Romans de l’écrivain américain contemporain, John Irving, The Cider House Rules, A Prayer for Owen Meany et A Widow for One Year proposent des univers fictionnels distincts mais dirigés par une question identique : le processus de création, qu'il soit identitaire ou littéraire. Construits autour de la représentation des relations entre les personnages et leur environnement, les trois récits accordent une importance particulière à la transgression, toujours envisagée comme un acte de rébellion mais prenant également une connotation positive lorsqu’elle est entendue comme étape primordiale de la création identitaire. Cette double acception ressurgit dès lors que l’on considère le narrateur ou les techniques narratives, eux aussi caractérisés par une alliance de respect et d’écart par rapport aux normes ou conventions. La combinaison des forces antagonistes identifiées à l’échelle de l’histoire et au niveau narratif produit des romans singuliers alliant tradition et modernité, gravité et ironie. En fin de compte, les romans poursuivent un même but : divertir et contester tout à la fois. / Written by contemporary American author John Irving, The Cider House Rules, A Prayer for Owen Meany and A Widow for One Year propose three different fictional worlds, shaped by a common question concerning the process of creation, both of the individual and of the literary work. In the relations between individuals and their environment represented in the narratives, transgression figures as an act of rebellion and as a vital step in the creation of identity. At the diegetic level, a tension between respect for and departure from fictional norms and conventions characterizes narrative voice and techniques. The association of antagonistic forces gives rise to singular novels that combine tradition and modernity, as well as seriousness and humor. Finally, Irving’s novels are shaped by a common aim: to entertain and to protest at the same time.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis argues that Purdue, a socially and politically conservative institution in an equally conservative state, provides an ideal atmosphere in which to study the inception of the New Left. The insular nature of the campus and its relative isolation from outside groups provides an opportunity to study the genesis of the movement as it progressed from local concerns to a broader focus on national and international topics.

In this thesis, I observe the methods modern American poets employ to achieve literary activism in their work. Poets Amiee Nezhukumatathil, Marcus Wicker, and Tracy K. Smith all examine and critique different aspects of American life and culture. Ultimately, I argue that each poet, in their own way, develops a voice that deftly straddles between the personal and public. By doing so, the poets invigorate their work with an authenticity that is crucial in developing an ethos vivacious enough to create a call to action for readers. I will also discuss how I create a similar balance of the personal and public in my own work in order to stir readers into an activist mindset.

Injustice, be it procedural, retributive, or restorative, can propel the crowd into different forms of collective action. This dissertation explores the motivations and responses that crowds undertake in response to perceived injustices using a sequential exploratory research design. The dissertation uses multicase research to investigate the injustices against which crowds (broadly defined) are fighting and provides nuances into each type of injustice. Focusing on these cases, the research adapts and applies Hirschman's Exit, Voice and Loyalty theory to provide a typological model connecting injustices to crowd response types. Second, a series of linear, logistic and multinominal regression models using newly collected nationally representative data show the associations between perceived injustices and support for responses of various types. The research contributes a theoretical model for understanding responses to injustices which advances the discussion about the public's role in fighting injustice within society. / Doctor of Philosophy / People can react in all manner to injustices. They might march in the streets demanding justice, inform police of the identities of wrongdoers, or bury a sexual offender alive. This dissertation connects these seemingly disjointed occurrences and investigates the diverse perceived injustices (retributive, procedural and restorative) behind such actions. It examines multiple case studies of initiatives by the crowd from around the global to illustrate the nuances in the perceived injustices. The research also adapts the Hirschman's Exit, Voice and Loyalty framework about failing companies and States to connect what appears to be a random assortment of actions. Using the findings from the multiple case studies, the dissertation tests using a series of statistical models whether perceived injustices among the general US population lead to increased support for certain ways in which the crowd can fight for justice.

This thesis has presented the organizational factors that made “Nueva Canción” so influential for socio-political movement in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay as well as the role that this genre of popular music played as a coalescing force for these social movements. This genre of music allowed a level of communication between artists and working classes as well as peasants that could not have been achieved through political literature, since most of them were illiterate. “Nueva Canción” also permitted an emotional connection to social causes for the listeners and among the artists. Through social networks created between musicians and resources that were facilitated through government (Salvador Allende’s Government in Chile), “Nueva Canción” affected influenced social movements and political structures. After military dictatorships came to power, their organization had to adapt because of government censorship and persecution. Through their continued musical efforts while in exile, “Nueva Canción” artists maintained social causes and the lack of democracy in the international limelight. / Literary review : social movements in Latin America -- Popular culture and politics -- Theory -- Case study : "e;Nueva Cancion"e; in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay -- Content analysis : songs of outrage and humanity. / Department of Political Science

The genesis and development of modern African literature in indigenous languages in South Africa cannot be satisfactorily handled without linking them to the historical, social and political developments in South Africa. The first literary works to be published in South Africa in indigenous languclges were the products of western imperialist agents, the missionaries especially. This literature was later exposed to further ideologies when the government took control of education for Af~cans. The intensification of th€ liberation struggle from mid 20th century saw literature becoming another area of resistance politics in South Africa. African writers began to write in English. The birth of the Black Consciousness Muvement in the late sixties gave further impetus to this development with the emergence of black protest literature. This study seeks to investigate thes. developments in both African literature and black protest literature by employing a materialist analysis, specifically focusing on ideology as a material condition. / Afrikaans & Theory of literature / (M.A. (Theory of Literature ))

The general focus of the study is a shanty town (población) on the outskirts of Santiago in Chile during the military regime of Augusto Pinochet. The military coup of 11th September 1973 was the beginning of seventeen years of repression and violence. The specific focus of the research is the development of resistance against Pinochet amongst the people (pobladores) of that shanty town. The research is based on a six year period in the población where the candidate, being also a Catholic priest, had unique access through his role to the social and cultural life of the people. The implications of this role in terms of retrospective anthropology are examined in detail. The experience is studied in terms of the developments of attitudes and behaviour within a particular group especially in their movement from tentative protest and the creative use of ambiguity, to the use of barricades as the focus for direct confrontation with the authorities. The passing beyond the barricade is explored in terms of the expansion of the people's capacity to develop political agency. The thesis is a case study of Liberation Theology and its role in the development of resistance to the military regime. The street becomes a central focus as space of protest. A comparison is made between the private space of the house as refuge and the public space of the street as place of conflict and danger. It is suggested that the barricade may be understood as a dynamic boundary being partly constituted by the bodies of the protesters themselves. It is also didactic, insofar as the re-appropriation of physical space - the streets, the bridge upon which the key barricade is built, and by extension the entire población, parallel the occupation of the internal space in the minds of the protesters. The transformations of meaning being etched into the 'landscape' were being correspondingly etched into the 'inscapes' of the imagination. If space can be taken as analogous to language and the movement of bodies through the población understood, therefore, as an articulation of an alternative discourse, then the boundary/barricade can be seen as the focus for such a counter-discourse against the attempt by Pinochet to militarise civilian life. Liberation theology and the Basic Christian Community are explored in terms of the development of the potential of resistance to the military regime. It is suggested that these functioned by legitimating new public discourses, promoting new styles of leadership and empowering individuals and organisations. Here politics becomes part of the road to 'salvation' and religion becomes politics by other means. Finally the question of popular education is addressed in the context of an invasion of the University by the pobladores. A project of popular education is explored in its attempt to go beyond the question of protest against the Regime to addressing how political power is operated through appropriation of discourse. Power and knowledge are intricately intertwined. The focus moves to consider political violence as being exercised not just in military might but also through institutional structures. The conclusion recapitulates the main themes in the context of wider aspects of anthropology.

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