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M.A. (African Languages) / This is a study of the emergent aspects of Zulu proverbs and sayings. The first chapter is devoted to emergent themes in proverbs. That is followed by a chapter on the different strategies that are used in the coining of these proverbs. The sayings are treated in the same manner. It became clear that folklore in African Languages, Zulu in this case, is dynamic. It proves beyond doubt, that proverbs and sayings are not literature of the past; people constantly adapt forms of folklore to suit new circumstances.

Abstract A Study about the culture of gods and ghosts in Taiwanese Proverbs Taiwanese proverbs are the essence of ancestors¡¦ wisdom and experiences. Because of speaking and listening these proverbs, we can preserve them. As we know, the proverb is part of folk literature, mass literature, and it is one of the ways people show their emotions and knowledge. So, undoubtedly, the proverbs demonstrate all kinds of experiences and thoughts. The belief in gods and ghosts plays a very important role in folk religion in Taiwan. We can say that the belief in gods and ghosts is the root of folk religion. All concepts and ceremonies of Taiwanese folk religion are based on the belief in gods and ghosts. This study discusses the religious culture of Taiwanese proverbs, and it is based on the belief in gods and ghosts. So this study is entitled ¡§A Study about the culture of gods and ghosts in Taiwanese Proverbs¡¨. The first chapter is the introduction, and the second chapter talks about the belief in ghosts of Taiwanese proverbs. The third chapter discusses the belief in gods of Taiwanese proverbs. The fourth chapter is the conclusion. In the end of this study, there are about 450 Taiwanese religious proverbs as the index, including Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, ghosts, gods, and the decree of fate and so on. I hope these proverbs present the contribution for the searchers having interest in this topic.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF LUORD A. SAMAAN ALKHOZAIMI, for the Master of Arts degree in APPLIED LINGUISTICS, presented on 04/06/15, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: THE SYNTAX OF SYRIAC PROVERBS MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Jeffrey Punske Proverbs are an important part of a language. To my knowledge, there is no research that investigates the syntax of Syriac proverbs. So, this study aims to shed light on the syntax of Syriac proverbs to add further information to our understanding of Syriac. For this purpose, I ask questions like: i) Can Syriac proverbs be negated? ii) Can they be passivized? iii) Can they be topicalized? iv) Can they allow question? v) Can the subject be raised? vi) Can their tense and aspect be altered? The data were chosen randomly from Zomaia (2007). The proverbs were examined based on native speaker judgments. The analysis implied identifying the components of each proverb then applying the rule of each aspect on each proverb was performed. Results from the study showed that some of the Syriac proverbs, from the randomly chosen sample, were modifiable syntactically. A number of factors that appeared to influence the applicability of some aspects rules were identified as: like the availability of subject, verb, and object. The reason for some proverbs were non-modifiable was because of the absence of the main components for the transformation process. The results of the study contribute to an understanding of the restricted nature of Syriac proverbs semantically and idiomatically. Recommendations for further research were also identified in the field of syntax concerning Syriac.

Chapter One of this thesis investigates the growth and development of the Tswana short story. It commences with an evaluation of studies done on this genre and proceeds to a brief exposition of the Tswana short stories published prior to 1995. It also provides theoretical backgmund on the modern short story. The main focus of Chapter Two concerns the major themes explored in Tswana short stories. These include tradition and culture, love and marriage, the makgoweng motif, religion as well as corruption and other social problems. This thesis has discovered that the Tswana Miters not only criticise the negative aspects of these realities, but also recognise their significance and beauty. Chapter Three examines the organisational patte~ of the Tswana short story and tests it against the structural pattenl of the West. It is revealed that the Tswana short story, like short stories of other cultures, shows a continuous sequence of exposition, development and resolution. However, it occasionaHy deviates from the nonn and commences with philosophical commentaries and details irrelevant to the developmental phase. In structuring their stories, the Tswana writers also use flashback and foreshadowing to link their events. However, what has been discovered is that foreshadowing occurs less frequently than flashback in the Tswana short story. Chapter Four focusses on the word, the sentence and the paragraph and refers to other related clements such as repetition, rhetorical questions, proverbs, idioms and Biblical allusions. These elements serve to enhance the style of the Tswana short story and bring the readers into a dialogic relationship with their language and culture. Creative writing in Tswana illustrates a strong, dynamic relationship with oral tradition. Chapter Five shows how writers have cirawn from the wealth of their traditional and cultural heritage original and wlique devices to improve their works of art. The threads of oral tradition that reveal themselves in the Tswana short story pertain to the organisation of material, characterisation, setting, style and language as well as narrative perspective. In Chapter Six the findings of the earlier chapters are highlighted and recommendations for future research are outlined. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil.(African Languages)

