Hintergrund Die strahlentherapeutische Behandlung von Krebserkrankungen erfolgt zurzeit hauptsächlich durch eine Bestrahlung mit hochenergetischen Photonen und Elektronen aus kompakten Therapie-Linearbeschleunigern. Seltener werden auch Protonenstrahlen eingesetzt. Diese besitzen gegenüber Photonen und Elektronen vorteilhaftere physikalische und strahlenbiologische Eigenschaften, die besonders bei der Bestrahlung von tiefliegenden Tumoren in der Nähe von lebenswichtigen, strahlenempfindlichen Organen von Bedeutung sind. Die Behandlung mit Protonen erfordert jedoch sehr große und teure Bestrahlungsanlagen, weshalb es weltweit bisher nur ca. 50 solcher Anlagen an großen Zentren gibt. In den letzten Jahren wurde das völlig neuartige Prinzip der Teilchenbeschleunigung durch Hochleistungslaser soweit entwickelt, dass eine medizinische Anwendung zur Krebstherapie vorstellbar ist. Die laserbasierte Teilchenbeschleunigung verspricht deutlich kompaktere und kostengünstigere Protonenbeschleuniger, erzeugt jedoch im Unterschied zu herkömmlichen Beschleunigern sehr kurze (~ps) hochintensive Protonenpulse mit großer Strahldivergenz und breitem Energiespektrum. Im Rahmen des Verbundprojektes onCOOPtics wird die klinische Anwendbarkeit derartiger laserbeschleunigter Protonenstrahlen untersucht, was nicht nur die Entwicklung des notwendigen Laser-Teilchen-Beschleunigers, sondern auch die Entwicklung eines geeigneten Strahlführungssystems beinhaltet.

