No description available.

No description available.

The primary purpose of this research project was to explain how Korean immigrants develop acculturation attitudes toward Korean and American culture and how these attitudes are related to their experiences within their community in America. In order to achieve this goal, this project consisted of two empirical studies. In Study 1, the model of community capacity and acculturation was tested using structural equation modeling and the model fit the data very well. The results of the hypotheses tests in Study 1 were as follows: Sense of Community, Community Provisions, and Community Engagement were positively correlated with each other. Sense of Community and Community Provisions directly influenced acculturation attitudes toward American culture. Community Capacity directly influenced acculturation attitudes toward Korean culture. Sense of community and Community Provisions had significant indirect effects on acculturation attitudes toward Korean culture. In Study 2, using structural equation modeling, the model of community adjustment was tested across three groups (INTEGRATION, ASSIMILATION, and SEPARATION) who had developed different acculturation attitudes and the model fit the data well except for ASSIMILATION. The results of the tests of the hypotheses in Study 2 were as follows: Sense of Community and Community Capacity were positively correlated with each other in all groups. Only INTEGRATION did Sense of Community directly influence Community Provisions. However, Community Capacity directly influenced community provisions in all three groups. In INTEGRATION and SEPARATION, Community Engagement directly influenced Community Provisions. Community Capacity indirectly influenced Community Provisions in both INTEGRATION and SEPARATION. Finally, I concluded that Korean immigrants experienced the process of community adjustment differently regarding acculturation attitudes. Results from these investigations explicitly reveal that the application of community capacity in research on acculturation was valuable for explaining some individual and contextual variations in acculturation. Acculturation was a complex, multi-dimensional process. Korean immigrants developed different attitudes and their attitudes impacted differently on their lives within their larger community. The theoretical concept of community capacity has much promise as a guide for future theory and research on acculturation. / Ph. D.

Yes / Recycled aggregate concrete filled stainless steel tube (RAC-FSST) is a new type of composite member combining the advantage of stainless steel and RAC. In this paper, a total of twenty-four RAC-FSST stub columns were tested under axial load, considering the influences of coarse recycled aggregate (CRA) content, steel ratios and compressive strengths of RAC. The obtained results, including the failure patterns, responses of axial load vs. deformation, stress states of external stainless steel tube and inner RAC and confinement effects, were systematically analyzed. Results indicated that all specimens presented good ductility and high residual strengths after reaching the maximum axial load. The elastic stiffness of RAC-FSSTs obviously declined with the increasing CRA content, while the strain at the ultimate load was larger. The inclusion of CRA could advance the occurrence of the confinement and lead to lower confining stress. Based on the experimental results, an analytical model with consideration of confinement action was developed to predict the axial response of RAC-FSST stub columns. Besides, the current design provisions for the normal CFST and RAC-FST members were employed to evaluate their applicability to RAC-FSSTs. In general, the design rules EN 1994-1-1:2004, GB 50936-2014 and T/CECS 625-2019 gave a conservative and relatively accurate prediction on ultimate strength of RAC-FSST stub columns. / This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation.

This paper aims to answer the question Why do some ceasefires de-escalate conflict better than others? By applying a theory-driven empirical comparative approach, a theoretical argument focused on compliance provisions is presented. The argument holds that more comprehensive compliance provisions in ceasefire agreements are more likely to de-escalate conflict than limited ones. The causal mechanism argues that more comprehensive compliance provisions will increase transparency and raise costs for non-compliance. This will result in an increase of trust between conflict parties, leading to greater de-escalation. The thesis studies two ceasefires, one in Colombia from 2017, and one in Nicaragua from 1990. Through a structured focused comparison, the study finds that the Nicaraguan ceasefire, which has more comprehensive compliance provisions, de-escalated violence more compared to the Colombian case, which has limited compliance provisions. Therefore, the study finds support for the hypothesis with the caveat that compliance provisions do not appear to influence agreement resilience for long-term goals in the agreements.