This thesis deals with a contrastive analysis of German phraseological units containing an animal and their Czech equivalents. In the theoretical part, we will explain the basic concepts of phraseology and focus on the contrastive phraseology. The core of the thesis is formed by analysis of German proverbs and other verbal phraseological units and finding their Czech equivalents. The selected phraseological units are accompanied by examples. The aim of the thesis is to divide the phraseological units into groups according to the degree of equivalence.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-05-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 succi_tm_me_sjrp.pdf: 920849 bytes, checksum: 5851df0e21098f3360742f5fdb480f26 (MD5) / Esse trabalho visou selecionar e analisar os provérbios da língua portuguesa referentes aos sete pecados capitais, apresentados em seis obras paremiológicas e contextualizados por meio de pesquisa em bases textuais informatizadas. Se o provérbio é uma unidade fraseológica que expressa uma sabedoria popular ao retratar as tradições de um povo, e o pecado, fruto de convenções sociais e religiosas, acreditamos que conhecer esse tipo de criação proverbial possibilite avaliar os valores que a sociedade brasileira realmente confere aos mais importantes desvios de conduta social condenados pela Igreja. Nesse intuito de abordar as características dos provérbios e a temática do pecado, procuramos: 1) inventariar os provérbios em língua portuguesa do Brasil, referentes ao tema escolhido; 2) atestar os provérbios em corpora para verificar sua freqüência na língua; e 3) analisar, por meio do uso de contextos com provérbios, os valores atribuídos aos sete pecados capitais pela sociedade brasileira. Para a atestação de cada um dos provérbios inventariados, consultamos fontes primárias de pesquisa: duas bases textuais informatizadas, a web e o corpus do Laboratório Lingüístico da UNESP de Araraquara. Enfim, além de nos aventurarmos numa proposta de definição de provérbio, concluimos quais provérbios relativos aos sete pecados são realmente freqüentes, verificamos para que fins os provérbios de cada pecado são utilizados e chegamos aos valores que a sociedade atribui a cada um dos sete pecados por meio de contextos em que ocorrem os provérbios. / This research was carried out to select and analyze the proverbs in Portuguese related to the seven capital vices, presented in six books on the subject of proverbs. The proverbs were put into context by means of computer textual database research. A proverb is a phraseologic unit that expresses popular wisdom and represents the traditions of a people, while the sin, is a consequence of social and religious conventions. We believe that knowing this kind of linguistic construction, enable us to appraise the values that the Brazilian society coveys to the most important deviations from the Church doctrine. In orde to approach the characteristics of the proverbs and the theme of the sin, we proceded to: 1) make a list of proverbs in Brazilian Portuguese, related to the chosen theme; 2) confirm the presence of these proverbs in corpora to verify their frequency in the language and 3) analyse, by means of textual database research, the values assigned to the seven capital vices by the Brazilian society. Moreover, we consulted primary research sources to verify the listed proverbs: two computer textual database, the web and the corpus from the Laboratório Lingüístico' UNESP/Araraquara. Thus, apart from venturing in a proposition to define proverb, we also enumerated which of them, related to the seven capital vices, are frequently used. Finally, we verified the usage and the social value of these proverbs by means of context.

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This thesis investigates future English teachers&rsquo / experiences of learning English proverbs in Anatolian Teacher Training High Schools (ATTHS) in Turkey. In order to reveal the situation about proverb teaching in English language classrooms in ATTHS, students&rsquo / opinions are sought and coursebooks are analysed. In doing this, this study aims to find out EFL teacher trainees&rsquo / attitudes towards learning and teaching English proverbs, their conceptualization of proverbs, their thoughts about their knowledge and use of English proverbs, and perceptions about how sufficiently their English teachers and coursebooks at high school taught them English proverbs. This study also aims to uncover how the English coursebooks they used in ATTHS teach proverbs. To achieve these aims, a questionnaire is administered to 187 freshman ELT students / a semi-structured interview is conducted with volunteers and the coursebooks used by the majority are examined using an analysis form and a checklist. As a result, it is found that those teacher trainees have positive attitudes towards learning and teaching English proverbs, think that they do not have enough knowledge of English proverbs and that their English teachers and coursebooks did not teach proverbs sufficiently. Moreover, the participants&rsquo / conceptualization of proverbs reflects traditional definitions. Besides, coursebook analysis reveals that while the examined local coursebooks contain almost no proverbs at all, the analysed international coursebooks include a relatively bigger number of proverbs. However, except for some of the semantic and cultural aspects of proverbs, there is hardly any explicit reference to other aspects of proverbs in all the coursebooks examined.

Chapter One of this thesis investigates the growth and development of the Tswana short story. It commences with an evaluation of studies done on this genre and proceeds to a brief exposition of the Tswana short stories published prior to 1995. It also provides theoretical backgmund on the modern short story. The main focus of Chapter Two concerns the major themes explored in Tswana short stories. These include tradition and culture, love and marriage, the makgoweng motif, religion as well as corruption and other social problems. This thesis has discovered that the Tswana Miters not only criticise the negative aspects of these realities, but also recognise their significance and beauty. Chapter Three examines the organisational patte~ of the Tswana short story and tests it against the structural pattenl of the West. It is revealed that the Tswana short story, like short stories of other cultures, shows a continuous sequence of exposition, development and resolution. However, it occasionaHy deviates from the nonn and commences with philosophical commentaries and details irrelevant to the developmental phase. In structuring their stories, the Tswana writers also use flashback and foreshadowing to link their events. However, what has been discovered is that foreshadowing occurs less frequently than flashback in the Tswana short story. Chapter Four focusses on the word, the sentence and the paragraph and refers to other related clements such as repetition, rhetorical questions, proverbs, idioms and Biblical allusions. These elements serve to enhance the style of the Tswana short story and bring the readers into a dialogic relationship with their language and culture. Creative writing in Tswana illustrates a strong, dynamic relationship with oral tradition. Chapter Five shows how writers have cirawn from the wealth of their traditional and cultural heritage original and wlique devices to improve their works of art. The threads of oral tradition that reveal themselves in the Tswana short story pertain to the organisation of material, characterisation, setting, style and language as well as narrative perspective. In Chapter Six the findings of the earlier chapters are highlighted and recommendations for future research are outlined. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil.(African Languages)