Le développement des lasers de fortes puissances réalisé au cours des dix dernières années a ouvert de nouveaux champs de recherche dans de nombreux domaines tels que la production de faisceaux de particules chargées. Lors de l'interaction d'un faisceau laser avec une cible, il est en effet possible de générer un faisceau d'ions ou d'électrons d'une large gamme énergétique dépendant de la puissance du laser et de la nature de la cible.Les physiciens qui étudient les interactions laser-matière montrent un grand intérêt à pouvoir réaliser des expériences avec une cible d'hydrogène pure de l'ordre d'une dizaine de micromètres d'épaisseur. Lors d'une telle interaction, un faisceau constitué uniquement de protons accélérés est produit. La protonthérapie est l'une des applications phares qui utilise les propriétés particulières des protons accélérés pour détruire des tumeurs cancéreuses. Cette technique, plus légère et moins coûteuse, pourrait remplacer dans les années à venir les gros accélérateurs de particules, situés en sous-sol des hôpitaux. Les travaux menés durant cette thèse ont permis de développer un moyen d'obtenir et de caractériser de telles cibles, et ce en utilisant un nouveau procédé d'extrusion.L'extrusion d'hydrogène solide requiert des fortes pressions (100 à 400 bar) et des basses températures (inférieures à 13 K). Les fortes pressions sont obtenues à l'aide des propriétés thermodynamiques du fluide. Dans un premier temps, de l'hydrogène est introduit puis solidifié dans la cellule expérimentale jusqu'à remplir celle-ci. La cellule est alors fermée et chauffée en partie haute afin de liquéfier l'hydrogène qui s'y trouve. La dilatation qui résulte du changement de phase, génère une pression sur l'hydrogène solide qui est situé sous le liquide. Cette pression permet d'obtenir la force nécessaire à l'extrusion qui est réalisée au travers d'une buse se situant à l'extrémité basse de la cellule. La principale différence avec un procédé classique d'extrusion est l'absence de parties mobiles.Des premiers rubans d'hydrogène d'une largeur de 1 mm et d'une épaisseur de 100 µm ont été obtenus et ont donné lieu à publication en mars 2014. Une évolution de la cellule et du cryostat a ensuite été réalisée dans le but d'atteindre des épaisseurs de rubans plus faibles (25 et 50 µm).Une buse cylindrique d'un diamètre de 140 µm a également permis d'obtenir de longs cylindres d'hydrogène solide et de comprendre le comportement de l'écoulement dans des géométries simples. En parallèle, de nombreuses simulations numériques ont été réalisées dans le but de caractériser ce comportement. Un modèle dédié a ainsi été établi, pour lequel les résultats expérimentaux et les simulations sont en bon accord.Un algorithme de mesure de vitesses d'écoulement, basé sur le suivi de défauts présents dans le film d'hydrogène a également été développé. Celui-ci est basé sur une technique d'inter-corrélation d'images. L'épaisseur du ruban est également obtenue par analyse d'images acquises. Ces résultats sont en adéquation avec la mesure du débit d'hydrogène pompé, réalisée en aval du cryostat.De nombreux laseristes ont alors manifesté leur intérêt autour de ce nouveau procédé et une collaboration a été mise en place avec l'équipe du laser PALS, à Prague, dans le but d'installer une nouvelle version du cryostat, capable de se fixer sur la chambre à vide de leur laser. Cette équipe, qui sera la première à tirer sur des cibles d'hydrogène solide courant novembre 2015, souhaite valider certaines théories et accélérer des protons en utilisant le principe de la TNSA (Target Normal Shealth Acceleration). Les laseristes du LULI (situés à Palaiseau, en France) sont également intéressés pour utiliser de telles cibles et une installation sur leur chambre laser a été planifiée au mois de janvier 2016. En parallèle, des physiciens de l'Institut Lumière Matière du CNRS de Lyon souhaitent également utiliser ces cibles pour générer des rayons X-UV. / The development of very high power lasers in the latest decade opened up new horizons in a various field, such as the production of accelerated ion beams. When a laser beam interacts with a target, the generated beam can contain energetic ions or electrons with a large energy spectrum (1–200 MeV). This energy distribution depends on the laser power and the nature of the target.Physicists studying the interaction between laser and materials are really interested in having very thin (10 µm) ribbons of solid hydrogen that could be used as a target. Indeed, during the interaction between a laser and such a target, a pure proton beam can be created. Protontherapy is one of the main potential applications which uses the special properties of accelerated protons to destroy cancerous tumor. This technique, lighter and cheaper, could replace in the next years huge particle accelerators situated underground the equipped hospitals. This PhD thesis was about developing a way to get and characterize such ribbons, using a new extrusion process.Extrusion of solid hydrogen requires a high pressure (10 MPa to 40 MPa) and a low temperature (below 13K). This is achieved by using the thermodynamic properties of the fluid. First, the cell is filled in with solid H2, then closed. Afterward, the upper part is heated to liquefy the solid. The expansion, resulting from the phase change creates a pressure on the solid hydrogen, located below the liquid. The extrusion is realized through a micron-sized hole at the bottom of the cell. The main difference with a classic extrusion process is the absence of moving parts.First solid hydrogen ribbons (1mm large and 100 microns of thickness) have been obtained in March 2014, leading to an article in a peer review (laser and particle beams (2014) 32,569-575, Continuous production of a thin ribbon of solid hydrogen). The use of a 50 micron nozzle was satisfying but it showed the limitation in the design of the cell, leading to an upgraded one, which will enable to extrude thinner ribbons.A cylindrical nozzle (140 microns diameter) has also been used to obtain long cylinders of solid hydrogen and to be able to understand the solid hydrogen flow in simple geometries. In parallel, several numerical simulations have been carried out to establish the flow behavior of solid hydrogen during the extrusion process. An “home made” model has been developed for which experimental results and numerical calculations fit quite well for different nozzles' geometries.Using small ribbon defaults as velocity tracers, cross-correlation algorithm has also been developed to measure the velocity during the extrusion process. The ribbon thickness is also extracted from image analysis. These results are also correlated by flowmeter measurements and appeared to be accurate.Several laser teams have shown a great interest for these results and a collaboration contract has been signed with the laser PALS team (Prague) to install an updated version of this cryostat, able to be plugged in their vacuum chamber. The team wants to shoot the solid hydrogen target to understand the laser/matter interaction and accelerate proton through the TNSA (Target Normal Sheath Acceleration) principle. It will be the first time such target will be shot. The installation of the cryostat is scheduled by the end of august and the first experiments are planned during november 2015. LULI's laser team at Palaiseau in France is also interested in using these targets and is planning to shoot them in January 2016. In parallel, CNRS physicists of the ILM (Institut Lumière Matière de Lyon) would like to use these targets to generate X-UV radiation.

