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Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para a inclusão de fenômenos dissipativos em relações constitutivas hiperelásticas. Embora seja dada ênfase para o efeito Mullins e histerese, esse procedimento pode ser aplicado a outros fenômenos como, por exemplo, de dano. Para isso, adota-se um modelo fenomenológico que inclui amolecimento em um modelo constitutivo hiperelástico através da pseudo-elasticidade, que permite que diferentes potenciais de energia possam ser utilizados em diferentes etapas do carregamento. Foram utilizados dois modelos hiperelásticos incompressíveis: Ogden e Hoss-Marczak. Para esse estudo, foram selecionados quatro diferentes materiais da literatura, três deles apresentavam apenas dados experimentais para tração uniaxial, enquanto o outro disponibilizou os ensaios de tração uniaxial, tração equibiaxial e cisalhamento puro. Foram selecionados dois parâmetros de amolecimento da literatura (Ogden e Roxburgh, 1999, e Dorfmann e Ogden, 2003) para modelar fenômenos dissipativos e então foram propostos novos parâmetros de amolecimento. Verificação gráfica dos resultados e um coeficiente de correlação (R2) foram utilizados para comparar o desempenho desses parâmetros. Os materiais foram considerados isotrópicos e incompressíveis e o carregamento quasi-estático para obtenção dos resultados. Alguns parâmetros propostos não capturaram o efeito dissipativo, outros superestimaram o amolecimento, enquanto os da literatura capturaram o efeito. Ao final, obteve-se resultados bastante satisfatórios para um dos parâmetros propostos, que se verificou ser uma generalização do modelo de Dorfmann e Ogden, 2003. / This work applies a methodology to include dissipative effects in hyperelastic constitutive relations. The paper focuses on the Mullins effect and hysteresis. However, the methodology can also be applied to other phenomena, like damage. Basically, it is a phenomenological inclusion of the softening behavior in a hyperelastic constitutive model using pseudo-elasticity, in which different energy potentials can be used in different steps of the loading. Two hyperelastic models were employed: Ogden’s and Hoss-Marczak’s models. Four different materials were modeled, three of them subjected to uniaxial tension only, and a fourth subjected to the three classical loadings, namely, uniaxial tension, equibiaxial tension and pure shear. Two softening parameters from the literature were implemented and new softening parameters were proposed. Graphical inspection and R2 correlation coefficient were used to compare the softening parameters. The materials were considered isotropic and incompressible, being subjected to quasi-static loading. Some of the proposed parameters did not captured the dissipative effect, other overestimate the softening, and those from the literature were able to capture the effects. Finally, very satisfying results were obtained with one the proposed softening parameters, which was a generalization of the one proposed by Dorfmann e Ogden, 2003.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T15:00:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2254772 bytes, checksum: 66f41c9370b200bbab8ed307f9eaac84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work represents an experimental study on the influence of chromium on microstructure and thermomechanical properties in alloys Cu-Al-Be with shape memory effect. The chemical compositions of these alloys are Cu-11,8Al-0,6Be-XCr; X = 0,1, 0,2, 0,3, 0,5 and 0,05 (wt%). The samples were analyzed by optical microscopy to determine the average grain size, and then subjected to tensile testing at room temperature for values of stress and strain, determination of transformation temperatures of martensitic and austenitic phases via analysis by DSC, which showed lower compared to alloys without Cr and in addition the samples were subjected to hardness testing. From this data it was found that the addition of chromium as grain refiners improved the mechanical properties of the alloy studied. / Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo experimental sobre a influência do cromo na microestrutura e propriedades termomecânicas em ligas Cu-Al-Be com efeito memória de forma. As composições químicas destas ligas são Cu-11,8Al-0,6Be-XCr; X = 0,1; 0,2, 0,3, 0,5 e 0,05 (% em peso). As amostras foram submetidas à análise por microscopia óptica para determinar o tamanho médio dos grãos, sendo, em seguida, submetidas ao ensaio de tração em temperatura ambiente para obter valores de tensão e deformação, determinação das temperaturas de transformação das fases martensítica e austenítica via analise por DSC, as quais apresentaram mais baixas, em relação às das ligas sem Cr e como complemento as amostras foram submetidas ao ensaio de dureza. A partir deste dados, foi verificado que a adição cromo como refinadores de grão melhorou as propriedades mecânicas da liga estudada.

