In relation to the latest economic crisis much attention was paid to the bank capital requirements. Many papers discuss the pro-cyclical effect of these capital requirements and the options of how to stabilize the banking industry and financial system. In this thesis I researched another instrument which can cause the pro-cyclical effect - the loan loss provisions. In reaction to this issue the Spanish central bank has adopted the model of dynamic provisioning which acts counter-cyclically. This model is supposed to balance the amount of created provisions and banks' profit over the time. In this thesis I introduce a hypothetical situation in which the countries using the Euro currency adopted the model of dynamic provisioning and I examine the hypothesis that the adoption of this model would mitigate the latest economic crisis as the banks would achieve higher profits during the time of recession. Based on the conducted research I confirmed my hypothesis and conclude that the dynamic provisioning would balance the economic swings. However, the results also showed that the set-up of dynamic provisions model is crucial. In order to make the model efficient the model coefficients have to be precisely determined by central banks or individual banks and approved by independent supervisors. Keywords...

Text in Afrikaans / lnternasionale erkenning van die konsep van kinderregte skep die grondslag vir state om op nasionale vlak inisiatiewe te loads wat op die kweek van 'n kinderregtekultuur gerig is, wat sal meebring dat 'n sensitiwiteit vir kinderregte ontwikkel en prioriteit aan die beskerming van daardie regte verleen word. Dit is 'n omvattende taak wat grondwetlike bepalings raak en wetgewing en administratiewe programme vereis ten einde 'n balans te vind tussen ouers se aansprake op gesinsoutonomie en die strewe om in gepaste gevalle aan kinders die bevoegdheid te verleen om self besluite oar hul lewens te neem. Die belangeatweging vind plaas teen die agtergrond van die primere oorweging van die beste belange van kinders ten opsigte van aspekte wat hulle raak . . / International recognition of the concept of children's rights lays the foundation for states to launch initiatives on national level which are aimed at developing a culture of children's rights. This will lead to an increased sensitivity to children's rights and the fact that priority will be given to the protection of those rights. It is a wide·ranging task which affects constitutional provisions and requires legislation and administrative programmes in order to strike a balance between parents' claims to the autonomy of the family and the attempt to enable children, in suitable instances, to make decisions about their lives themselves. This weighing up of interests takes place against the background of the primary consideration of the best interests of children with respect to aspects which affect them. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / (LL.M)

Text in Afrikaans / lnternasionale erkenning van die konsep van kinderregte skep die grondslag vir state om op nasionale vlak inisiatiewe te loads wat op die kweek van 'n kinderregtekultuur gerig is, wat sal meebring dat 'n sensitiwiteit vir kinderregte ontwikkel en prioriteit aan die beskerming van daardie regte verleen word. Dit is 'n omvattende taak wat grondwetlike bepalings raak en wetgewing en administratiewe programme vereis ten einde 'n balans te vind tussen ouers se aansprake op gesinsoutonomie en die strewe om in gepaste gevalle aan kinders die bevoegdheid te verleen om self besluite oar hul lewens te neem. Die belangeatweging vind plaas teen die agtergrond van die primere oorweging van die beste belange van kinders ten opsigte van aspekte wat hulle raak . . / International recognition of the concept of children's rights lays the foundation for states to launch initiatives on national level which are aimed at developing a culture of children's rights. This will lead to an increased sensitivity to children's rights and the fact that priority will be given to the protection of those rights. It is a wide·ranging task which affects constitutional provisions and requires legislation and administrative programmes in order to strike a balance between parents' claims to the autonomy of the family and the attempt to enable children, in suitable instances, to make decisions about their lives themselves. This weighing up of interests takes place against the background of the primary consideration of the best interests of children with respect to aspects which affect them. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / (LL.M)

1 [Mandatory rules in international business transactions] Abstract Nowadays, international elements often penetrate legal relations, which may interfere with the fundamental values of individual states. The mandatory rules of private international law offer protection against such unwanted interferences. These rules represent social, political and economic organization of the state and they apply always regardless of the applicable law of the legal relationship. Although the purpose of mandatory rules is obvious, there are many questions about their application in practice. This thesis offers an overview of possible answers concerning the definition, naming of this type of rules or determination of their mandatory character. Furthermore, the work categorizes mandatory rules according to their function and origin and explains the difference between mandatory rules in the context of private international law and national law. The thesis describes issues of mandatory rules that protect weaker parties of obligations and their international mandatory character. Example of contradictory opinions is based on case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union in cases Ingmar and Unamar, which recognizes international mandatory character of these rules, and on German doctrine and case-law, which considers these...

