This thesis presents two papers dealing with international trade policy in North America. The first is "An Empirical Analysis of Protectionist Forces in the United States and Canada" and the second is "Imports as a Cause of Injury: the Case of the 1986 Softwood Lumber Dispute". The first paper addresses the question of what motivates firms and industries to initiate "less than fair value" (LFV) complaints. The theory of rent-seeking is tested by analyzing data on the frequency of countervailing duty and antidumping complaints from 1975 to 1987 in both Canada and the U.S. A reduced form model is specified that expUcitly incorporates factors that are assumed to affect the supply and demand for protection, including federal elections, business cycles, and statutory changes to laws governing antidumping and countervailing duty procedures. The results indicate that the frequency of LFV cases, in both the U.S. and Canada, rise during low points in the business cycle, and when relative competitiveness and profitability in manufacturing decline. The second paper takes a specific countervailing duty case, that of the Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute of 1986, and addresses the question of whether the U.S. industry suffered injury from the alleged less than fair valued Canadian lumber imports. The relationship between various measures of injury for the U.S. industry and various hypothesized causal factors, including stumpage prices, is analyzed. The six measures of injury are: prices, output, market share, employment, accounting profits, and stock market profits. Structural models are specified and reduced form models tested for the 1975 to 1987 time period. The analysis indicates that stumpage prices, as proxied by B.C. stumpage levels, appear to have had littie effect on any injury sustained by the U.S. industry. Alternative specifications, using "leaked rents" to the B.C. industry as a proxy for the alleged subsidy, also showed little effect on the U.S. industry. Business cycle effects and the exchange rate are the most important determinants of performance. Counterfactual simulations using tiie estimated equations permit the hypothesizing of how the U.S. industry would have fared under alternative economic scenarios. This provides a useful framework for evaluating causes of injury, since one can control for all other factors besides those alleged to be unfair.

This thesis presents two papers dealing with international trade policy in North America. The first is "An Empirical Analysis of Protectionist Forces in the United States and Canada" and the second is "Imports as a Cause of Injury: the Case of the 1986 Softwood Lumber Dispute". The first paper addresses the question of what motivates firms and industries to initiate "less than fair value" (LFV) complaints. The theory of rent-seeking is tested by analyzing data on the frequency of countervailing duty and antidumping complaints from 1975 to 1987 in both Canada and the U.S. A reduced form model is specified that expUcitly incorporates factors that are assumed to affect the supply and demand for protection, including federal elections, business cycles, and statutory changes to laws governing antidumping and countervailing duty procedures. The results indicate that the frequency of LFV cases, in both the U.S. and Canada, rise during low points in the business cycle, and when relative competitiveness and profitability in manufacturing decline. The second paper takes a specific countervailing duty case, that of the Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute of 1986, and addresses the question of whether the U.S. industry suffered injury from the alleged less than fair valued Canadian lumber imports. The relationship between various measures of injury for the U.S. industry and various hypothesized causal factors, including stumpage prices, is analyzed. The six measures of injury are: prices, output, market share, employment, accounting profits, and stock market profits. Structural models are specified and reduced form models tested for the 1975 to 1987 time period. The analysis indicates that stumpage prices, as proxied by B.C. stumpage levels, appear to have had littie effect on any injury sustained by the U.S. industry. Alternative specifications, using "leaked rents" to the B.C. industry as a proxy for the alleged subsidy, also showed little effect on the U.S. industry. Business cycle effects and the exchange rate are the most important determinants of performance. Counterfactual simulations using tiie estimated equations permit the hypothesizing of how the U.S. industry would have fared under alternative economic scenarios. This provides a useful framework for evaluating causes of injury, since one can control for all other factors besides those alleged to be unfair. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

Brazil's persistent economic volatility highlights the need for Latin American countries to transition from exporting commodities to producing innovative goods and services. Higher- income Brazilian regions like the Southeast have been more successful at this shift than the Northeast, which remains toward the bottom of the World Bank's upper-middle-income range. The goal of my research is to examine how northeastern Brazil can become a more innovative regional economy. One route is to increase high-potential entrepreneurship in cities like Fortaleza, the node linking Brazil to global Internet traffic and the capital of a state that built a 3,000 km fiber optic network to spur innovation. I studied the cases of four high-potential startups to understand the factors that affect their growth and internationalization in the Northeast. To collect my data, I interviewed the founders of each venture as well as consultants and officials who support new firms. In addition to expected barriers like bureaucracy and low foreign language proficiency, I found that the region's oligarchic society impeded the growth of its startups and Brazil's long history of protectionism hindered their internationalization.