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para a inclusão de fenômenos dissipativos em relações constitutivas hiperelásticas. Embora seja dada ênfase para o efeito Mullins e histerese, esse procedimento pode ser aplicado a outros fenômenos como, por exemplo, de dano. Para isso, adota-se um modelo fenomenológico que inclui amolecimento em um modelo constitutivo hiperelástico através da pseudo-elasticidade, que permite que diferentes potenciais de energia possam ser utilizados em diferentes etapas do carregamento. Foram utilizados dois modelos hiperelásticos incompressíveis: Ogden e Hoss-Marczak. Para esse estudo, foram selecionados quatro diferentes materiais da literatura, três deles apresentavam apenas dados experimentais para tração uniaxial, enquanto o outro disponibilizou os ensaios de tração uniaxial, tração equibiaxial e cisalhamento puro. Foram selecionados dois parâmetros de amolecimento da literatura (Ogden e Roxburgh, 1999, e Dorfmann e Ogden, 2003) para modelar fenômenos dissipativos e então foram propostos novos parâmetros de amolecimento. Verificação gráfica dos resultados e um coeficiente de correlação (R2) foram utilizados para comparar o desempenho desses parâmetros. Os materiais foram considerados isotrópicos e incompressíveis e o carregamento quasi-estático para obtenção dos resultados. Alguns parâmetros propostos não capturaram o efeito dissipativo, outros superestimaram o amolecimento, enquanto os da literatura capturaram o efeito. Ao final, obteve-se resultados bastante satisfatórios para um dos parâmetros propostos, que se verificou ser uma generalização do modelo de Dorfmann e Ogden, 2003. / This work applies a methodology to include dissipative effects in hyperelastic constitutive relations. The paper focuses on the Mullins effect and hysteresis. However, the methodology can also be applied to other phenomena, like damage. Basically, it is a phenomenological inclusion of the softening behavior in a hyperelastic constitutive model using pseudo-elasticity, in which different energy potentials can be used in different steps of the loading. Two hyperelastic models were employed: Ogden’s and Hoss-Marczak’s models. Four different materials were modeled, three of them subjected to uniaxial tension only, and a fourth subjected to the three classical loadings, namely, uniaxial tension, equibiaxial tension and pure shear. Two softening parameters from the literature were implemented and new softening parameters were proposed. Graphical inspection and R2 correlation coefficient were used to compare the softening parameters. The materials were considered isotropic and incompressible, being subjected to quasi-static loading. Some of the proposed parameters did not captured the dissipative effect, other overestimate the softening, and those from the literature were able to capture the effects. Finally, very satisfying results were obtained with one the proposed softening parameters, which was a generalization of the one proposed by Dorfmann e Ogden, 2003.

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para a inclusão de fenômenos dissipativos em relações constitutivas hiperelásticas. Embora seja dada ênfase para o efeito Mullins e histerese, esse procedimento pode ser aplicado a outros fenômenos como, por exemplo, de dano. Para isso, adota-se um modelo fenomenológico que inclui amolecimento em um modelo constitutivo hiperelástico através da pseudo-elasticidade, que permite que diferentes potenciais de energia possam ser utilizados em diferentes etapas do carregamento. Foram utilizados dois modelos hiperelásticos incompressíveis: Ogden e Hoss-Marczak. Para esse estudo, foram selecionados quatro diferentes materiais da literatura, três deles apresentavam apenas dados experimentais para tração uniaxial, enquanto o outro disponibilizou os ensaios de tração uniaxial, tração equibiaxial e cisalhamento puro. Foram selecionados dois parâmetros de amolecimento da literatura (Ogden e Roxburgh, 1999, e Dorfmann e Ogden, 2003) para modelar fenômenos dissipativos e então foram propostos novos parâmetros de amolecimento. Verificação gráfica dos resultados e um coeficiente de correlação (R2) foram utilizados para comparar o desempenho desses parâmetros. Os materiais foram considerados isotrópicos e incompressíveis e o carregamento quasi-estático para obtenção dos resultados. Alguns parâmetros propostos não capturaram o efeito dissipativo, outros superestimaram o amolecimento, enquanto os da literatura capturaram o efeito. Ao final, obteve-se resultados bastante satisfatórios para um dos parâmetros propostos, que se verificou ser uma generalização do modelo de Dorfmann e Ogden, 2003. / This work applies a methodology to include dissipative effects in hyperelastic constitutive relations. The paper focuses on the Mullins effect and hysteresis. However, the methodology can also be applied to other phenomena, like damage. Basically, it is a phenomenological inclusion of the softening behavior in a hyperelastic constitutive model using pseudo-elasticity, in which different energy potentials can be used in different steps of the loading. Two hyperelastic models were employed: Ogden’s and Hoss-Marczak’s models. Four different materials were modeled, three of them subjected to uniaxial tension only, and a fourth subjected to the three classical loadings, namely, uniaxial tension, equibiaxial tension and pure shear. Two softening parameters from the literature were implemented and new softening parameters were proposed. Graphical inspection and R2 correlation coefficient were used to compare the softening parameters. The materials were considered isotropic and incompressible, being subjected to quasi-static loading. Some of the proposed parameters did not captured the dissipative effect, other overestimate the softening, and those from the literature were able to capture the effects. Finally, very satisfying results were obtained with one the proposed softening parameters, which was a generalization of the one proposed by Dorfmann e Ogden, 2003.

