L’Adénylate cyclase (CyaA), produite par B. pertussis, agent responsable de la coqueluche, est un des principaux facteurs de virulence de la bactérie. La toxine est une grande protéine multi-domaine qui est synthétisée comme un précurseur inactif, proCyaA. Ce précurseur est converti dans la forme active après une acylation spécifique. Après la sécrétion, la toxine envahir les cellules eucaryotes par un mécanisme unique qui implique la translocation de son domaine catalytique dans le cytosol des cellules eucaryotiques. Cette mécanisme est toujours pas clair et nombreuses questions restent ouvertes. Dans la présente étude, nous avons étudié les propriétés structurales et fonctionnelles des différentes espèces de (pro)CyaA en solution et inséré dans la membrane. Nous avons observé que le repliement de (pro)CyaA dans la forme monomérique dépend de la présence de calcium et de l'acylation post-traductionnelle. En outre, nous avons observé que la présence du calcium améliore fortement la stabilité de la protéine. De plus, nous avons identifié un segment hydrophobe dans CyaA, mais pas dans proCyaA, qui intervient dans les premières étapes du repliement de la protéine. L'analyse macroscopique a révélé que CyaA est plus stable et compacte par rapport à proCyaA. Nous avons aussi observé que les deux toxines sont capables de perméabiliser les membranes in vitro, mais que seulement la toxine monomérique et acyle est capable d'exercer des activités de membranes efficaces dans la cellule (hémolyse, translocation de AC et production de cAMP). Nous proposons que la toxine monomérique est la seul espèce compétent et fonctionnel. / Adenylate cyclase is one of the major virulence factors produced by Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whopping cough. The toxin is a huge multi-domain protein synthesized as an inactive precursor, proCyaA, which is converted into the active form upon a specific acylation. Once secreted across the bacterial cell envelope, the toxin invades eukaryotic cells through a unique mechanism that involves the direct translocation of its catalytic domain inside the cytosol of the target cells. This mechanism is still not clear and many questions remain open. In the present study we investigated the structural and functional properties of various (pro)CyaA species in solution and upon membrane-insertion. We found that the (re)folding of CyaA into a monomeric form critically depend upon the presence of calcium and the post-translational acylation. We observed that calcium binding strongly improves the stability of the protein. Moreover we identified a hydrophobic segment in CyaA, but not in proCyaA, which is involved in the early stages of the refolding process. Macroscopic analysis showed that CyaA is more stable and compact as compared to proCyaA. We also observed that both toxins are able to permeabilize membranes in vitro, although only the monomeric and acylated toxin is able to exert efficient membrane activities in cellula (i.e., hemolysis, AC translocation and cAMP production). We propose that the monomeric species is the functional competent and active state and that the acyl chains play not only a structural role but are also essential for the functional activities of the toxin.

Membrane rafts (also referred as nanodomains) are membrane structures responsible for many cell processes. Their characterization is challenging because of the transparency, dynamics and small size of those structures. Moreover, high variability of cells makes their study even more complicated. In order to simplify the studies of membrane processes including the formation of those rafts often model membranes like Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) and Supported Phospholipid Bilayers (SPBs) are used. In this Thesis new fluorescent tools for studying such membrane processed were developed, tested, or improved. Specifically, the phasor plot an approach applicable to the analysis of the fluorescence lifetime data, was theoretically and experimentally tested and afterwards applied to the characterization of the membrane nanodomains in GUVs. First, we introduced the phasor plots to the excitation state processes like solvent relaxation and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in lipid vesicles. We also employed the phasor plots in protein-ligand interaction, protein folding and denaturation studies. Finally, the phasor plot analysis of FRET data in combination with Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) was used in characterization of membrane nanodomains in terms of the size, mobility and...

Murine polyomavirus (MPyV) is a member of the Polyomaviridae family. Its capsid is composed of the major capsid protein, VP1, and the minor proteins, VP2 and VP3. The minor capsid proteins probably assure delivery of the viral genome through the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the nucleus during early phase of infection. However, precise mechanism is not known. Expression plasmids encoding mutated VP2 or VP3 fused with EGFP have been constructed to study the interaction of VP2 and VP3 with membranes. The mutated proteins have deletions in the predicted hydrophobic domains. In this thesis, cell localisation of mutated proteins was followed. The study revealed that the hydrophobic domain 2 is the most important for association of VP2 and VP3 with membranes, while domains 1 and 3 are rather expendable. Further, nature of VP2 and VP3 isoforms has been studied. Isoforms with different electrophoretic mobility were separated on SDS-PAGE. Consequent mass spectrometry analysis showed that they differ in deamidation of asparagine, present at both minor proteins (position 253 of VP2 and 137 of VP3). Previously, acetylation of VP3 N-terminal alanine has been identified. To elucidate the function of these modifications, mutated viruses were constructed with substitution of these amino acids. Pilot...

