Abstract not available

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Pennsylvania State University, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references.

Sweet Corn Inhibitor (SCI), a small (11811Da.) protein from the seeds of opaque-2 corn is a potent and specific inhibitor of trypsin and the activated Hageman Factor (Factor βXIIa) of the human blood plasma coagulation system. With the eventual aim of obtaining insight into the structure- function relationships of the selective SCI-pXIIa interaction, a synthetic gene for SCI was cloned into Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) and Escherichia coli (E.coli) expression systems in an attempt to obtain overexpression of the recombinant gene product. The establishment of functional expression, together with an isolation and purification procedure for SCI would provide a system for obtaining selected reactive-site mutants of SCI by cassette- and oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. A yeast secretion vector for a truncated form of SCI (tSCI) was constructed by cloning the gene for α-factor prepro-tSCI fusion, downstream to the α-mating factor (MFα1) promoter of yeast. Yeast transformants containing the expression vector failed to express and secrete the desired product. The synthetic gene encoding the complete SCI sequence was cloned into E.coli expression vectors that directed both cytoplasmic and periplasmic expression. In cytoplasmic expression, the SCI gene was cloned directly downstream to the powerful, inducible λ-phage PL- and trc-promoters. No expression was obtained with the latter. With the former, expression levels of up to 3% of the total bacterial protein were obtained. These levels were improved 3- to 4-fold on incorporation of the E.coli dnaY gene product. Solubilisation and refolding of the purified SCI inclusion bodies failed to yield the active, correctly folded product. Failure to obtain an N-terminal sequence indicated an incompletely processed N-terminal methionine. For periplasmic expression, SCI, fused in-frame to the signal sequence of OmpA, a major E.coli outer membrane protein, was cloned into the same λ-phage P_L promoter vector. High levels (=10%) of expression of insoluble SCI were obtained. The nearly homogeneous product was obtained by a two-step procedure, involving ion-exchange chromatography, followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Characterisation by N-terminal sequencing, SDS-PAGE and electrospray mass spectrometry, confirmed the presence of correctly processed SCI in the form of covalently associated dimers. Refolding studies are at present in progress.

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Evolution has provided vast genetic diversity, enabling plants to surmount many biotic pressures. Plants have evolved various morphological and biochemical adaptations to cope with herbivores attacks. Despite that, yearly, around 40 % of worldwide crop production is lost due to pests and pathogens, with 13 % due to insects. Tuta absoluta has become a major pest threatening tomato crops worldwide and without the appropriated management it can cause production losses between 80 to 100 %. To cope with this threat, we need to strengthen plant defense arsenals. The incorporation to plants of defensive genes like proteinase inhibitors by means of genetic engineering is a promising alternative. In the first chapter of this work we investigated the inhibitory activity of two trypsin inhibitors from barley; BTI-CMe and BTI-CMc. Besides, we succeeded to increase the BTI-CMc in vitro inhibitory activity by introducing a single mutation in its putative reactive site. In the second chapter, we investigated the in vivo effect of (a serine proteinase inhibitor) BTI-CMe and a (cysteine proteinase inhibitor) Hv-CPI2 isolated from barley on Tuta absoluta and we examined the effect of their expression on the tomato defensive response. We found that larvae fed on the double transgenic plants showed a notable reduction in weight. Moreover, only 56% of the larvae reached the adult stage. The emerged adults showed wings deformities and reduced fertility. We also investigated the effect of proteinase inhibitors ingestion on the insect digestive enzymes. Our results showed a decrease in larval trypsin activity. Proteinase inhibitors had no harmful effect on Nesidiocoris tenuis; a predator of Tuta absoluta, despite transgenic tomato plants attracted the mirid. We investigated whether or not plant defensive mechanisms were activated in the transgenic tomato plants and found that, interestingly, the expression of the barley cysteine proteinase inhibitor promoted plant defense, inducing the tomato endogenous wound inducible proteinase inhibitor 2 (Pin2) gene. Moreover, glandular trichomes production was increased and the emission of volatile organic compounds was altered. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of the co-expression of different proteinase inhibitors for the enhancement of plant resistance to pests. / La evolución ha proporcionado una gran diversidad genética, permitiendo a las plantas superar muchas presiones bióticas. Las plantas han desarrollado diversas adaptaciones morfológicas y bioquímicas para hacer frente a los ataques de los herbívoros. A pesar de ello, anualmente, alrededor del 40 % de la producción mundial de cultivos se pierde debido a plagas y patógenos, siendo un 13 % debido a insectos. Tuta absoluta se ha convertido en una de las principales plagas que amenazan los cultivos de tomate en todo el mundo y sin la gestión adecuada puede causar pérdidas de producción entre el 80 y el 100 %. Para hacer frente a esta amenaza, necesitamos fortalecer los arsenales de defensa de las plantas. La incorporación a las plantas, mediante ingeniería genética, de genes defensivos como los inhibidores de proteinasas es una alternativa prometedora. En el primer capítulo de este trabajo se investigó la actividad inhibitoria de dos inhibidores de tripsina procedentes de cebada; BTI-CMe y BTI-CMc. Además, se logró aumentar la actividad inhibitoria in vitro de BTI-CMc mediante la introducción de una única mutación en su putativo centro reactivo. En el segundo capítulo, se investigó el efecto in vivo de un inhibidor de serin proteinasa (BTI-CMe) y un inhibidor de cisteín proteinasa (Hv-CPI2) aislado de cebada en Tuta absoluta y se examinó el efecto de su expresión en la respuesta defensiva del tomate. Se encontró que las larvas alimentadas con las plantas transgénicas dobles mostraron una notable reducción de peso. Además, sólo el 56 % de las larvas alcanzó la etapa adulta. Los adultos emergentes mostraron deformidades de las alas y reducción de la fertilidad. También se investigó el efecto de la ingesta de inhibidores de proteinasa en las enzimas digestivas de los insectos. Nuestros resultados mostraron una disminución en la actividad tripsina larvaria. Los inhibidores de proteinasas no tuvieron efectos nocivos sobre Nesidiocoris tenuis(depredador de Tuta absoluta) a pesar de que las plantas transgénicas de tomate atrajeron al mirido. Se investigó si los mecanismos defensivos de las plantas se activaban en las plantas de tomate transgénico y se encontró que, curiosamente, la expresión de la cistatina de cebada promovía la defensa de la planta, induciendo el gen del inhibidor de proteasa 2 endógeno del tomate, inducible por herida (Pin2). Además, aumentó la producción de tricomas glandulares y se alteró la emisión de compuestos orgánicos volátiles. Nuestros resultados demuestran la utilidad de la co-expresión de diferentes inhibidores de proteinasas para el aumento de la resistencia de las plantas a plagas. / L'evolució ha proporcionat una gran diversitat genètica, permetent a les plantes superar moltes pressions biòtiques. Les plantes han desenvolupat diverses adaptacions morfològiques i bioquímiques per fer front als atacs dels herbívors. Tot i això, anualment, al voltant del 40 % de la producció mundial de cultius es perd a causa de plagues i patògens, amb un 13 % a causa de insectes. Tuta absoluta s'ha convertit en una de les principals plagues que amenacen els cultius de tomaca a tot el món i sense la gestió adequada pot causar pèrdues de producció entre el 80 i el 100 %. Per fer front a aquesta amenaça, necessitem enfortir els arsenals de defensa de les plantes. La incorporació a les plantes de gens defensius com els inhibidors de proteïnases per mitjà de l'enginyeria genètica és una alternativa prometedora. En el primer capítol d'aquest treball es va investigar l'activitat inhibitòria de dos inhibidors de tripsina aïllats a partir d'ordi; BTI-CMe i BTI-CMC. A més, es va aconseguir augmentar l'activitat inhibitòria in vitro de BTI-CMC mitjançant la introducció d'una única mutació en el seu lloc reactiu putatiu. En el segon capítol, es va investigar l'efecte in vivo d'un inhibidor de serin proteinasa (BTI-CMe) i un inhibidor de cisteïn proteinasa (Hv-CPI2) aïllats d'ordi en Tuta absoluta i es va examinar l'efecte de la seva expressió en