Revised; Originally published:1999 / 6 pp. / The pruning principles discussed in this publication have proven to provide the best possible out comes including tree longevity and safety. Although trees may live for years following improper pruning their life span and safety may be severely reduced. We encourage proper pruning so that the trees we care for may bring us pleasure for many years.

This thesis presents an extension to Hyperledger Fabric, a private blockchain system, allowing historic transactions to be pruned without peer coordination. The feature is facilitated via pruning predicate functions, provided along any smart contracts a given system is desired to host. An evaluation of the extension demonstrates its impact, in terms of memory saved, for a specific asset delivery use case. It is concluded that the gains of pruning historic transactions from blockchain systems could yield significantly reduced storage requirements for some categories of applications, especially such with low transaction interdependency. It is also suggested that the deterministic consensus algorithms used by Hyperledger Fabric makes the transaction histories it may maintain not strictly required, meaning that the particular set of transactions that must survive pruning depend on what properties a blockchain is expected to maintain.

In order to comprehend the environments from different aspects, a large variety of computer vision methods are developed to detect objects, classify objects or even segment them semantically. Semantic segmentation is growing in significance due to its broad applications in fields such as robotics, environmental understanding for virtual or augmented reality, and autonomous driving. The development of convolutional neural networks, as a powerful tool, has contributed to solving classification or object detection tasks with the trend of larger and deeper models. It is hard to compare the models from the perspective of depth since they are of different structure. At the same time, semantic segmentation is computationally demanding for the reason that it requires classifying each pixel to certain classes. Running these complicated processes on resource-constrained embedded systems may cause performance degradation in terms of inference time and accuracy. Network pruning, a model compression technique, targeting to eliminate the redundant parameters in the models based on a certain evaluation rule, is one solution. Most traditional network pruning methods, structural or nonstructural, apply zero masks to cover the original parameters rather than literally eliminate the connections. A new pruning method, Torch-Pruning, has a general-purpose library for structural pruning. This method is based on the dependency between parameters and it can remove groups of less important parameters and reconstruct the new model. A cutting-edge research work towards solving several computer vision tasks, Yolov8 has proposed several pre-trained models from nano, small, medium to large and xlarge with similar structure but different parameters for different applications. This thesis applies Torch-Pruning to Yolov8 semantic segmentation models to compare the performance of pruning based on existing models with similar structures, thus it is meaningful to compare the depth of the model as a factor. Several configurations of the pruning have been explored. The results show that greater depth does not always lead to better performance. Besides, pruning can bring about more generalization ability for Gaussian noise at medium level, from 20% to 40% compared with the original models. / För att förstå miljöer från olika perspektiv har en mängd olika datorseendemetoder utvecklats för att upptäcka objekt, klassificera objekt eller till och med segmentera dem semantiskt. Semantisk segmentering växer i betydelse på grund av dess breda tillämpningar inom områden som robotik, miljöförståelse för virtuell eller förstärkt verklighet och autonom körning. Utvecklingen av konvolutionella neurala nätverk, som är ett kraftfullt verktyg, har bidragit till att lösa klassificerings- eller objektdetektionsuppgifter med en trend mot större och djupare modeller. Det är svårt att jämföra modeller från djupets perspektiv eftersom de har olika struktur. Samtidigt är semantisk segmentering beräkningsintensiv eftersom den kräver att varje pixel klassificeras till vissa klasser. Att köra dessa komplicerade processer på resursbegränsade inbäddade system kan orsaka prestandanedgång när det gäller inferenstid och