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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Caractérisation fonctionnelle du PhosphoTyrosyl Phosphatase Activator chez Plasmodium falciparum : rôle dans la régulation de PP2A et de PP1 / Functional characterization of PTPA in Plasmodium falciparum : role in PP2A and PP1 regulation

Vandomme, Audrey 25 April 2014 (has links)
Le paludisme est la première endémie parasitaire mondiale causée par le protozoaire Plasmodium. Cette parasitose est responsable de 219 millions de cas et 660 000 décès par an. La prévalence et la mortalité élevées sont liées notamment à la résistance des parasites aux traitements existants, ce qui rend primordial le développement de nouvelles thérapeutiques. Pour ce faire, une meilleure connaissance de la biologie fondamentale du parasite est nécessaire. Dans ce contexte l’un des axes de recherche concerne la régulation du cycle cellulaire chez Plasmodium et notamment les mécanismes de phosphorylation/déphosphorylation qui sont essentiels.Parmi les nombreux acteurs des mécanismes de phosphorylation, la sérine/thréonine protéine phosphatase de type 2A (PP2A) est, avec PP1, l’une des phosphatases majeures. Cette phosphatase est impliquée dans de nombreux processus cellulaires notamment la mitose, la méiose ou encore l’apoptose. Elle est composée d’une sous-unité catalytique (PP2Ac), d’une sous-unité d’aide à l’agencement spatial (A) et d’une sous-unité régulatrice (B). Il existe quatre familles de sous-unités régulatrices contenant chacune plusieurs membres qui permettent de réguler la localisation, la spécificité et l’activité de PP2A. Il existe également des protéines régulatrices indépendantes, notamment les inhibiteurs 1 et 2, la protéine α4 et le PhosphoTyrosyl Phosphatase Activator (PTPA). Chez Plasmodium falciparum, la protéine phosphatase de type 2A ou PfPP2A a été identifiée et semble essentielle pour le développement asexué du parasite. Cependant, peu de choses sont connues sur sa régulation chez le parasite. En effet, seul l’inhibiteur 2 de PP2A a été décrit et caractérisé. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons effectué par des études in silico un recensement des régulateurs putatifs de PfPP2A. Ces études nous ont permis d’identifier la sous-unité A et une unique sous-unité B. Parmi les régulateurs spécifiques, outre l’inhibiteur 2 déjà caractérisé, l’analyse du génome du parasite montre qu’il contient un orthologue de l’inhibiteur 1, d’α4 et de PTPA. Le projet de cette thèse s’articule autour de la caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle de l’un de ces régulateurs : PfPTPA.La caractérisation moléculaire de PfPTPA a permis de montrer dans ce travail la conservation de cette protéine au cours de l’évolution. L’analyse de sa séquence a révélé que cinq des six motifs de fixation à la PP2A identifiés chez l’homme sont conservés. Par des études in vitro et in vivo dans un modèle hétérologue, nous avons pu confirmer le rôle d’activateur de PfPTPA vis-à-vis de la PP2A. Par une approche de mutation unique d’acides aminés, nous avons identifié trois résidus impliqués dans l’interaction et l’activité de PfPTPA notamment le résidu G292 qui est essentiel pour l’interaction PfPTPA/PfPP2A. Nous avons ensuite montré par des études de génétique inverse que PfPP2A et PfPTPA, qui sont présents dans le même compartiment cellulaire au cours du cycle érythrocytaire, sont essentielles pour la complétion du cycle intra-érythrocytaire du parasite. De plus, PfPTPA semble impliqué dans le cycle cellulaire chez le xénope.En parallèle, l’analyse de la séquence de PfPTPA, a révélé la présence, spécifique au parasite, d’un motif de fixation à la PP1 (motif RVxF). L’identification de ce motif, nous a incités à étudier la relation entre PfPTPA et PfPP1. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que PfPTPA était capable de se lier à PfPP1 même si elle est incapable de réguler son activité.L’ensemble de ce travail de thèse a permis de caractériser chez Plasmodium falciparum un activateur de la protéine phosphatase de type 2A et de montrer sa spécificité par rapport à la protéine humaine. Nos résultats, et notamment l’implication de PfPTPA dans la régulation du cycle cellulaire, font de ce régulateur une cible thérapeutique potentielle. / Malaria is the most deadly parasitic disease in the world caused by the Apicomplexa protozoan Plasmodium falciparum. This parasite is responsible for 219 million cases and 660 000 deaths per year and the drug resistance increases the prevalence and the morbidity. The emergence of multi-drug resistance requires the development of new therapeutics. Hence, a better understanding of parasitic fundamental biology is necessary. In this context, one research axis is the cell cycle regulation of Plasmodium, notably phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanisms which are essential for the parasite.Among the actors of the reversible phosphorylation, the serine/threonine phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) in eukaryote is, with PP1, one of the major phosphatases. It is involved in several cell processes like mitosis, meiosis or apoptosis. PP2A is composed of a catalytic subunit (PP2Ac), a scaffold subunit (A) and a regulatory subunit (B). There are four regulatory subunit families which regulate location, specificity and activity of PP2A. Furthermore, several independent regulatory proteins including inhibitor 1 and 2, the α4 protein or the phosphotyrosyl phosphatase activator (PTPA) were identified.In Plasmodium falciparum, the protein phosphatase type 2A named PfPP2A has been characterized and seems to be essential for the parasite asexual development as shown by the inhibition of parasitic growth after treatment with natural toxins inhibiting phosphatases. However, its regulation is still poorly understood in Plasmodium. Indeed, only the PP2A inhibitor 2 is characterized in P. falciparum and in P. berghei (a rodent specific Plasmodium species). Using an in silico study, we have identified a putative scaffold subunit and only one B subunit. Among the regulatory proteins, we have identified orthologs of the inhibitor 1, α4 and PTPA. The purpose of this thesis is to study PfPTPA both of the molecular and functional levels.The molecular characterization of PfPTPA showed the evolutionary conservation of this protein. The PfPTPA sequence analysis revealed that five out of six amino acids involved in interaction with PP2A in human, are conserved in P. falciparum. In vitro binding and functional studies revealed that PfPTPA binds to and activates PfPP2A. Mutation studies showed that three residues (V283, G292 and M296) of PfPTPA are indispensable for the interaction and that G292 residue is essential for its activity. Localization studies indicated that PfPTPA and PfPP2A are localized in the same cellular compartment throughout the erythrocytic cycle of P. falciparum, suggesting a possible interaction of both proteins in vivo. In Plasmodium falciparum, genetic studies likely suggested the essentiality of PfPTPA for the completion of intraerythrocytic parasite lifecycle. Functionnal studies, using Xenopus oocyte, showed that PfPTPA blocked the G2/M transition. Further analysis of PfPTPA sequence revealed that PfPTPA, unlike its human counterpart, possess one of the most canonical binding motif to PP1 (RVxF motif). The identification of this RVxF motif led us to study the role PfPTPA on PfPP1. Thus, we have shown that PfPTPA interacts with PfPP1 but was unable to regulate PfPP1 activity in vitro. This work allowed characterizing the PfPTPA, an activator of protein phosphatase type 2A in Plasmodium falciparum and to show some specificities when compared to its human ortholog. Our data which suggest that this regulator could be involved in cell cycle regulation, together with its essentiality for the growth of P. falciparum strongly support the idea to explore it as potential drug target.