The protection regime for products of human activity is a critical component of modern environmental and public health policy. This paper provides a broad overview of the general considerations surrounding the regime for pollutants and products, which aim to protect both human and environmental well-being. This paper gives a historical overview of the evolution of environmental policies concerning the management of waste and chemical substances. It discusses the growing recognition of the potential risks posed by various human-made substances and products, enumerating the provisions related to the regime of harmful products and substances This article underlines the need for a robust regulatory framework to address these concerns, outlining the primary objectives of the substances and products regime, including the protection of human health, the preservation of the environment and the promotion of sustainable production and consumption. It examines the key components of the regime, such as the identification and classification of harmful substances, the establishment of safety standards and exposure limits, and the implementation of control measures and enforcement mechanisms, by exploring the complexities and challenges associated with the effective implementation of the toxic substances and products regime, including scientific uncertainties, stakeholder interests and the need for international cooperation. In conclusions we summarize the key findings and highlight the importance of continued research, policy development and collaborative efforts to further strengthen the protection regime for products of human activity. This article provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of the key aspects covered and sets the stage for a detailed examination of the pollutant and product regime and its impact on the environment and public health.

L’autonomie de la volonté est un principe relatif à la liberté des parties quant au choix de la loi applicable au contrat international. Cependant, ce principe est limité par les règles d’ordre public, et plus généralement les dispositions impératives, réduisant l’étendue de cette autonomie. Afin de perfectionner la mise en application de ces règles tout en garantissant une certaine prévisibilité, il s’avère important d’étudier en détail l’origine et la nature des règles d’ordre public. Une étude comparée avec le droit international privé égyptien s’avère nécessaire pour perfectionner les mécanismes actuels. Le débat conceptuel actuel met en évidence le rôle de la coopération internationale, outre les intérêts purement étatiques, ce qui suscitera un nouvel ordre public transnational, voire supranational. / The freedom of choice is a principle referring to the freedom of the parties concerning the choice of the law ruling the international contract. However, this principle is limited by public policy, which reduce the extent of this freedom. In order to improve the application of these rules with a minimum of predictability, it is important to study in detail the origin and nature of the rules of public policy. A comparative study with Egyptian private international law is needed to take advantage from all current mechanisms. The current conceptual debate highlights the role of international cooperation, in addition to purely State interests, which will tend to create a new transnational, or even supranational, public policy.

L’émergence depuis quelques années de nouvelles lois de police pour protéger certaines parties faibles au sein des contrats internationaux a été identifiée sous l’appellation de lois de police protectrices. En tant que renouvellement du mécanisme traditionnel des lois de police, cette émergence interroge, notamment quant à son bien-fondé. Cela suppose d’envisager les lois de police protectrices à la fois en tant que nouveau concept, et en tant qu’objet s’intégrant dans un environnement plus général. Ces nouvelles lois de police se sont imposées pour répondre à un besoin de protection sur la scène internationale. Cependant, la philosophie des lois de police apparaît difficilement conciliable avec l’objectif de protection d’une partie faible. Dès lors, il conviendrait de modifier certaines caractéristiques du mécanisme afin qu’il soit en mesure d’atteindre cet objectif de protection. Mais alors, se crée une déformation du concept initial de l’outil des lois de police. En outre, envisagées au sein de leur environnement, à savoir le droit européen des contrats, les lois de police protectrices sont susceptibles d’être limitées par des concepts propres au droit de l’Union. Elles peuvent aussi être dépassées par des outils d’inspiration européenne qui mettent en œuvre un autre lien entre l’impérativité d’une norme et l’exigence de protection de la partie faible. / These past few years, the advent of new mandatory provisions to protect certain weaker parties within the realm of international contracts have been identified as protective mandatory provisions. As a renewal of the traditional mandatory provisions mechanism, it raises several questions with regards to its merits. This requires to consider protective mandatory provisions as a concept in itself, as well as an object integrated in a more global legal environment. These new mandatory provisions have appeared as an answer to a need for protection on the international level. However, the philosophy of mandatory provisions can be considered to be incompatible with the objective of the protecting the weaker party. Therefore, it is necessary to change certain characteristics of the mechanism in order for it to effectively attain its protection objective. It would then, however, amount to a deformation of the initial concept of mandatory provisions. Finally, considered within their environment, i.e. European contract law, protective mandatory provisions can be limited by EU-specific law concepts. They can also be surpassed by other tools, of European inspiration, putting into effect another link between the imperative character of the norm and the protection requirement of the weaker party.