Not available / text

We have performed a series of experiments developing the techniques of volumetric, isochoric heating of matter to high energy density states, and the subsequent probing of the release isentrope. Using ultrafast, ultra intense laser systems with pulse lengths from 100fs - 1ps and pulse energies between 2 J and 100 J, we generated strong secondary radiation, in the form of K[subscript alpha] x-rays and directed proton beams, which we used to rapidly heat a foil sample to temperatures from ~ 1 eV to ~ 25 eV at solid density, thus entering the strongly coupled, partially ionized regime of warm dense matter, in which the equation of state is poorly understood. The first set of experiments examines the possibility of using laser generated K[subscript alpha] x-rays in isochoric heating experiments and concludes that this technique will require the use of higher energies and higher Z materials than were used in this thesis to achieve warm dense matter conditions. In the second set of experiments, we used an ultrafast, lasergenerated proton beam with a temperature of ~ 2 MeV and cutoff energy of ~ 40 MeV to volumetrically and isochorically heat a sample foil to > 20 eV. With singleshot diagnostics, we measured the evolution of the temperature with 3:3 ps resolution over the _rst 35 ps of expansion by streaked optical pyrometry, and measured the evolution of the target expansion over the same timescale with sub-ps resolution by chirped pulse interferometry. In this way we were able to verify the equation of state and ion-balance in the SESAME equation of state tables with a Saha ionization model and distinguish this as more accurate than other, simpler models. This thesis establishes an experimental framework for acquiring equation of state data in the regime of warm dense matter that is distinct and complimentary to that acquired by the techniques of shock heating. / text

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2004. / Supervisors: Jerry Hoffmann and C. Fred Moore. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--University of California, Berkeley. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 57). 23

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08358.pdf: 3987174 bytes, checksum: bd5e0ea6705a189997deab3c68d85291 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:99/08249-9

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T17:59:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000769599_20160131.pdf: 256213 bytes, checksum: 5f511cbb596c1f707bc977be42246aaf (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-02-01T10:15:56Z: 000769599_20160131.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-02-01T10:16:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000769599.pdf: 1800159 bytes, checksum: 4ba8b1a044e20855baf40d195fdc0c91 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-06-15T18:56:31Z: 000769599_sub.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-06-15T18:57:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000769599.pdf: 18986432 bytes, checksum: a3924b26321cd155af0495154ed8096f (MD5) / O tratamento do câncer através da irradiação com prótons tem se desenvolvido a amplamente, de maneira que a cada década o número de centros com essa tecnologia aumenta progressivamente. Entretanto, o planejamento da rotina de terapia ainda é realizado com imagens de raios-X, que pode causar incertezas quanto ao posicionamento preciso do feixe de prótons sobre o tumor devido à diferença de comportamento ao interagir com a matéria. Por isso, são necessários estudos que busquem o aprimoramento da tomografia computadorizada com prótons, que tem como principal função, determinar a posição do pico de Bragg com eficiência. Mas para se desenvolver essa técnica é preciso determinar a trajetória exata que a partícula percorre dentro do corpo do paciente, que é possível com simulações baseadas no método de Monte Carlo. Vários programas no mercado utilizam Monte Carlo para diferentes tipos de propósitos, dentre os que são voltados para o transporte do próton, estão: GEANT, FLUKA e MCNPX. Esse último foi o utilizado neste trabalho para avaliar a perturbação no feixe incidente de prótons em um meio heterogêneo, composto por água e material simulador de osso compacto (interfaces perpendiculares ao feixe). Além de um modelo formado por água e PMMA (interfases paralelas ao feixe) para avaliar o uso de fantomas desses materiais. Foram estudadas energia, posição e ângulo de saída dos prótons considerando somente partículas primárias e também para todas as partículas / Cancer treatment by irradiation with protons has been widely developed so that each decade the number of centers based on this technology increases progressively. However, the planning of routine therapy is performed with images of X- rays, which can cause uncertainties as to the precise positioning of the proton beam on the tumor due to the difference in behavior when interacting with matter. Therefore, it is necessary studying the improvement of computed tomography with protons, whose main function, determine the position of the Bragg peak efficiently. Nevertheless, to develop this technique it is necessary to determine the exact path that the particle travels through the patient's body, which is possible with simulations based on Monte Carlo method. There are several programs that use Monte Carlo for different types of purposes, among which are meant for the transport of the proton: GEANT, FLUKA and MCNPX. The third one was used in this work to evaluate the disturbance in the incident beam of protons in a heterogeneous medium composed of water and equipment simulator compact bone (beam direction perpendicular to the interface) and water-PMMA (beam parallel to the interface). The output energy, position and angle of the protons were studied considering only primary particles and for all particles

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP