Angl. resumé

Seven wood traits: shrinkage (longitudinal, tangential, and radial), relative density, grain angle, tracheid length, and fibril angle, and two growth traits, height and diameter at breast height were analyzed in 413 trees belonging to 48 full-sibfamilies (4 pollen and 12 seed parents) from an 18- year-old coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) progeny test . Clones from six of the parents also were sampled. Six samples per age level (age levels 0 to 4 along stem radii), with two rings in each age level, were examined in a bolt taken at breast height of the tree for shrinkage and relative density. Smaller sample sizes were used for the other traits. Trends with age from the pith were decreasing longitudinal shrinkage and fibril angle and increasing radial and tangential shrinkage, grain angle, and tracheid length. Relative density first decreased and then increased beyond age level 2. Genetic effects were minimal for wood quality traits except for relative density. Most of the variation for wood quality traits was within tree and between individual trees within families. Genetic correlations between wood quality traits were minimal except between relative density and radial shrinkage, which was positive. Genetic correlations between growth characters like height and diameter at breast height and wood quality traits were also minimal except for relative density and longitudinal shrinkage at early age levels. Selection for increased height can be expected to reduce longitudinal shrinkage and relative density at early age levels, and have virtually no effect on the other traits studied. The results support current efforts to increase wood production through genetic improvement in growth rate by showing that current programs of selection for rapid early height growth will not (with the exception of relative density) result in substantial reductions in several wood quality traits beyond the first few years of tree growth. The demonstrated lack of substantial genetic effects for several traits indicated that genetic improvement can progress more rapidly by concentrating on a much smaller number of traits. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

The relative role of cospeciation and host switching in the phylogenetic history of ascomycete foliar symbionts is addressed in the orders Leotiales and Rhytismatales, fungi associated predominantly with Pinaceae (Coniferales). Emphasis is placed on comparing the evolution of the sister genera Pseudotsuga and Larix (Pinaceae) with that of the pathogenic and endophytic fungi in the genus Rhabdocline. Pinaceae evolved during the Mesozoic and divergence of all extant genera and several infrageneric lineages (esp. in Pinus) occurred prior to the Tertiary, with subsequent species radiations following climatic changes of the Eocene. The youngest generic pair to evolve from Pinaceae, Larix and Pseudotsuga, diverged near the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in East Asia or western North America. Rhabdocline is comprised of seven species and subspecies, six known from two species of Pseudotsuga and one, the asexual species Meria laricis, from three species of Larix. Evidence from host distributions and from nuclear ribosomal DNA suggests that Rhabdocline speciated in western North America and has been involved in several host switches. The ancestor of Meria laricis appears to have switched from P. menziesii to its current western North American hosts, L. occidentalis, L. lyallii, and very recently may have extended its host range to the European species, L. decidua. The occurrence of two lineages of R. weirii ssp. weirii on both North American species of Pseudotsuga is also probably the result of a recent host switch. Evidence of hostmediated divergence is seen in R. parkeri, which has different internal transcribed spacer types in the geographically isolated coastal and interior forms of P. menziesii. The wide host ranges of fungal genera closely related to Rhabdocline indicates that host switching is a prevalent pattern in the evolution of foliar symbionts in Leotiales and Rhytismatales. The prevalence of host switching in this group relative to other endosymbiotic organisms can probably be attributed to differences in dispersal mechanisms. Spores of foliar fungi are dispersed horizontally by wind and rain, rather than vertically from parent to offspring. Over evolutionary time, this provides more opportunities to shift to new hosts, particularly when the hosts are closely related and have overlapping distributions. / Graduation date: 1998