2

Caracterização molecular da proteína DdI-2 e mapeamento de seus domínios de interação com a proteína fosfatase do tipo-1 de Dictyostelium discoideum / Molecular characterization of DdI-2 protein and domain mapping of Dictyostelium discoideum protein phosphatase type-1

Canavez, Juliana Moreira de Sousa 04 February 2005 (has links)
A serina/treonina fosfatase do tipo 1 (PP1) é uma enzima ubíqua nas células e nos tecidos das várias espécies em que foi pesquisada e regula vários processos como metabolismo intermediário, processamento de mRNA, transcrição e apoptose. Geralmente a holoenzima PP1 é encontrada como um dímero constituído por uma subunidade catalítica conservada (PP1c) e uma ou mais subunidades reguladoras variáveis. Em mamíferos, já foram identificados mais de 50 polipeptídeos que se associam direta ou indiretamente a PP1c, gerando holoenzimas com localizações celulares e especificidades distintas. Entre estas proteínas estão inibidores citosólicos de PP1c, tais como o inibidor-1 (I-1), o inibidor-2 (I-2) e o inibidor nuclear da PP1 (NIPP-1). Ortólogos do I-2 foram descritos em microorganismos como Saccharomyces cerevisiae e Neurospora crassa. Neste trabalho nós demonstramos que o genoma da ameba social Dictyostelium discoideum possui uma única cópia do gene que codifica um ortólogo do I-2 (DdI-2). Análise através de Northern blot mostrou que o mRNA de DdI-2 é expresso durante o crescimento e ao longo de todo o ciclo de desenvolvimento, com níveis variáveis. Também demonstramos que o gene DdI-2 codifica uma verdadeira proteína inibidora da PP1c uma vez que seu produto recombinante em bactéria é capaz de inibir, com eficácia equivalente, as atividades de fosforilase fosfatase das PP1c recombinantes selvagem (DdPP1c) e mutante (DdPP1cF269C) de D. discoideum e NcPP1c de N. crassa in vitro. A proteína DdPP1cF269C apresenta características distintas da DdPP1c incluindo maior estabilidade, maior atividade de fosforilase fosfatase e maior sensibilidade frente ao inibidor caliculina A. Estas diferenças devem-se a substituição da cisteína conservada da posição 269 por uma fenilalanina, que é verificada na enzima selvagem. DdPP1c e DdPP1cF269C foram também ensaiadas na presença de INc-1L e INc-1 que são ortólogos de I-2 em N. crassa. Ambas as proteínas recombinantes purificadas exibiram efeito inibidor sobre a atividade de fosforilase fosfatase das DdPP1c recombinantes selvagem e mutante, sendo que INc-1 foi um inibidor duas vezes mais eficiente que INc-1L. Este efeito pode ser devido a um segmento de 38 aminoácidos codificado por um íntron em fase que é retido na isoforma INc-1L. Nossos dados indicam ainda que a mutação F269C não afetou a sensibilidade da DdPP1c recombinante a nenhum dos ortólogos de I-2 testados in vitro. Ensaios de duplo-híbrido utilizando a PP1c selvagem e mutante de D. discoideum (DdPP1c e DdPP1cF269C) e de N. crassa (NcPP1c) como iscas e DdI-2 como presa mostraram que estas proteínas interagiram in vivo. Quando a presa era o INc-1L ou INc-1 a interação ocorreu apenas com a NcPP1c, sendo mais forte no caso de INc-1. As regiões de DdI-2 