noggrannhet. Nätverksbeskärning, en modellkomprimeringsteknik som syftar till att eliminera överflödiga parametrar i modellerna baserat på en viss utvärderingsregel, är en lösning. De flesta traditionella nätverksbeskärningsmetoder, både strukturella och icke-strukturella, tillämpar nollmasker för att täcka de ursprungliga parametrarna istället för att bokstavligen eliminera anslutningarna. En ny beskärningsmetod, Torch-Pruning, har en allmän användningsområde för strukturell beskärning. Denna metod är baserad på beroendet mellan parametrar och den kan ta bort grupper av mindre viktiga parametrar och återskapa den nya modellen. Ett banbrytande forskningsarbete för att lösa flera datorseenduppgifter, Yolov8, har föreslagit flera förtränade modeller från nano, liten, medium till stor och xstor med liknande struktur men olika parametrar för olika tillämpningar. Denna avhandling tillämpar Torch-Pruning på Yolov8 semantiska segmenteringsmodeller för att jämföra prestandan för beskärning baserad på befintliga modeller med liknande strukturer, vilket gör det meningsfullt att jämföra djupet som en faktor. Flera konfigurationer av beskärningen har utforskats. Resultaten visar att större djup inte alltid leder till bättre prestanda. Dessutom kan beskärning medföra en större generaliseringsförmåga för gaussiskt brus på medelnivå, från 20% till 40%, jämfört med de ursprungliga modellerna.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The potential importance of soilless production, particularly in tomatoes, in an increasingly water scarce South Africa prompts a need for research under local conditions. In soilless production systems the application and availability of nutrients is closely linked to that of water, necessitating the research of methods to increase water and fertiliser use efficiency in soilless production systems, while diminishing environmental pollution and maintaining, or ultimately improving, tomato yield and quality. Poor management of hydroponic fertigation water results in pollution, and wastes precious water and expensive fertiliser. Pruning is an important cultural practise for ensuring high productivity of hydroponic tomatoes. Adapting pruning practises to climatic conditions could be a cheap and effective manner to improve productivity without increasing inputs. Improving water and fertiliser use efficiency is crucial to ensuring sustainable production of intensive crops, such as the tomato. Three experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of pruning and fertilisation on growth and yield and water and fertiliser use efficiency of hydroponic tomatoes. In the first experiment the effect of EC (electrical conductivity), irrigation frequency and growing media on water use, nutrient uptake, yield and quality of greenhouse tomato was examined. A factorial design with split plots was used. Two EC treatments (1 and 2 mS.cm-1) in factorial arrangement with 3 irrigation treatments (5x, 10x, 20x) were applied to the main plots. Plants grown in different growing media (coir, sand, sawdust) represented the split plots. Plants grown at EC 1 mS.cm-1 were still able to uptake sufficient nutrients to achieve leaf nutrient contents associated with optimal production. Also, increasing the absolute nutrient concentration had a small effect on nutrient uptake. The organic media, coir and sawdust, reduced available N early in the tomato crop life, and tomatoes grown in coir had reduced Ca uptake compared to plants grown in sand and sawdust. Coir grown plants used more water compared to sand and sawdust grown plants. Plants grown at EC 1 mS.cm-1 used less water compared to plants grown at EC 2 mS.cm-1. Tomatoes grown at an EC 1 mS.cm-1 did not differ significantly from higher EC plants in terms of marketable and green fruit yield. Plants cultivated at the lower EC had significantly lower percentage soluble solids content (Brix) compared to the higher EC treatment. The second experiment examined the effect of leaf and fruit pruning on fruit size, total yield and marketable yield of tomatoes. Plants were grown using the high wire system and pruned to two stems. Three different leaf pruning treatments were applied: no leaf pruning, pruning every 2nd young leaf after 1m plant height, and pruning every 2nd young leaf after 2m plant height. Two fruit pruning treatments were also applied: no fruit pruning and trusses pruned to 4 fruits. The experiment used a factorial design. Leaf pruning treatments had no effect and this was probably due to too late a removal of young leaves. Fruit pruning resulted in no significant difference between treatments in terms of marketable yield. Plants with unpruned trusses did have a significantly higher total yield, higher early yield, lower average marketable fruit weight, and higher yield of unmarketable fruit (particularly small fruit compared to the pruned treatment). From these results it can be concluded that fruit pruning isn’t necessary on short tomato crops but this may be different over a longer cropping cycle. The third experiment determined the combined effects of different EC and stem pruning practices on nutrition, growth and early yield of hydroponically grown tomatoes in coir. A factorial design was used, with two EC treatments (1 and 2 mS.cm-1) in factorial arrangement with 2 stem pruning treatments (single and double). Stem pruning had little effect on plant growth but did alter plant development. Plants pruned to two stems produced significantly more trusses, but did not produce a significantly higher DM or leaf area compared to single stem plants. Stem pruning’s major effect appears to be influencing fruit load; this may in the long term result in differences in plant growth and nutrition. EC 1 mS.cm-1 plants produced significantly lower leaf area and organ dry masses but had a significantly higher marketable yield compared to EC 2 mS.cm-1 plants. Over fertilisation in young tomatoes can negatively impact on early yield, whereas lower fertiliser application in early tomato growth improves early yield but limits canopy development which may limit plant productivity in the long term. These differences in growth are believed to be primarily related to differences in N and P nutrition. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die potensiële belang van grondlose produksietegnieke, veral by tamaties, in Suid-Afrika wat toenemend meer water skaars raak, motiveer dat navorsing onder plaaslike toestande gedoen moet word. By grondlose produksie stelsels word die toediening en die beskikbaarheid van voedingstowwe nou gekoppel aan dié van water. Navorsing rakende metodes wat water en kunsmis gebruiks doeltreffendheid sal verhoog en terselfdertyd besoedeling van die omgewing voorkom asook die opbrengste en kwaliteit van tamaties behou of verbeter is dus van uiterste belang. Swak bestuur van bemesting in hidroponiese stelsels gee aanleiding tot water besoedeling en vermorsing van kosbare water en duur kunsmis. Snoei is 'n belangrike kulturele praktyk om hoë produktiwiteit by hidroponiese tamaties te verseker. Die aanpassing van snoei praktyke by klimaatstoestande is 'n goedkoop en doeltreffende manier om produktiwiteit te verbeter sonder om insette te verhoog. Die verbetering van water en kunsmis gebruiks doeltreffendheid is dus noodsaaklik om te verseker dat intensiewe gewasse, soos tamaties, volhoubaar geproduseer word. Drie eksperimente is uitgevoer om die effek van snoei en bemesting op die groei, opbrengs en water en kunsmis gebruiks doeltreffendheid van hidroponiese tamaties te ondersoek. In die eerste eksperiment is die effek van die EG, besproeiings frekwensie en groeimedium op die water gebruik, voedingstofopname, opbrengs en kwaliteit van tamaties ondersoek. 'n Faktoriaal ontwerp met gesplete plotte is gebruik. Twee EG behandelings (1 en 2 mS.cm-1), 3 besproeiings behandelings (5x, 10x, 20x per dag) en 3 groei media (kokos, sand, saagsels) is ondersoek. Selfs by ‘n EG van 1 mS.cm-1 was die voedingstof opname van plante vergelykbaar met waardes wat geassosieer word met blaar ‘n voedingstof inhoud wat voorgeskryf vir optimale produksie. die verhoging van die absolute voedingstof konsentrasie het ook 'n klein uitwerking op voedingstofopname gehad. In die organiese media - kokos en saagsels – het die beskikbare N vroeg in die seisoen verminder, en die tamaties wat in kokos gegroei het, het ook ‘n verminderde Ca opname getoon in vergelyking met die plante wat in sand en saagsels gegroei het. Die plate wat in kokos gegroei het, het meer water gebruik in vergelyking met plante wat in sand en saagsels gegroei het. Plante besproei met ‘n voedingsoplossing van 1 mS.cm-1 EG het minder water gebruik as die plante wat besproei met ‘n voedingsolossing by ‘n EG van 2 mS.cm-1. Tamaties wat gekweek word by 'n EG van 1 mS.cm-1 het nie beduidend verskil van hoër EG plante in terme van bemarkbare en groen vrugte nie. Plante wat gekweek is by die laer EG het ‘n aansienlike laer persentasie oplosbare vastestof inhoud (Brix) in vergelyking met die hoër EG-behandeling gehad. Die tweede eksperiment het die effek van blaar- en vrug snoei op die vruggrootte, totale opbrengs en bemarkbare opbrengs van tamaties ondersoek. Plante is vertikaal opgelei tot by die horisontale draad en na twee stamme gesnoei. Drie verskillende blaar snoei behandelings is toegepas: geen blaar snoei, snoei elke 2de jong blaar na 1m plant hoogte en snoei van elke 2de jong blaar na 2m plant hoogte. Twee vrug snoei behandelings is ook toegepas: geen vrugte gesnoei en trosse gesnoei tot 4 vrugte. ‘n Faktoriale ontwerp is vir hierdie eksperiment gebruik. Blaar snoei behandelings het geen effek gehad nie, waarskynlik omdat die jong blare te laat verwyder was. Met die vrug snoei behandelings was daar geen beduidende verskil tussen die behandelings in terme van bemarkbare opbrengs nie. Plante waarvan die trosse nie gesnoei was nie het 'n aansienlik hoër totale opbrengs gelewer, asook ‘n hoër vroeë opbrengs maar ‘n laer gemiddelde bemarkbare vrug massa en ‘n hoër persentasie onbemarkbare vrugte (baie klein vrugte in vergelyking met die gesnoeide behandeling). Vanuit hierdie resultate kan daar afgelei word dat vrug snoei nie nodig is tydens ‘n kort groeiperiode vir tamaties nie, alhoewel dit wel ‘n rol mag speel gedurende ‘n langer groeiperiode. Met die derde eksperiment is die gekombineerde effek van verskillende EG en stam snoei praktyke op voeding, groei en vroeë opbrengs van hidroponies verboude tamaties bepaal. 'n faktoriale ontwerp is gebruik, met twee EG behandelings (1 en 2 mS.cm-1) en 2 stam snoei behandelings (enkel en dubbel). Stam snoei het ‘n geringe uitwerking op die groei van die plant gehad, maar het wel die ontwikkeling van plante verander. Plante gesnoei na twee stamme het aansienlik meer trosse gehad, maar nie 'n hoër DM of blaar oppervlak as die enkele stam plante nie. Stam snoei se grootste effek blyk te wees op die aantal vrugte per plant en dit kan op die lang termyn lei tot verskille in die groei van plante en hul voeding. EG 1 mS.cm-1 plante het ‘n aansienlik laer blaaroppervlakte en droë massas geproduseer, maar het 'n aansienlik hoër bemarkbare opbrengs in vergelyking met EG 2 mS.cm-1 plante gelewer. Oorbemesting kan 'n negatiewe impak op die vroeë opbrengste van tamaties hê, terwyl laer bemesting in die vroeë stadiums van groei vroeë opbrengs bevoordeel maar blaaroppervlak ontwikkeling beperk wat dan ook produktiwiteit beperk in die lang termyn. Hierdie verskille in groei word hoofsaaklik toegeskryf aan verskille in die N-en P-voeding.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1946. / No Abstract Available

Syftet med denna rapport är att sammanställa fakta kring hur åtgärder före och efter trädflytt kan påverka trädets etablering. Rapporten behandlar även vilken inverkan rotbeskärning har på träd och hur nybildning av rötter kan främjas. Rapporten besvarar frågor kring hur ett träd reagerar på att bli flyttat och hur trädart, växtplats och tidigare åtgärder kan påverka resultatet av en trädflytt. Rapporten besvarar även frågor angående vilka åtgärder som kan genomföras, innan och efter trädflytt, för att förbättra trädets etablering på sin nya växtplats, vilken inverkan rotbeskärning har på det flyttade trädet och hur nybildning av finrötter kan främjas. Rapporten är skriven som en traditionell akademisk rapport och är baserad på litteratur som har samlats in från vetenskapliga artiklar, böcker och uppslagsverk. Vid trädflytt förlorar ett träd stora delar, cirka 90 procent, av sitt rotsystem och drabbas av stressymptom. Ett friväxande, sådd i naturen och icke-rotbeskuret, träd kan förlora ännu större delar av sitt rotsystem. Det är viktigt att undersöka om det är ett plantskoleträd eller ett friväxande träd och även vilken trädart som ska flyttas då det kan ha betydelse för hur lyckad trädflytten blir. Genom att utföra rotbeskärning skapas ett kompakt rotsystem som ger en minskad rotförlust. Rotbeskärning främjar även tillväxten av finrötter i rotklumpen, vilket gynnar trädet vid etablering och ger minskad vattenstress. Ofta genomförs en kronreducering för att reducera obalansen mellan krona och rötter. En måttlig kronreducering, mellan 10 och 30 procent, kan gynna trädet. Om trädet ska kunna etablera sig och överleva flytten måste det övervinna stressymptomen. Om ett träd ska kunna bilda nya rötter och ha tillväxt av grenar och skott behöver trädet ha god vitalitet. Bevattning spelar en essentiell roll för trädets överlevnad och etablering. Mulch kan ge god tillväxt av finrötter och bidra till en förbättrad etablering. Rapportens slutsats är att både förberedande åtgärder och efterskötsel har inverkan