la resposta defensiva del tomaca. Es va trobar que les larves alimentades amb les plantes transgèniques dobles van mostrar una notable reducció de pes. A més, només el 56 % de les larves va aconseguir l'etapa adulta. Els adults emergents van mostrar deformitats de les ales i reducció de la fertilitat. També es va investigar l'efecte de la ingesta d'inhibidors de proteinasa en els enzims digestius dels insectes. Els nostres resultats van mostrar una disminució en l'activitat tripsina larvària. Els inhibidors de proteïnases no van tenir efectes nocius sobre Nesidiocoris tenuis, un depredador de Tuta absoluta, tot i les plantes transgèniques de tomaca van atreure al mirid. Es va investigar si els mecanismes defensius de les plantes s'activaven a les plantes de tomaca transgènic i es va trobar que, curiosament, l'expressió de cistatina d'ordi promovia la defensa de la planta, induint el gen de l'inhibidor de proteasa 2 endogen de la tomaca, induïble per ferida (Pin2). A més, va augmentar la producció de tricomes glandulars i es va alterar l'emissió de compostos orgànics volàtils. Els nostres resultats demostren la utilitat de la co-expressió de diferents inhibidors de proteïnases per a l'augment de la resistència de les plantes a plagues. / Hamza, R. (2017). Enhancement of tomato resistance to Tuta absoluta by the expression of two barley proteinase inhibitors [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/92723

A existência de uma família gênica diversa de serino proteinases em Lepidóptera sugere que essas proteinases desempenham um papel importante na adaptação desses insetos à presença de inibidores de proteinases vegetais. Essas enzimas têm se revelado estarem envolvidas no processo digestivo de larvas de insetos. Larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda foram alimentadas com uma dieta suplementada com inibidor de proteinase de soja (IPS) e a expressão gênica de proteinases intestinais foi avaliada através de PCR em tempo real. Análises de transcrição anteriores mostraram a existência de dois grupos de serino proteinases: um grupo de genes constitutivamente expressos em larvas controle que é induzido pela dieta contendo IPS e um segundo grupo que está ausente no controle, mas que é também induzido por uma dieta rica em IPS. No presente trabalho foi observado um terceiro grupo de proteinases que não são nem induzidas nem reprimidas pela presença do IPS na dieta. Essa observação sugere que a adaptação de S. frugiperda ao IPS envolve a síntese de novas proteinases, a indução de enzimas preexistentes e ainda um terceiro grupo insensível à presença dos inibidores. Proteinases dos intestinos de larvas crescidas em dieta com IPS mostraram insensibilidade ao inibidor. As proteinases também foram insensíveis quando a atividade foi verificada com um inibidor de proteinases de amplo espectrum. Os resultados aqui apresentados propõem que a adaptação de S. frugiperda ao IPS segue uma estratégia generalizada, baseada na indução geral de um grande grupo de endoproteinases. / The existence of a diverse serine proteinase gene family in lepidopteran insects has suggested its significant role in the insect adaptation to plant proteinase inhibitors. These enzymes have been shown to be involved in the proteolytic digestion process of insect larvae. Spodoptera frugiperda larvae were fed on a diet supplemented with soybean proteinase inhibitor (SPI) and the gene expression of intestinal proteinases was evaluated by real time PCR. Previous transcription analyses found two groups of intestinal serine proteinases: one group of genes constitutively expressed in the control larvae that is induced by the SPI-containing diet during the experiment, and a second group that is absent in the control but also induced by the SPI rich diet. Herein was observed a third group of proteinases that are neither induced nor repressed by the presence of SPI in the diet. This observation suggests that adaptation of S. frugiperda to SPI involves de novo synthesis, up regulation of existing enzymes and that there is a third group insensitive to the presence of the inhibitors. Proteinases from intestines of larvae reared on a diet with SPI showed insensitivity to the inhibitor. The proteinases were also insensitive when the activity was checked with a broad-spectrum potato proteinase inhibitor. The results here presented propose that adaptation of S. frugiperda to SPI follows a \"shotgun\" approach, based on a general up regulation of a large set of endoproteinases.