envolvidas na interação física com a DdPP1c foram mapeadas através da expressão de proteínas truncadas no ensaio de duplo híbrido. Os experimentos apontaram que o carbóxi-terminal de ~100 aminoácidos não é essencial para a interação, mas que o somatório das diversas regiões responde pela integridade da interação. / The serine/threonine phosphatase of type-1 (PP1) is a ubiquous enzyme in the cells and tissues from several species studied and regulates numerous processes such as intermediate metabolism, mRNA splicing, transcription, and apoptosis. PP1 holoenzymes consist of a well-conserved catalytic subunit (PP1c) and one or more variable regulatory subunits. In mammals, more than fifty polypeptides that bind PP1c have been identified, originating holoenzymes with distinct cell locations and specificities. These proteins include cytosolic PP1c inhibitors such as inhibitor-1 (I-1), inhibitor-2 (I-2) and nuclear inhibitor of PP1 (NIPP-1). I-2 orthologs have also been described in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassa. In the present work, we demonstrate that the genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum has a single gene encoding for an I-2 ortholog (DdI-2). Northern blot analyses have shown that DdI-2 mRNA is expressed throughout Dictyostelium developmental cycle at variable levels. We also demonstrated that DdI-2 is a true PP1c inhibitor as its recombinant product is capable of inhibiting the phosphorylase phosphatase activity of wild-type PP1c (DdPP1c) and mutant (DdPP1cF269C) of D. discoideum and NcPP1c of N. crassa in vitro. DdPP1cF269C protein presents distint traits including higher stability, phosphorylase phosphatase activity and sensibility to calyculin A than the wild-type. These differences are originated from the replacement of a well conserved cisteine residue by a phenylalanine found in the wild-type. The wild-type and mutant DdPP1c have also been assayed in the presence of INc-1L and INc-1 which are orthologues to I-2 in N. crassa. Both purified recombinant proteins have shown inhibitory effects over phosphorylase phosphatase activities, with INc-1 being twice more potent than INc-1L. This might be due to the presence of an intron retention event in the latter that results in a insertion of 38 aminoacids. Our data also indicate that F269C mutation did not affect DdPP1c sensitivity to inhibition by all the three recombinant I-2 orthologues in vitro. Yeast two-hybrid assays using wild type (DdPP1c) and mutant (DdPP1cF269C) D. discoideum and N. crassa (NcPP1c) PP1c as preys and the putative inhibitor DdI-2 as a bait showed inequivocally that these proteins interacted in vivo. When the prey was INc-1 or INc-1L the interaction occured only with NcPP1c and was stronger with INc-1. The domains of DdI-2 involved in the interaction with DdPP1c were mapped by two-hybrid interaction assays with DdI-2 deleted mutants. These experiments have pointed out that the DdI-2 carboxi-terminus of ~100 aminoacids is not essential for the interaction but that the sum of all regions is responsible for the integrity of the interaction.