Darbo objektas: studentų nuostatos į plaukimą baseine. Darbo tikslas: Nustatyti Kauno miesto studentų nuostatas į plaukimą baseine rekreacijos ir laisvalaikio aspektu. Uždaviniai: 1. Identifikuoti studentų nuostatas į rekreacijos ir laisvalaiko sampratą. 2. Nustatyti studentų laisvo laiko biudžetą bei pasyvaus ir aktyvaus laisvalaikio ypatumus. 3. Ištirti studentų teigiamas ir neigiamas nuostatas į plaukimą baseine rekreacijos ir laisvalaikio aspektu. Darbo metodai: 1. Mokslinės literatūros šaltinių analizė 2. Anketinė apklausa 3. Aprašomoji statistinė duomenų analizė Darbo problema: Kokios yra studentų nuostatos į plaukimą baseine rekreacijos ir laisvalaikio aspektu? Darbo išvados: 1. Identifikuojant studentų nuostatas į rekreacijos ir laisvalaikio sampratą nustatyta, kad laisvalaikį jie suvokia kaip galimybę fiziškai bei emociškai pailsėti, skiriant laiko tiek sau, tiek buvimui su draugais ar šeimos nariais bei labiausiai pramogaujant. 2. Išanalizavus tyrimo duomenis, pastebėta, kad studentai daugiausiai laiko turi savaitgalio dienomis ir daugiausiai savo laisvą laiką leidžia aktyvioms pramogoms bei sportui, kaip pavyzdžiui, plaukimas, bėgiojimas, dviračių sportas. Daugiau nei pusė apklaustųjų rinkosi aktyvų laisvalaikį, bei tuo pačiu žymėjo, kad laisvalaikiu mėgsta sportuoti. 3. Ištyrus studentų teigiamas ir neigiamas nuostatas į plaukimą baseine rekreacijos ir aktyvaus laisvalaikio aspektu pastebėta, kad studentai mielai rinktųsi pratybas baseine, jeigu būtų pilnai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Job objective: to identify recreation and leisure aspects of students provisions for swimming in the swimming pool. Keywords: Students, provisions, swimming, recreation, leisure. Job object: Student provisions to swimming in the swimming pool. Tasks: 1. To identify students into recreation and leisure perception. 2. To measure students free time budget and passive and active leisure habits. 3. To investigate students positive and negative their provisions into swimming in the swimming pool as recreation and active leisure form. Survey methods: 1. Literary analysis, 2. Analysis of data collection, 3. Questionnaire and descriptive statistics. Conclusions: 1. Indentifinding students provisions into recreation and leisure concept was ascertained that students perceive leisure as a physically and emotionally opportunity to have a rest at the time with they appoints time for themselves, staying with friends or family members and also making a toy. 2. An analysis of the data, it is noted that the students the long weekend days and the biggest part of their free time allows active entertainment and sports, such as swimming, running, cycling. More than half of respondents chosen active staff. 3. After investigation of students positive and negative provisions at swimming in the swimming pool as recreation and active leisure form, was observed that students would prefer exercises in the swimming pool, if fully exhausted basin infrastructure would be more available for... [to full text]

The aim of this paper is to investigate the procyclical behavior of banks in terms of lending and loan loss provisioning, and its dynamics with regard to the adoption of the Basel II capital regulation. Using bank-level and country-level panel data spanning from 1996 to 2013 we answer this question for the OECD and BRIC countries. We find a positive effect of bank capitalization on loans growth, which, perhaps due to the recent financial crisis, weakened after 2008. Together with evidence of income smoothing and capital management we also find strong cyclical behavior of banks in terms of loan loss provisioning. At the same time, we do not find any robust changes to this behavior after the introduction of the Basel II capital regulation. We fill a gap in the empirical literature as there has been hardly any research done on changes brought forward by the adoption of the Basel II capital regulation. The results may be therefore of interest for regulators and other professionals. Moreover, we use in our analysis data for BRIC countries, which have been often neglected.

The thesis provides comprehensive overview of financial placement in insurance companies including practical aspects and assessment of impact of financial crisis on investment strategy of insurance companies. The aim is to emphasise importance of statutory audit as a guarantee of trueness and fairness of financial statements. The thesis also describes most common audit methods applied in financial placement area.

The thesis is focused on problems concerning taxing in the insurance industry. Insurance industry is characteristic with specific labels, which involve also taxation. The main subject of the examination is taxation on incomes in connection with insurance. The first part is focused on personal income taxation, especially taxing of insurance benefits. Then the thesis deals with tax concessions of the life insurance. The main theme of the second part is taxing of insurance companies' incomes. From the view of corporate income tax, the main differences are caused by actuarial provisions, so the main attention is paid to them. Both parts include the international comparison.

The thesis defines prudence principle in accounting as are impairment of assets, provisions, depreciation of assets and deferred tax. In the first part discourses about them in light of International Financial Reporting Standards and in the second part according to Czech legislation, where are also both approaches compared within the scope of the end of each chapter.

Este trabalho propôs-se a responder se existem indícios suficientes para se afirmar que os bancos comerciais no Brasil praticam alguma modalidade de gerenciamento de resultados. Para tanto, foi verificado se os bancos comerciais selecionados - instituições líderes dos vinte maiores conglomerados bancários brasileiros - utilizaram os ágios em investimentos em controladas e coligadas, as operações com títulos e valores mobiliários, as provisões para operações de crédito ou os passivos contingentes para gerenciar seus resultados. Dois dos três bancos que possuíam ágios em investimentos em controladas e coligadas efetivamente utilizaram sua amortização para gerenciar seus resultados. Cinqüenta e cinco por cento dos bancos selecionados utilizaram a classificação dos títulos e valores mobiliários para praticar o gerenciamento de resultados. Com relação à provisão para operações de crédito, seis bancos usaram-na para gerenciar seus resultados, outros seis bancos não a usaram e para cinco bancos os resultados foram inconclusivos. Os resultados também foram inconclusivos para os passivos contingentes. / This thesis purpose is to detect if there are enough signs to assure that Brazilian commercial banks practice any kind of earnings management. For that, it was checked if the selected Brazilian commercial banks - leader institutions of the twenty biggest Brazilian banking conglomerates - used goodwill on acquisitions of subsidiary companies, securities classification, loan loss provisions or contingent and legal liabilities to practice earnings management. Two of three banks that had goodwill on acquisitions of subsidiary companies effectively used its amortization to manage the banks results. Fifty-five percent of the selected banks did use securities classification to practice earnings management. Regarding the loan loss provisions, six banks used them to manage results, other six banks did not use them to manage results and for five banks the results were inconclusive. The results were also inconclusive for contingent and legal liabilities provisions.