på trädets etablering och hur väl trädet klarar av att bli flyttat. En korrekt genomförd rotbeskärning bör utföras, en måttlig kronbeskärning av 10-30 procent av kronan bör utföras, träd ska flyttas under sin viloperiod och träd som flyttas bör ha hög vitalitet. Nybildning av rötter främjas av god markfukt, varm jord, jämn bevattning och att mulch läggs på. / The purpose of this report was to put together facts regarding how the measures before and after tree transplanting can affect the establishment of the tree. The report also dealt with the impact that root pruning might have on trees and how regeneration of roots can be promoted. The report answers questions concerning how tree transplanting affects a tree and how tree species, locality and previous measures can influence the effect of a tree transplanting. The reports also answers a question concerning which measures could be performed, before and after tree transplanting, to improve the tree’s establishment in it’s new locality. The last question that this report answers is what impact root pruning has on the tree and how regeneration of fine roots can be favoured. The report is written as a traditional academic report and is based on literature that was collected from scientific articles, books and encyclopedias. A tree loses a large amount, approximately 90 percent, of its root system during the tree transplanting. This causes stress symptoms in the tree. A tree, sown and grown in nature, that has never been root pruned will lose even larger amounts of its root system when it’s transplanted. It’s important to do investigations before tree transplanting. Investigations should be done before tree transplanting to determine what kind of tree, nursery-grown or grown in nature, and what species is about to be transplanted. Both of these aspects may have an influence on how successful the transplanting is. Root pruning can make the root system more compact which reduces root loss during transplanting. Root pruning also increases the amount of fine roots in the root ball which is beneficent during establishment and also reduces water stress. The high amount of root loss causes an imbalance between crown and roots. The crown is often reduced to correct this imbalance and in this report it was proven that a moderate crown reduction is beneficial for the tree. The tree must overcome the stress symptoms to be able to survive and to establish itself. Trees need good vitality to be able to regenerate roots, shoots and branches. Irrigation plays an important part in the establishment and the survival of the tree. Mulch can promote regeneration of fine roots and contribute to an improved establishment. The conclusion of the report is that both preparatory measures and after care has an impact on the establishment and on how successful the transplanting of a tree will be. A correctly executed root pruning and a moderate crown pruning (10 to 30 percentage of the crown) should be carried out. Trees should be transplanted during their dormant season and trees, that are going to be transplanted, should have high vitality. Regeneration of roots is promoted by having good soil moisture, warm soil, even watering and applying mulch.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 F73 / Master of Science / Agronomy

A teoria de poda é um caminho para dar uma descrição topologica de famílias de homeomorfismos de superfície. Nesta tese desenvolvemos uma teoria de poda diferenciável. Primeiro definimos discos de poda para o exemplo paradigmático da ferradura de Smale e provamos um teorema de poda diferenciável. Depois, com uma construção similar a derivados de Anosov, extendemos este teorema para difeomorfissmos hiperbólicos. Também aplicamos estas construções ao estudo da família de Hénon real e mostramos como se relaciona esta teoria com a família de Hénon complexa. Assim, provamos a Conjectura da Frente de Poda para alguns parâmetros reais na família de transformações de Hénon. / Pruning is originally a way of giving a topological description of the dynamics of families of surface homeomorphisms. A diferentiable pruning theory is developed here. First pruning discs and the pruning theorem are presented for Smale\'s horseshoe, which is the paradigmatic chaotic dynamical system in dimension 2. Then this is generalized to hyperbolic surface difeomorphisms. This is then combined with complex and numerical techniques to give a computer assisted proof of the Pruning Front Conjecture for certain open sets of (real) parameters in the Hénon family.