3

Caracterização molecular da proteína DdI-2 e mapeamento de seus domínios de interação com a proteína fosfatase do tipo-1 de Dictyostelium discoideum / Molecular characterization of DdI-2 protein and domain mapping of Dictyostelium discoideum protein phosphatase type-1

Juliana Moreira de Sousa Canavez 04 February 2005 (has links)
A serina/treonina fosfatase do tipo 1 (PP1) é uma enzima ubíqua nas células e nos tecidos das várias espécies em que foi pesquisada e regula vários processos como metabolismo intermediário, processamento de mRNA, transcrição e apoptose. Geralmente a holoenzima PP1 é encontrada como um dímero constituído por uma subunidade catalítica conservada (PP1c) e uma ou mais subunidades reguladoras variáveis. Em mamíferos, já foram identificados mais de 50 polipeptídeos que se associam direta ou indiretamente a PP1c, gerando holoenzimas com localizações celulares e especificidades distintas. Entre estas proteínas estão inibidores citosólicos de PP1c, tais como o inibidor-1 (I-1), o inibidor-2 (I-2) e o inibidor nuclear da PP1 (NIPP-1). Ortólogos do I-2 foram descritos em microorganismos como Saccharomyces cerevisiae e Neurospora crassa. Neste trabalho nós demonstramos que o genoma da ameba social Dictyostelium discoideum possui uma única cópia do gene que codifica um ortólogo do I-2 (DdI-2). Análise através de Northern blot mostrou que o mRNA de DdI-2 é expresso durante o crescimento e ao longo de todo o ciclo de desenvolvimento, com níveis variáveis. Também demonstramos que o gene DdI-2 codifica uma verdadeira proteína inibidora da PP1c uma vez que seu produto recombinante em bactéria é capaz de inibir, com eficácia equivalente, as atividades de fosforilase fosfatase das PP1c recombinantes selvagem (DdPP1c) e mutante (DdPP1cF269C) de D. discoideum e NcPP1c de N. crassa in vitro. A proteína DdPP1cF269C apresenta características distintas da DdPP1c incluindo maior estabilidade, maior atividade de fosforilase fosfatase e maior sensibilidade frente ao inibidor caliculina A. Estas diferenças devem-se a substituição da cisteína conservada da posição 269 por uma fenilalanina, que é verificada na enzima selvagem. DdPP1c e DdPP1cF269C foram também ensaiadas na presença de INc-1L e INc-1 que são ortólogos de I-2 em N. crassa. Ambas as proteínas recombinantes purificadas exibiram efeito inibidor sobre a atividade de fosforilase fosfatase das DdPP1c recombinantes selvagem e mutante, sendo que INc-1 foi um inibidor duas vezes mais eficiente que INc-1L. Este efeito pode ser devido a um segmento de 38 aminoácidos codificado por um íntron em fase que é retido na isoforma INc-1L. Nossos dados indicam ainda que a mutação F269C não afetou a sensibilidade da DdPP1c recombinante a nenhum dos ortólogos de I-2 testados in vitro. Ensaios de duplo-híbrido utilizando a PP1c selvagem e mutante de D. discoideum (DdPP1c e DdPP1cF269C) e de N. crassa (NcPP1c) como iscas e DdI-2 como presa mostraram que estas proteínas interagiram in vivo. Quando a presa era o INc-1L ou INc-1 a interação ocorreu apenas com a NcPP1c, sendo mais forte no caso de INc-1. As regiões de DdI-2 envolvidas na interação física com a DdPP1c foram mapeadas através da expressão de proteínas truncadas no ensaio de duplo híbrido. Os experimentos apontaram que o carbóxi-terminal de ~100 aminoácidos não é essencial para a interação, mas que o somatório das diversas regiões responde pela integridade da interação. / The serine/threonine phosphatase of type-1 (PP1) is a ubiquous enzyme in the cells and tissues from several species studied and regulates numerous processes such as intermediate metabolism, mRNA splicing, transcription, and apoptosis. PP1 holoenzymes consist of a well-conserved catalytic subunit (PP1c) and one or more variable regulatory subunits. In mammals, more than fifty polypeptides that bind PP1c have been identified, originating holoenzymes with distinct cell locations and specificities. These proteins include cytosolic PP1c inhibitors such as inhibitor-1 (I-1), inhibitor-2 (I-2) and nuclear inhibitor of PP1 (NIPP-1). I-2 orthologs have also been described in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassa. In the present work, we demonstrate that the genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum has a single gene encoding for an I-2 ortholog (DdI-2). Northern blot analyses have shown that DdI-2 mRNA is expressed throughout Dictyostelium developmental cycle at variable levels. We also demonstrated that DdI-2 is a true PP1c inhibitor as its recombinant product is capable of inhibiting the phosphorylase phosphatase activity of wild-type PP1c (DdPP1c) and mutant (DdPP1cF269C) of D. discoideum and NcPP1c of N. crassa in vitro. DdPP1cF269C protein presents distint traits including higher stability, phosphorylase phosphatase activity and sensibility to calyculin A than the wild-type. These differences are originated from the replacement of a well conserved cisteine residue by a phenylalanine found in the wild-type. The wild-type and mutant DdPP1c have also been assayed in the presence of INc-1L and INc-1 which are orthologues to I-2 in N. crassa. Both purified recombinant proteins have shown inhibitory effects over phosphorylase phosphatase activities, with INc-1 being twice more potent than INc-1L. This might be due to the presence of an intron retention event in the latter that results in a insertion of 38 aminoacids. Our data also indicate that F269C mutation did not affect DdPP1c sensitivity to inhibition by all the three recombinant I-2 orthologues in vitro. Yeast two-hybrid assays using wild type (DdPP1c) and mutant (DdPP1cF269C) D. discoideum and N. crassa (NcPP1c) PP1c as preys and the putative inhibitor DdI-2 as a bait showed inequivocally that these proteins interacted in vivo. When the prey was INc-1 or INc-1L the interaction occured only with NcPP1c and was stronger with INc-1. The domains of DdI-2 involved in the interaction with DdPP1c were mapped by two-hybrid interaction assays with DdI-2 deleted mutants. These experiments have pointed out that the DdI-2 carboxi-terminus of ~100 aminoacids is not essential for the interaction but that the sum of all regions is responsible for the integrity of the interaction.
