basin Head Conservation Committee serves a good example for setting up marine conservation areas in Southern Taiwan. The establishment of marine protected area requires background data information including the law and policy, organization structure, manpower and resources for the justification of implementation and its operation in order to achieving the protection and conservation at the marine environment. The present studies report that the government administration must have a unique guidelines and criteria for the national use as well the local application. The government shall draw a long term planning and strategy for law enforcement and practical cooperation scheme between the government, local organization including non-government organization and the assistance of Taiwan Coastguard Administration. The fundamental issues include the survey and collection of background data for the environmental and ecological data information at the marine protected site.