On vit à l’ère de la mondialisation : on se rapproche plus que jamais d’un marché libre. Pourtant, de plus un plus, on entend des voix évoquant la notion de patriotisme économique pour décrire certains comportements menaçant ce nouveau système mondial. Intéressée à découvrir les raisons cachées ainsi que les formes qu’il peut prendre, cette recherche met au point le patriotisme économique. A partir de la théorie, à travers la pratique, de la perspective macro et micro et sous le prisme de l'économie, mais en tenant compte des conclusions des autres sciences sociales, on analyse, décrit, compare et déduit sur cette notion et ses implications sur le système économique mondial. Egalement, cette thèse apporte les résultats d'une recherche faite sur le comportement économique-patriotique des consommateurs serbes. Grosso modo, on conclut qu'à un moment donné, tout agent économique, Etat, société, individu, peut devenir un patriote économique. Egalement, ce n'est que la forme des manifestations du patriotisme économique qui changent au fil des siècles en fonction des conditions externes, surtout du système mondial actuel. On trouve que le patriotisme économique n'est qu'une aspiration de mettre en priorité ses propres intérêts économiques, même au-delà des objectifs communs, globaux, tel qu’il soit un marché complètement libre. Finalement, ce que le travail montre en étudiant les dessous, les formes, les types du patriotisme économique et comment se montre-t ’il en pratique en faisant face à un marché soi-disant libre, c’est que le patriotisme économique est une règle et le marché libre juste une exception. / Living in an era of globalization, we approached to the free market ideal more than ever. Yet, we hear more and more voices evoking the notion of economic patriotism to describe certain behaviors threatening the new global system. Interested in discovering the reasons hidden behind, and the forms it can take, this research analyzes the economic patriotism. From theory to practice and both macro and micro perspective and taking into account the findings of economic but also of other social sciences, this thesis analysis, describes, compares and deduces about this concept and its implications on the global economic system. Also, the research includes a field study conducted on the economic-patriotic behavior of Serbian consumers. General conclusion is that at certain point, any economic agent - state, society, individual, can become an economic patriot. It is only the forms of manifestations of economic patriotism that change over the centuries depending on external factors such is the current global economic system. Economic patriotism is nothing more than an aspiration to put one’s own economic interests in priority, even beyond global objectives, as it is an ideal of the free market. Finally, what this study shows researching about the reasons, forms, manifestations and types of economic patriotism and how it revels itself in practice facing a so-called free market, is that the economic patriotism is a rule and free market just an exception.

Trade policy and protectionism. Previous crises experiences, Great Depression. Protectionism and current crisis, measures taken by important states. WTO and current crisis, influence of the crisis on the Quatar Round.

A presente dissertação mostra como a desvalorização do real em 1999 afetou negativamente as relações comerciais entre Brasil e Argentina, impulsionando antigas demandas protecionistas por parte de empresários e políticos argentinos. De forma geral, os números do comércio bilateral comprovam que a temida invasão de produtos brasileiros ao mercado argentino nunca se concretizou. Entretanto, podemos constatar que a ausência de regras claras e de uma institucionalização de fato para o Mercosul abriu espaço para a utilização de medidas de anti-dumping e tentativa de adoção de salvaguardas dentro do bloco. Tais medidas ajudaram a reduzir o comércio bilateral, que sentiu também os efeitos da crise que se instalou na região, enfraquecendo o poder de compra dos consumidores e trazendo incertezas para os produtores. Essa dissertação mostra ainda que empresários e políticos de ambos os países travaram nos jornais uma guerra de acusações e ameaças, que dificultaram as negociações setoriais em andamento e colocaram em dúvida a viabilidade do Mercosul. / The present dissertation shows how the real?s devaluation in 1999 has adversely affected trade relations between Brazil and Argentina, inciting old protectionist demands from Argentine entrepreneurs and politicians. In a general way, the official numbers for bilateral trade prove that a feared invasion of Brazilian products into the Argentine market has never materialized. However, one can verify that the absence of clear rules and de facto institutionalization for the Mercosur has paved the way for the use of anti-dumping measures and attempts at adopting safeguard measures within the bloc. Such measures helped reduce bilateral trade, which was also hit by the crisis that struck the region, weakening consumer purchasing power and causing uncertainties among producers. This dissertation also shows that entrepreneurs and politicians from both countries waged a war of accusations and threats in newspapers, thus hampering industry-to-industry negotiations in progress and putting Mercosur?s viability in jeopardy.

Tato diplomová práce analyzuje vývoj meziválečné ekonomiky Velké Británie s důrazem na Velkou hospodářskou krizi a zároveň hledá příčiny této krize. Mezi hlavní průvodní jevy této krize patří vysoká míra nezaměstnanosti a kolaps mezinárodního obchodu, na kterém byla Velká Británie životně závislá.

President Trump’s presidency can be characterized as unpredictable, controversial, and unconventional. One such instance is America’s departure from decades of free-trade advocacy under his administration and engagement in trade disputes with numerous nations. By viewing the 2018 trade dispute through the political and economic perspectives, this thesis aims to understand what the motivating factors are for Trump and his administration to pursue such extensive protectionist policies. The author analyzes the tariffs through two main categories: those that target an adversarial power, China, and those that target traditional allies like Canada, Mexico, and the European Union. The thesis finds that, politically and economically, the protectionist policies have a low likelihood of yielding a substantial payout for the Trump administration. They also potentially threaten to undermine the U.S-built world order.

Thesis (M.Com.)(Agricultural Economics)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

An analysis of company law may allow us to abandon a perception that company law is impartial to the political context in which it is applied. This paper argues that state protectionism is reflected in the design of company law. Specifically, states may confer public functions to board of directors through their duties and authorities; in turn, directors’ functions may become barriers to foreign investments. To illustrate this argument, focus is placed on the duties of Canadian corporate directors and how their functions affect foreign direct investment in Canada. It demonstrates that the public function conferred to corporate directors echoes the State’s policy and regulations governing foreign investment. As a consequence to the redundancy of the public interest rationalization and the lack of political will to affect real market openness, unnecessary barriers are being placed for market access which may ultimately render Canada less attractive for foreign investors.