4

Análise de interações da subunidade catalítica da fosfatase do tipo 1 (PP1c) de Dictyostelium discoideum identificadas através do sistema de duplo-híbrido em leveduras / Analysis of yeast two-hybrid system interactions of Dictyostelium discoideum type-1 protein phosphatase catalytic subunit (PP1c)

Raposo, Renato Astolfi 04 November 2010 (has links)
A proteína fosfatase do tipo-1 (PP1) é uma das principais proteínas serina/treonina fosfatases (PSTPs) e desempenha papeis fisiológicos tão diversos quanto importantes, tais como a regulação do metabolismo de carboidratos e do ciclo celular. A holoenzima PP1 é constituída por uma subunidade catalítica conservada (PP1c) que está associada a subunidades não-catalíticas que modulam sua localização subcelular, especificidade de substrato e atividade enzimática. Mais de 100 proteínas que interagem com a PP1c já foram identificadas em distintos organismos eucarióticos. Proteínas que interagem com a PP1c são, portanto, a chave para compreender os diferentes papéis biológicos da PP1. A subunidade catalítica da PP1 da ameba social Dictyostelium discoideum (DdPP1c) é codificada por um gene em cópia única o qual é expresso ao longo de todo o ciclo de vida desse organismo. Algumas proteínas que interagem e possivelmente modulam a atividade da PP1 de D. discoideum já foram identificadas, utilizando-se tanto buscas por similaridades na sequência genômica deste microorganismo como ensaios utilizando o sistema de duplo-híbrido em leveduras, utilizando-se a PP1c como isca. Com esta última abordagem, foram selecionados mais de 25 clones distintos de cDNA que codificam proteínas que potencialmente interagem com a DdPP1c, após varreduras de bibliotecas de cDNA de diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento de D. discoideum. Neste trabalho, nós confirmamos que o produto protéico de 11 destes clones interagem com a isca DdPP1c com base em novos ensaios de duplo-híbrido. Os demais clones codificam proteínas que não interagem com DdPP1c ou promovem auto-ativação do gene repórter. Selecionamos para estudos adicionais um clone do gene DDB_G0269300 cujo produto protéico predito de 423 de aminoácidos não tem função ainda conhecida. A sequência codificadora completa de DDB_G0269300 foi clonada para realização de novos ensaios de duplo-híbrido em leveduras, os quais confirmaram a especificidade de sua interação com DdPP1c. A proteína recombinante rDDB_G0269300 foi obtida com sucesso em bactérias, possibilitando a obtenção de anticorpos policlonais em camundongos. O anti-soro anti-rDDB_G0269300 é aparentemente específico no reconhecimento da proteína correspondente em extratos celulares de D. discoideum coletados em 12h e 16 da fase de desenvolvimento. Estes resultados coincidem com dados obtidos através de RT-qPCR que mostram aumento nos níveis dos transcritos de DDB_G0269300 entre 8h e 12h da fase de desenvolvimento, o que é indicativo da sua importância desta proteína durante esta fase do ciclo de vida de Dictyostelium como uma potencial parceira molecular da DdPP1c / Protein phosphatase type-1 (PP1) is a major protein serine/threonine phosphatase (PSTP) which plays as diverse as important physiological roles, such as regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and of cell cycle. The PP1 holoenzyme comprises a conserved catalytic subunit (PP1c) associated with non-catalytic subunits that modulate its subcellular localization, substrate specificity and enzymatic activity. More than 100 proteins that interact with PP1c have been identified in different eukaryotic organisms. Therefore proteins that interact with PP1c are key to the understanding of PP1 different biological roles. The catalytic subunit of PP1 the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum (DdPP1c) is encoded by a single copy gene which is expressed throughout the life cycle of this organism. Some proteins that interact with and possibly modulate the activity of D. discoideum PP1 have been identified, using both similarity searches in the genome sequence of this microorganism as yeast two-hybrid screenings using PP1c as bait. With the latter approach, we have selected more than 25 distinct cDNA clones encoding proteins that potentially interact with DdPP1c after screening D. discoideum cDNA libraries from different developmental stages. In this study, we confirmed that the protein product from 11 of these clones interact with the bait DdPP1c based on two-hybrid assays. The other clones encode proteins that either does not interact or promote self-activation of the reporter gene. The clone related to DDB_G0269300 gene that encodes a predicted protein of 423 amino acids with unknown function was selected for further studies. DDB_G0269300 full-length coding sequence was cloned and new yeast two-hybrid assays were performed confirming the specificity of the interaction with DdPP1c. The recombinant protein rDDB_G0269300 was successfully obtained in bacteria and further used for polyclonal antibodies production in mice. The antiserum anti-rDDB_G0269300 is apparently specific for recognition of the corresponding protein in D. discoideum cell extracts collected after 12h and 16h of development. These results agree with RT-qPCR data showing that the levels of DDB_G0269300 transcripts are increased between 8 h and 12 h during the development, which is indicative of its importance during this phase in Dictyostelium life cycle as a DdPP1c potential molecular partner.