by Ricardo Wong Chi Ho. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-138). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 論文摘要 --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Tables --- p.xiii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview of Serine Protease Inhibitors --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Classification of Serine Protease Inhibitors --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Kunitz Type Serine Protease Inhibitors --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Bowman-Birk Type Serine Protease Inhibitors --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Squash Type Serine Protease Inhibitors --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3 --- Role of Serine Protease Inhibitors in Plants --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4 --- Nutritional Fact of Serine Protease Inhibitors --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5 --- Possible Applications of Serine Protease Inhibitors --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Medical Applications --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Agricultural Applications --- p.29 / Chapter 1.6 --- Rationale of the Present Study --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Screening of Seeds for Inhibitory Activities Against Serine Proteases --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Materials --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Extraction Method --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Assays for Proteases Inhibitory Activities --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Assay for Chymotrypsin Activity --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Assay for Trypsin Activity --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Assay for Elastase Activity --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Assay for Subtilisin Activity --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- Assays for Protease Inhibitory Activities --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Determination of Protein Concentration --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Extraction --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Serine Proteases Inhibitory Activities --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.47 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Isolation of Chymotrypsin Inhibitor and Trypsin Inhibitors from Momordica cochinchinensis Seeds --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Materials --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Protein Extraction --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- SP-Sepharose Chromatography --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Reversed Phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Assays for Chymotrypsin and Trypsin Inhibitory Activities --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Titration of Chymotrypsin --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Tricine Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Coupling of Trypsin-Sepharose 4B Affinity Column --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Affinity Chromatography on Trypsin-Sepharose 4B --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- SP-Sepharose Chromatography --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Reversed Phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Summary of Purification --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Titration of Chymotrypsin --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Tricine Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Affinity Chromatography on Trypsin-Sepharose 4B --- p.78 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.81 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Characterization of Chymotrypsin Inhibitor and Trypsin Inhibitors --- p.88 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Materials --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Determination of Molecular Weight --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Amino Acid Sequence Analysis --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Surface Plasmon Resonance Measurement --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- Immobilization of Ligands on the Surface of Optical Biosensors --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- Determination of Kinetics Constants --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.4.3 --- pH Dependence of the Inhibition by Chymotrypsin Inhibitor --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.4.4 --- Data Analysis --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Effect of Chymotrypsin Inhibitor on the Estereolytic Activity and Proteolytic Activity of Chymotrypsin --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Specificities of the Inhibitors % --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Binding Ratio of CI to Different Proteases --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Effects of the Proteases on Their Corresponding Inhibitors --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.8.1 --- Tricine Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.8.2 --- Assay for Chymotrypsin Inhibitory Activity --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Molecular Weight of the Inhibitors --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- N-terminal Amino Acid Sequence --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Surface Plasmon Resonance Measurement --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Kinetics of Chymotrypsin Inhibitor --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Kinetics of Trypsin Inhibitors --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- pH Dependence of the Inhibition by Chymotrypsin Inhibitor --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Effect of Chymotrypsin Inhibitor on the Estereolytic Activity and Proteolytic Activity of Chymotrypsin --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Specificities of the Inhibitors --- p.110 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Binding Ratio of CI to Different Proteases --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- Effects of the Proteases on Their Corresponding Inhibitors --- p.112 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.119 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.125 / References --- p.128