Tax avoidance is a key international tax issue. Combating tax avoidance has been placed high on the agenda by the South African Revenue Service (SARS) and other tax authorities in the world. This research report will examine how the judgments of certain South African cases would have been different if the anti-avoidance provisions in sections 80A to 80L were applied instead of those in section 103(1).

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar e analisar práticas docentes do ensino fundamental de forma a contribuir para o entendimento acerca das estratégias de produção, transmissão e legitimação de disposições culturais voltadas para a equidade de gênero e para as diferenças da sexualidade. O horizonte que norteia tal investigação enfatiza o ambiente escolar e as relações de interdependência entre seus/suas agentes. A hipótese é que, a partir de um contexto socializador específico, pode-se identificar condições para a transformação das disposições culturais de gênero e sexualidade. Como suporte teórico têm-se os Estudos de Sociologia da Educação, sobretudo as contribuições dos estudos de Norbert Elias, no que se refere ao conceito de configuração, além de Estudos de Gênero, de Sexualidade e dos Estudos Culturais, com base em aportes pós-estruturalistas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória, caracterizada por um estudo de caso em uma escola particular da cidade de Porto Alegre, definida devido às suas práticas de acolhimento às diferenças. Entrevistas com professores/as, com gestores/as escolares e observações de atividades docentes com alunos/as são técnicas de pesquisa utilizadas. Para tanto, identificou-se e analisou-se a atuação e as percepções de professores/as através das seguintes categorias de análise, ilustrativas das modalidades/práticas docentes: 1) Estratégias institucionais e práticas sistêmicas: docentes e escola; 2) Experiências pessoais e entrecruzamento de valores: docente e sua constante (trans)formação; 3) Construção do pensar e agir crítico/reflexivo: prática docente e discentes; 4) Estratégias de socialização sob uma de suas matrizes de legitimação: prática docente e o uso de recursos didáticos/discursivos 5) Pulverização e Legitimação de novos olhares: entre docentes e famílias. O intuito foi apresentar, portanto, um caso de práticas alternativas e considerar de que maneira os/as professores/as e, respectivamente, a escola em questão, lidam com os valores generificados e sexistas nas suas práticas docentes em prol da convivência com as diferenças, sem desconsiderar a imersão desses/as atores/as e da escola em uma sociedade sexista. / This research aims to identify and analyze practices of elementary school teachers, in order to contribute to the understanding of the strategies of production, transmission and cultural legitimization of provisions targeted at gender equality and differences in sexuality. The outlook that guides this research emphasizes the school environment and the relationship of interdependence between his/her agents. The hypothesis is that it is possible to identify conditions for the transformation of the cultural dispositions of gender and sexuality from a specific socialization context. As theoretical support, we cite Studies in Sociology of Education, especially the contributions of the studies of Norbert Elias, in relation to the concept of setting, along with the Gender Studies, Sexuality and Cultural Studies that are based on contributions post-structuralists. This is a qualitative explorative study, characterized by a case study in a private school in the city of Porto Alegre, locate in the south of Brazil, chosen due to its focus on the practice of encouraging differences in diversity. Interviews with teachers, managers and observations of the school and teaching activities with students were the research techniques used. To do so we identified and analyzed the performance and perceptions of teachers through out the following categories of analysis, illustrating the methods/teaching practices: 1) systemic institutional strategies and practices: teachers and school; 2) Personal Experiences interlacing with personal values : teaching and his/her constant (trans) formation; 3) Construction of thinking and acting critical/reflective: teaching practice and students; 4) School Socialization Strategies from the teaching practice and the use of teaching resources/discourse; 5) Pulverization and legitimization of new perceptions: between teachers and families. The intention was to present, therefore, a case of alternative practices and consider how the teacher and respectively the school in question handled the gendered and sexist values in their teaching practices in favor of living with differences without disregarding the immersion of these actors and school in a sexist society.