5

Rôle de la protéine phosphatase 1 dans les mécanismes d’action de la cocaïne et implication des modifications épigénétiques dans sa régulation / Implication of protein phosphatase type-1 in cocaine-induced long-term effects : regulation of its expression by epigenetic mechanisms

Pol Bodetto, Sarah 23 October 2012 (has links)
La consommation répétée de drogues induit une plasticité cérébrale, qui pourrait sous-tendre le développement de la dépendance. La protéine phosphatase de type 1 (PP1) étant un acteur majeur de ces processus, nous nous sommes intéressés à sa régulation par la cocaïne. Nous avons montré qu’un traitement chronique par la cocaïne induit la répression du gène codant la sous-unitécatalytique β de PP1 (PP1Cβ), via l’hyperméthylation de sa région promotrice et le recrutement de la protéine de liaison à l’ADN méthylé, Mecp2. Cette répression, observée dans les principales structures du système de récompense du Rat, pourrait favoriser l’état phosphorylé des récepteurs NMDA et AMPA du glutamate et du facteur de transcription CREB, potentialisant ainsi les effets de la cocaïne. PP1 étant souvent considérée comme un régulateur négatif de la mémoire, sa répression pourrait également favoriser la ‘mémorisation’ du contexte et des habitudes liés à la drogue. L’expression de PP1Cβ a ensuite été analysée en réponse à des injections passives ou volontaires de cocaïne dans un test de conditionnement opérant, l’auto-administration intraveineuse. Étonnamment, une répression similaire de PP1Cβ est observée quel que soit le mode d’administration de la cocaïne. Son expression est par contre différente lorsque la cocaïne est remplacée par de la nourriture : elle est induite par le conditionnement opérant, sans être affectée par une distribution passive de nourriture. Le gène PP1Cβ participe donc sans doute aux neuroadaptations différentielles induites par les drogues et les récompenses naturelles, ouvrant ainsi de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension des effets à long terme des drogues. / Repeated intake of drugs of abuse is known to induce brain plasticity, which may underlie the development of drug addiction. Protein phosphatase type-1 (PP1) is one of the key proteins involved in brain plasticity mechanisms. We therefore studied its regulation in response to repeated cocaine intake by rats. The gene encoding the β catalytic subunit of PP1 (PP1Cβ) was found to be repressed by chronic cocaine treatment, through a mechanism involving DNA methylation of the PP1Cβ 5’-end followed by the recruitment of the methyl binding protein Mecp2. This repression was observed in the major brain structures of the reward system and probably favors the phosphorylation state of NMDA and AMPA glutamatergic receptors and of CREB transcriptionfactor, thus further increasing cocaine effects. PP1 is also known as a negative regulator of memory formation. Its repression by cocaine may therefore potentiate the ‘memorization’ of cocaine-related habits and context. PP1Cβ expression was next compared in response to passive vs voluntary cocaine injections in an operant intravenous cocaine self-administration paradigm. Surprisingly, a similar repression of PP1Cβ was found, independently on the cocaine administration mode. A completely different pattern of expression was observed when cocaine administration was replaced by food intake, as PP1Cβ expression was increased during food operant self-administration, but not in response to passive food delivery. Taken together, our data suggest that PP1Cβ participates to the differential neuroadaptations induced by drugs of abuse and natural rewards. They shed somenew light on the long-term mechanisms induced by drugs of abuse.