A falta de modelos eficientes para a gestão dos resíduos da arborização urbana tem contribuído para agravar os problemas ambientais, sociais e econômicos resultantes da disposição inadequada desses materiais. Por suas características, esses materiais apresentam potencial para serem aproveitados em pequenos objetos de madeira (POM), composto orgânico, lenha, carvão vegetal, entre outros. Este estudo teve por objetivo quantificar, caracterizar e elaborar um modelo de gestão para os resíduos da arborização urbana, utilizando como estudo de caso a cidade de Piracicaba - SP. Para quantificação realizou-se o acompanhamento da poda de 10 espécies de maior freqüência na arborização: espirradeira (Nerium oleander L); ficus-benjamim (Ficus benjamina L); ipê (Tabebuia sp).; canelinha (Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez); oiti (Licania tomentosa Benth.); chapéu de sol (Terminalia catappa L).; quaresmeira (Tibouchina granulosa Cogn.); resedá (Lagerstroemia indica); falsochorão (Schinus molle L).; sibipiruna (Caesalpinia peltophoroides), com medições de CAP, área de copa, altura, intensidade de poda, motivo da poda e foram pesados os resíduos conforme a classe diamétrica (0 a 8 cm; 8,1 a 15 cm; 15,1 a 25 cm e acima de 25 cm). Foram testados modelos empíricos para predição de biomassa de resíduos - Spurr, Log Spurr e Schumacher-Hall. As características básicas dos resíduos foram determinadas de acordo com as normas: ABNT NBR 14660:2004 (teor de umidade), ABNT NBR 11941:2003 (densidade básica) e ABNT NBR 14984:2003 (densidade aparente) e sistema CIELAB 1976 (cor). Para desenvolvimento de POM utilizou-se métodos básicos de design: análise de requisitos e similares; elaboração de croquis e projetos; execução de protótipos. Foram realizados ensaios de carbonização e análise imediata do carvão (ABNT NBR 8112:1986). A compostagem foi realizada de acordo com Pereira Neto (1996) e análises da composição química e da qualidade do composto. A elaboração do modelo de gestão foi baseada em princípios de produção mais limpa e de gestão integrada. Os resultados demonstram que a cidade gera cerca de 180 toneladas de resíduos da arborização urbana por mês, sendo 69% composto por ramos e galhos finos de até 8 cm de diâmetro. O modelo que apresentou melhor ajuste para estimativa de resíduos foi o de Log Spurr e Schumacher-Hall. A diversidade de desenhos e cores, com predominância das amareladas; a disponibilidade de espécies com alta, média e baixa densidade, permitem o aproveitamento em POM. Ipê, canelinha, chapéu-de-sol e sibipiruna são mais apropriadas para a produção de carvão, por apresentarem um teor de cinzas menor que 5%, carbono fixo 70-80%, material volátil 25-35% e umidade inferior a 5%. Quanto a compostagem, os resíduos apresentam elevada relação C/N(41/1) e recomenda-se o uso fontes ricas em nitrogênio acelerar o processo de compostagem. Com relação ao modelo de gestão para os resíduos de poda considera-se que um plano adequado deve prever soluções nas três linhas de ação: redução da geração, valorização e disposição, organizadas na forma de programas com uma ou mais atividades integradas. É premente a necessidade da criação de políticas ambientais que norteiem o sistema de arborização e gerenciamento dos resíduos, que podem estar interligados ao conceito de floresta urbana de produção. / The lack of efficient models for the waste management of urban arborization has contributed to aggravate the environmental, social and economic problems generated by the inadequate disposal of these materials. Because of its characteristics these materials present a great potential to make the most of in furnishing, handcraft products, composting, firewood, vegetal coal among other uses. This study aimed at diagnosing these residues and at elaborating a management model, using as a case study the city of Piracicaba/SP. For the quantification of the different types of residues the research was conducted and consisted in the accompaniment of the pruning of 10 species of higher frequency in the arborization: espirradeira (Nerium oleander L); ficus-benjamim (Ficus benjamina L); ipê (Tabebuia sp).; canelinha (Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez); oiti (Licania tomentosa Benth.); chapéu de sol (Terminalia catappa L).; quaresmeira (Tibouchina granulosa Cogn.); resedá (Lagerstroemia indica); falsochorão (Schinus molle L).; sibipiruna (Caesalpinia peltophoroides), with measurements of the circumference at breast height (CBH), treetop area, height, intensity of pruning, reason of the pruning and besides that the wastes were weighted according to the diameter class (0 to 8 cm; 8,1 to 15 cm; 15,1 to 25 cm and above 25 cm). Empirical models for biomass prediction used had also been tested such as Spurr, Log Spurr and Schumacher-Hall. The basic characteristics of the residues had been determined according to the norms: ABNT NBR 14660:2004 (humidity grade), ABNT NBR 11941:2003 (basic density) and ABNT 14984:2003 (apparent density) and system CIELAB 1976 (color). For the development of small wooden objects basic methods of design had been used: analysis of requirements and similars; elaboration of croquises and projects; prototyping execution. Assays of carbonization and immediate analysis of the coal (ABNT NBR 8112:1986) have been conducted. Composting was carried through in accordance with methods recommended by Pereira Neto (1996) and the chemical composition and organic compost quality were analysed. The elaboration of the management model was based on principles of cleaner production and solid waste integrated management. The results show that the city of Piracicaba generates around 180 tons of residues of the arborization per month, where 69% composed by branches and twigs up to 8 cm of diameter. The model that presented the best adjustment for the generation estimate was the Spurr and Schumacher-Halls. The diversity of designs and colors, with predominance of yellowish tones; the availability of species with high, medium and low density, allow the exploitation in small wooden objects. Ipê, canelinha, chapéu de sol and sibipiruna are more appropriate for the production of coal, by presenting a grade of ashes smaller than 5%, 70-80% of fixed carbon, 25-35% of volatile material and humidity smaller than 5%. Concerning the composting, the residues of the arborization present a high relation C/N (41/1) and its recommended the use of residues of other sources of nitrogen to speed up the composting process. As regards the model of management it is considered that an adequate plan must foresee solutions in three lines of action: reduction of the generation, valuation and disposal, organized in programs with one or more integrated activities. Theres urgency in the creation ofenvironmental politicies to guide the arborization system and waste management, which could be linked to the concept of urban forest of production.