Teacher absenteeism is a major concern in many school districts around the country. There have been numerous studies on the topic, but we as educators are still dealing with the problems of teacher absenteeism. To get a good understanding of teacher and administrator perceptions of this problem, a quantitative research approach was used. Quantitative data was gathered using a questionnaire with 28 Likert scale questions. One hundred teachers and three administrators participated in this part of the study. In addition, structured questions were used to interview three teachers and three administrators. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine which predictor variables presented in the demographic section of the questionnaire contributed to variation in the various dependent variables, e.g. attendance. All multiple regression analyses were performed at the .05 level of statistical significance. The t-test for attendance indicated that the predictor variable, age, was statistically significant and could be concluded that the older the teacher, the less absenteeism. The t-test for attendance indicated that the predictor variable, degree, was statistically significant and could be concluded that the higher the degree, the less absenteeism. The t-test for operating procedures indicated that the predictor variable, years of experience, was statistically significant and could be concluded that the more experience, the more familiar were teachers with the operating procedures of the school. The t-test for training indicated that the predictor variable, years experience, was statistically significant and could be concluded that the more experience, the more inclined regular teachers were for substitute teacher training. The survey responses revealed many similarities between the teachers and administrators. Teachers and administrators believe there is reduced student achievement taking place when there are substitute teachers in the classroom. Because of this, all teachers and administrators feel the need for extensive professional development for substitute teachers. Teachers and administrators agree that student attendance is affected by substitute teachers in the classrooms. From all points of view, it is strongly believed that operational procedures are greatly affected when several regular teachers are absent at the same time and substitutes are in their classrooms.

Šiame baigiamajame magistro darbe apžvelgti atmenieji lydiniai, pagrindinės jų savybės bei panaudojimo pavyzdžiai, atlikta literatūros nagrinėjama tematika apžvalga, pagrindiniai šių medžiagų panaudojimo privalumai ir trūkumai. Atlikus literatūrinos apžvalgą, remiantis teoriniais duomenimis ir charakteristikomis, suplanuotas ir atliktas eksperimentas — siekiant geriau išsiaiškinti pagrindines šių lydinių savybes bei charakteristikas, kurios reikalingos norint šias medžiagas panaudoti robotiškos srityje - robotų vykdikliams. Eksperimentiškai gauti duomenys pateikiami grafikų pavidalu, iš kurių nustatytos pagrindinės charakteristikos, kurios reikalingos norint sėkmingai šias medžiagas panaudoti projektuojant įvairius mechanizmus ir pavaras su šio lydinio vykdikliais. Eksperimento metu gauti duomenys panaudojami sudarant sistemos dinaminį modelį, kuris sumodeliuojamas skaitmeniniu būdu. Gaunamas sistemos atsakas, kuris patvirtina eksperimento metu gautus duomenis ir suteikia galimybę tolesnius eksperimento plėtojimo planus ir tyrimus vykdyti skaitmeniniais metodais. / This final master thesis contains an overview of shape memory alloys, their literature review, main characteristics, common sage examples as well as their advantages and disadvantages. After analyzing the literature review the experiment has been planed and made in purpose of researching the most basic characteristics of shape memory alloys. The experiment was made with a shape memory alloy spring. The main purpose of the research is to get the most of the characteristics that are mostly needed for the successful usage in the robotic actuators. The data that was taken from the experiment in included in this paper. Acording to this data the conclusions has been made. Based on the experiment data and theoretical data the system’s dynamic model has been made to confirm the results that were taken from the experiment. This thesis allows to use the data taken from the experiment to be used in digital modeling, so further experimenting and system’s designing can be done using digital methods.