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Análise de interações da subunidade catalítica da fosfatase do tipo 1 (PP1c) de Dictyostelium discoideum identificadas através do sistema de duplo-híbrido em leveduras / Analysis of yeast two-hybrid system interactions of Dictyostelium discoideum type-1 protein phosphatase catalytic subunit (PP1c)

Renato Astolfi Raposo 04 November 2010 (has links)
A proteína fosfatase do tipo-1 (PP1) é uma das principais proteínas serina/treonina fosfatases (PSTPs) e desempenha papeis fisiológicos tão diversos quanto importantes, tais como a regulação do metabolismo de carboidratos e do ciclo celular. A holoenzima PP1 é constituída por uma subunidade catalítica conservada (PP1c) que está associada a subunidades não-catalíticas que modulam sua localização subcelular, especificidade de substrato e atividade enzimática. Mais de 100 proteínas que interagem com a PP1c já foram identificadas em distintos organismos eucarióticos. Proteínas que interagem com a PP1c são, portanto, a chave para compreender os diferentes papéis biológicos da PP1. A subunidade catalítica da PP1 da ameba social Dictyostelium discoideum (DdPP1c) é codificada por um gene em cópia única o qual é expresso ao longo de todo o ciclo de vida desse organismo. Algumas proteínas que interagem e possivelmente modulam a atividade da PP1 de D. discoideum já foram identificadas, utilizando-se tanto buscas por similaridades na sequência genômica deste microorganismo como ensaios utilizando o sistema de duplo-híbrido em leveduras, utilizando-se a PP1c como isca. Com esta última abordagem, foram selecionados mais de 25 clones distintos de cDNA que codificam proteínas que potencialmente interagem com a DdPP1c, após varreduras de bibliotecas de cDNA de diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento de D. discoideum. Neste trabalho, nós confirmamos que o produto protéico de 11 destes clones interagem com a isca DdPP1c com base em novos ensaios de duplo-híbrido. Os demais clones codificam proteínas que não interagem com DdPP1c ou promovem auto-ativação do gene repórter. Selecionamos para estudos adicionais um clone do gene DDB_G0269300 cujo produto protéico predito de 423 de aminoácidos não tem função ainda conhecida. A sequência codificadora completa de DDB_G0269300 foi clonada para realização de novos ensaios de duplo-híbrido em leveduras, os quais confirmaram a especificidade de sua interação com DdPP1c. A proteína recombinante rDDB_G0269300 foi obtida com sucesso em bactérias, possibilitando a obtenção de anticorpos policlonais em camundongos. O anti-soro anti-rDDB_G0269300 é aparentemente específico no reconhecimento da proteína correspondente em extratos celulares de D. discoideum coletados em 12h e 16 da fase de desenvolvimento. Estes resultados coincidem com dados obtidos através de RT-qPCR que mostram aumento nos níveis dos transcritos de DDB_G0269300 entre 8h e 12h da fase de desenvolvimento, o que é indicativo da sua importância desta proteína durante esta fase do ciclo de vida de Dictyostelium como uma potencial parceira molecular da DdPP1c / Protein phosphatase type-1 (PP1) is a major protein serine/threonine phosphatase (PSTP) which plays as diverse as important physiological roles, such as regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and of cell cycle. The PP1 holoenzyme comprises a conserved catalytic subunit (PP1c) associated with non-catalytic subunits that modulate its subcellular localization, substrate specificity and enzymatic activity. More than 100 proteins that interact with PP1c have been identified in different eukaryotic organisms. Therefore proteins that interact with PP1c are key to the understanding of PP1 different biological roles. The catalytic subunit of PP1 the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum (DdPP1c) is encoded by a single copy gene which is expressed throughout the life cycle of this organism. Some proteins that interact with and possibly modulate the activity of D. discoideum PP1 have been identified, using both similarity searches in the genome sequence of this microorganism as yeast two-hybrid screenings using PP1c as bait. With the latter approach, we have selected more than 25 distinct cDNA clones encoding proteins that potentially interact with DdPP1c after screening D. discoideum cDNA libraries from different developmental stages. In this study, we confirmed that the protein product from 11 of these clones interact with the bait DdPP1c based on two-hybrid assays. The other clones encode proteins that either does not interact or promote self-activation of the reporter gene. The clone related to DDB_G0269300 gene that encodes a predicted protein of 423 amino acids with unknown function was selected for further studies. DDB_G0269300 full-length coding sequence was cloned and new yeast two-hybrid assays were performed confirming the specificity of the interaction with DdPP1c. The recombinant protein rDDB_G0269300 was successfully obtained in bacteria and further used for polyclonal antibodies production in mice. The antiserum anti-rDDB_G0269300 is apparently specific for recognition of the corresponding protein in D. discoideum cell extracts collected after 12h and 16h of development. These results agree with RT-qPCR data showing that the levels of DDB_G0269300 transcripts are increased between 8 h and 12 h during the development, which is indicative of its importance during this phase in Dictyostelium life cycle as a DdPP1c potential molecular partner.

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