Os resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) são particularmente difíceis de gerenciar por se tratar de um resíduo muito heterogêneo em sua composição (resíduos domésticos, de construção civil, de poda de árvore, entre outros). Com isso torna-se necessário o conhecimento das atuais tecnologias de tratamento de resíduos, para que busquem soluções ambientalmente adequadas, economicamente viáveis, socialmente justas e politicamente aceitáveis. Com base nessa premissa e com a necessidade de se estudar novas fontes renováveis de energia na busca por combustíveis alternativos aos combustíveis fósseis, a utilização de resíduos de poda de árvore como fonte energética apresenta aspectos benéficos ao país, desde que viável econômica e tecnicamente. Assim este trabalho analisa a atual situação da destinação dos resíduos de poda de árvore, e apresenta algumas alternativas para seu aproveitamento energético e não energético. Sendo o objetivo principal desta dissertação avaliar o potencial de utilização dos resíduos de poda de árvore para o seu aproveitamento energético por meio dos processos de adensamento de biomassa (peletização e briquetagem), utilizando como base o caso do campus da Universidade de São Paulo na capital. Nos ensaios de peletização foi possível obter pellets com densidade energética elevada, entre 6 GJ/m3 e 8 GJ/m3, o que corresponde a uma densidade energética de 6 a 9 vezes maior que a da poda de árvore in natura. Os briquetes apresentaram uma densidade energética entre 5 GJ/m3 a 6 GJ/m3, ou seja, uma densidade energética de 5 a 6 vezes maior que da poda de árvore in natura. Entretanto os valores obtidos de durabilidade mecânica dos briquetes foram considerados insatisfatórios nas condições estudadas, ao contrário dos pellets, que apresentaram elevados valores. Neste estudo o processo de peletização se mostrou mais viável tecnicamente do que o de briquetagem, visto que os pellets de resíduo de poda de árvore garantiram uma densidade energética elevada e boa resistência mecânica. / Municipal solid wastes (MSW) are particularly difficult to manage because it is a very heterogeneous waste in its composition (household waste, construction, tree pruning, etc). It becomes more than necessary knowledge of current waste treatment technologies, to seek environmentally adequate solutions, economically viable, socially fair and politically acceptable. Based on these assumptions and the need to study new renewable energy sources in the search for alternative fuels to replace fossil fuels, the use of tree pruning waste as an energy source have beneficial aspects to the country, since economic viable and technically. So this paper analyzes the current situation of final disposal of tree pruning waste, and presents some alternatives for its energy and non-energy use. Since the main objective of this work is to evaluate the potential use of tree pruning waste for their energy application through biomass densification processes (pelletizing and briquetting), based on the case of the campus of the University of São Paulo in capital. In the pelleting tests it was possible to obtain pellets with high energy density between 6 GJ/m3 and 8 GJ/m3, which corresponds to an energy density of 6 to 9 times greater than that of tree pruning in nature. The briquettes had an energy density of between 5 GJ/m3 6 GJ/m3, in other words a power density of 5 to 6 times that of tree pruning in nature. However the values obtained from mechanical durability of briquettes were found to be unsatisfactory under the conditions studied, unlike pellets, they showed high values. In this study, the pelleting process is technically more feasible than briquetting. Since the tree pruning waste pellets ensured a high energy density and good mechanical strength.