Úlceras indolentes são úlceras corneais superficiais, espontâneas, que apresentam curso prolongado e que tendem a recidivar. Comumente observadas em cães de meia idade, da raça Boxer, provoca dor de início agudo e necessita de tratamento específico, já que este, quando não realizado de forma correta, pode prolongar o curso da lesão por semanas a meses. A doença é explicada por diversas alterações da superfície ocular. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia dos tratamentos ambulatoriais preconizados no Serviço de Oftalmologia do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (HOVET-FMVZ-USP), e as principais considerações observadas no levantamento dos prontuários, realizou-se estudo retrospectivo dos casos atendidos entre os anos de 1997 e 2008. Segundo os resultados, observou-se que a maioria dos cães da raça Boxer apresentaram úlcera indolente, distrofia corneal e catarata; que as úlceras indolentes foram mais frequentemente observadas em fêmeas de meia idade e que a maioria dos proprietários demoraram mais de 15 dias para levar seus animais ao HOVET-FMVZ-USP; que as alterações oculares mais frequentemente referidas pelos proprietários foram o blefarospasmo, olho vermelho e a secreção; que as principais características das lesões observadas após o exame oftalmológico foram que a maioria das úlceras eram transparentes, apresentando epitélio não aderido ou com algum grau de vascularização; unilaterais, mais frequentemente observadas no olho direito; de aparecimento espontâneo e localizadas no centro da córnea. Quanto ao tratamento, observou-se que os inibidores das proteinases foram as medicações mais frequentemente prescritas e que sua administração não interferiu no tempo de cicatrização corneal ou na formação de granuloma. Vitamina C, apesar de ter prolongado de maneira significante o tempo de cicatrização corneal, reduziu a inflamação, consideração observada pela diminuição da presença de granuloma. Debridamento/cauterização corneal, além de não interferir na formação de granuloma, acelerou, significativamente, o processo de cicatrização. A antibioticoterapia e a administração de Atropina 1 % não interferiu no tempo de cicatrização, mas se relacionaram diretamente, de forma estatisticamente significante, à presença de granuloma. O uso de anti-inflamatórios tópicos e sistêmicos também não interferiu no tempo de cicatrização, mas diminuíram, de maneira significante, a presença de granuloma nos cães em que foram administrados. Observou-se também que a não administração de atropina 1 %, antibióticos e anti-inflamatórios não interferiu no tempo de cicatrização, nem na formação de granuloma; que o tempo de alteração ocular, antes da primeira consulta e as características das lesões não interferiram, de maneira relevante, no tempo de cicatrização corneal. Portanto, conhecer os diversos tipos de tratamento se mostra fundamental para o sucesso da resolução da doença, já que este deve ser específico, realizado de forma cautelosa e por tempo indeterminado, cuidando para que a lesão não progrida e promovendo o retorno da transparência corneal. / Indolent ulcers are superficial corneal ulcers that occurs spontaneously, presents prolonged course and tend to relapse. Commonly observed in middle-aged Boxer dogs, causes pain of acute onset and requires appropriate treatment. The disease is explained by several changes on the corneal surface. Aiming to assess the effectiveness of clinical treatments, recommended by the Ophthalmology Service of the Veterinary Hospital, of the Veterinary College, of the University of São Paulo (HOVET-FMVZ-USP) and to evaluate major considerations registered on its medical records, a retrospective study was conducted (1997 2008). Results demonstrated that, during studied period: most Boxer dogs presented indolent ulcers, corneal dystrophy and cataracts; indolent ulcers were frequently observed in middle-aged female Boxers and most owners took more than 15 days to bring their animals to the hospital; blepharospasm, red eye and ocular discharge were the most owner´s referred ocular alterations at the primary consultation; main features of examined lesions were transparent ulcers presenting non adherent epithelium and/or some degree of vascularization; unilateral, often observed at the right eye, of spontaneous onset and located at the center of the cornea. Regarding treatment, proteinase inhibitors were the most often prescribed medications; its administration did not affect corneal healing or granuloma formation. Vitamin C prolonged, significantly, the corneal healing time, although, its administration reduced its inflammation, observed by the decrement on the granuloma frequency. Corneal debridement / cauterization, did not interfere on granuloma formation and was capable to accelerate, significantly, the healing process. Antibiotics and 1 % atropine did not affect the healing time, but were statistically related to the presence of granuloma. Topical and systemic antiinflammatories did not interfere at the healing time, but decreased, significantly, the presence of granuloma. Not to administer atropine 1%, antibiotics and antiinflammatories, did not interfere at the corneal healing time nor the formation of granuloma. Duration period of ocular alterations before the first consultation and characteristics of the lesions did not interfere at the corneal healing time. Therefore, to know the various types of treatments seems to be fundamental to the resolution of the indolent ulcer, as treatment must be specific, performed cautiously and for indefinitely period, preventing the progression of the lesion, and promoting the return of corneal transparency.

In 1931, Mungomery stated "whitegrubs have been for years past, and still are, the worst insect problem confronting the sugar industry". This statement remains true to this day, with canegrubs costing the Australian sugar industry A$7.22 million in lost production and in use of insecticides. The development of a sugarcane cultivar with resistance to canegrub attack would be a valuable addition to the recently implemented canegrub management program. This thesis examined the possibility that natural inhibitors derived from canegrubs could be incorporated in sugarcane to reduce or prevent its destruction by canegrubs. The research described here demonstrated that canegrub haemolymph contains inhibitors with activity against commercially purified enzymes and serine proteases found in crude midgut extracts. A cDNA encoding a potential canegrub protease inhibitor (DA10 12) belonging to the Ascaris family was cloned, but it did not have activity against the major canegrub midgut proteases. This protein does, however, still have potential for modification into a serine protease inhibitor suitable for use as a novel insect resistance transgene. The possibility of using haemolymph derived inhibitors as novel antimetabolites in a canegrub management strategy based on transgenic plants was also explored. The findings suggest that proteins with properties similar to those of DA10 12 will require the presence of a signal peptide and/or codon optimisation for successful expression in sugarcane. The research outlined in this thesis is the first investigation of protease inhibitors in the haemolymph of scarab larvae, and is the first report of an Ascaris family inhibitor that does not inhibit a serine protease.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.