6 Abstract This master's thesis provides study of individual helixes from C-terminal pore-forming domain (CTD) of colicin U and their behavior in lipid bilayer on atomic level. For this purpose the all-atom molecular simulation method was used. Later the study was extended an applied on CTD of published structures of other pore-forming colicins. On the base of study extension the ability of disruption of lipid bilayer integrity by helixes H1 and H10 was successfully observed. Helix H1 was synthesized and its activity was experimentally proved on black lipid membranes. The other helixes are often too short to be able to keep position in lipid bilayer and their behavior could be affected by artificial termini, therefore they were not synthesized. The MD simulations of pairs of helixes show that structure stability and their ability to stay in the membrane depends on binding partners. The results of the thesis show the importance of H10 for colicin pore-formation, which has not been observed yet. The results also support the toroidal pore model suggested previously for colicin E1. The results prove that colicins contain specific secondary structures, which are able to disrupt the inner bacterial membrane not only in its native form but also when artificially separated from the rest of the protein. Klíčová...

No description available.

Die Aufklärung der Prozesse, die zur Zusammensetzung des Influenza A Virus führen, ist Bestandteil für die Bekämpfung dieser Infektionskrankheit. Der Viruspartikel setzt sich aus einer Hülle, der darunter liegenden Matrix und dem Genom zusammen. Das Genom ist als Bündel aus acht Ribunucleoproteinkomplexen organisiert. Die Hülle besteht aus einer Membran, die mit Sphingomyelin und Cholesterol angereichert ist und den darin eingebetteten Membranproteinen Hämagglutinin, Neuraminidase und dem Protonenkanal M2. Die unter der Hülle liegende Matrix wird von einem einzigen Influenzaprotein formiert: Dem Matrixprotein M1. Es spielt eine Schlüsselrolle im Replikationszyklus des Virus in der Zelle. Es interagiert mit dem genetischen Material, mit den Membranproteinen und der Lipidmembran der Hülle. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt Auskunft, welche Lipide eine Rolle in der M1-MembranWechselwirkung spielen. Die Liste der identifizierten Lipide umfasst neben dem bereits bekannten Phosphatidylserin auch Phosphatidylglycerol und Phosphatidsäure. Verschiedene Phosphatidylinositole konnten ebenfalls identifiziert werden. Als stärkster M1 Bindungspartner trat dabei Phosphatidylinositol-4-Phosphat zutage. Weitere auf Mutanten basierende Untersuchungen zeigten, dass der membranbindende Bereich nicht auf eine einzelne Domäne in M1 festgelegt werden kann. Die N-terminale M1-Domäne mit ihrem Oberflächen-exponierten, positiv geladenen Areal und die C-terminale Domäne interagierten mit Modellmembranen. Das Resultat dieser Interaktionen konnte mittels mikroskopischer Untersuchungen an gigantischen unilamellaren Vesikeln dokumentiert werden. Für M1 und für eine Mutante, die nur aus der N-terminalen M1-Domäne besteht, konnte eine von anderen viralen Proteinen unabhängige homooligomere Organisation auf der Membran gezeigt werden. Diese M1-Cluster könnten während der Zusammensetzung des Viruspartikels als Fundament für die Eingliederung aller weiteren viralen Komponenten dienen. / about the assembly process of the influenza A virus particle is essential for the development of effective approaches for prevention and treatment of this virus infection. The virus particle consists of an envelope, an underlying matrix, and the encapsulated genome. The genetic material is organized as bundle of eight ribonucleoprotein complexes that encode for eleven proteins. The envelope consists of a lipid bilayer that is enriched in sphingomyelin and cholesterol. The viral spike proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, as well as the proton channel M2 are embedded into this membrane. The matrix can be found below the envelope. It is formed by one single protein, the matrix protein M1. M1 plays a crucial role during the replication of the virus in the cell. It interacts with the genetic material, with the envelope proteins and with the lipid bilayer of the envelope. The results of this study reveal in detail which lipids are targeted by M1. The set of identified lipids contains phosphatylglycerol and phosphatidic acids as new binding partners, beside the known phophatidylserine. Additionally, several phosphatidylinositols were identified. Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate was the strongest binding partner from this group. Mutant-based analysis revealed that M1 owns more than one membrane binding site. The positively charged area in the N-terminal and the C-terminal domain mediated membrane association of the respective mutant protein. The final constitution of M1 on the membrane was characterized by confocal fluorescence microscopy on giant unilamellar vesicles. Full length M1 and a mutant that consisted only of the N-terminal part of M1 showed lateral clustering of homooligomers on the vesicle surface. The clusters formed independently of any other viral component. A function as fundament for the incorporation of the other viral components can be assumed for these clusters.

No description available.