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At the area of CHKO Trebonsko are known three localities with major appearance of Coast Douglas-fir in four groups. First two groups appear in forest ground of St. Barbora. In the first group are 18 and in the second group 23 individuals. These groups appear in the forest stand no. 408 B 13 (Cisarska group) and in the forest stand no. 457 C 12a (in a fencing at Majdalena). Surveying of these groups took place in 2006 by Mrs. Balounova and Mr. Smahel.Two odd groups appear near by Stankovsky pond and they consist of 13 and 31 individuals. They appear in the forest stand no. 245 C 11 at the area of so-called {\clqq}Stankovske woods`` between Stankov and Mirochov villages, at intersection Rovenska way and the way which leads from Mirochov to Stankov. In a neighbourhood of examined vegetation occurs USES element, it is a regional importance biocenter {--} Elk{\crq}s moors reserve at Mirochov which is also declared as {\clqq}Ramsar{\crq}s area of Trebon lowland moors``.

Face à la toxicité des éléments traces métalliques (ET) dans l’environnement, les plantes ont développé différentes stratégies aujourd’hui exploitées en phytoremédiation. Les arbres paraissent plus efficaces que les herbacées pour la phytoextraction de par leur importante biomasse et leur système racinaire plus profond. Ces travaux ont donc été menés sur des espèces ligneuses largement répandues dans la région Limousin, plus particulièrement des conifères: le Douglas, le mélèze hybride et ses deux parents, le mélèze d’Europe et le mélèze du Japon. Plusieurs modèles de culture ont été utilisés pour permettre, par des approches complémentaires, une meilleure appréhension des réponses de ces conifères aux ET : des plantules cultivées in vitro et des germinations ou des arbres âgés de 2 ans cultivés sous serre. Les conifères ont été exposés soit à un seul ET, le Cadmium (Cd), soit à plusieurs ET (As, Pb, Sb) présents dans des sols collectés sur deux anciens sites miniers. Les résultats ont montré que, parmi les espèces étudiées, le Douglas présentait le taux d’accumulation le plus élevé en Cd. Cependant, la quantité stockée dans la biomasse aérienne est restée faible par rapport à d’autres espèces d’arbres déjà utilisées en phytoextraction. Par ailleurs, la caractérisation chimique des pectines de la paroi a mis en évidence des modifications quantitatives et qualitatives suggérant un processus d’exclusion du Cd. Au niveau intracellulaire, les résultats ont montré que les polyamines et les oligopeptides riches en thiols ne semblaient pas impliqués dans la compartimentation du Cd. En revanche, une accumulation de proline a été observée en réponse au Cd et à d’autres ET, suggérant une implication de la proline comme molécule antioxydante et / ou chélatrice d’ET. L’ensemble des résultats a mis en évidence la nécessité d’optimiser la croissance des conifères et la phytodisponibilité des ET du sol avant de pouvoir proposer ces conifères, et notamment le Douglas, pour la phytoextraction d’ET. / Given the toxicity of trace elements (TE) in the environment, plants developed varions strategies used currently for phytoremediation. Trees appear more efficient than herbaceous species for phytoextraction as they have a larger biomass and a deeper root system. The work was thus performed on woody species widespread in Limousin region, particularly conifers: Douglas fir, hybrid larch and its two parents, European larch and Japanese larch. Several culture models were used to allow, through complementary approaches, a better understanding of the response of these conifers to TE: in vitro grown plantlets and seedlings or 2-year-old trees grown in greenhouse. Conifers were exposed to a single TE, cadmium (Cd), or to several TE (As, Pb, Sb) present in soils collected from two former mining sites. Among investigated species, results showed that Douglas exhibited the highest rate of Cd accumulation. However, the amount stored in aboveground biomass remained low compared to other tree species already used in phytoextraction. Furthermore, the chemical characterization of cell wall pectins highlighted quantitative and qualitative modifications suggesting a Cd exclusion process. At the intracellular level, results showed that polyamines and thiol-rich oligopeptides did not appear to be involved in Cd compartmentation. However, a proline accumulation was observed in response to Cd and other TE, suggesting an involvement of proline as antioxidant molecule and / or TE scavenger. Overall, results highlighted the need to optimize conifer growth and soil TE phytoavailability before to propose these conifers, particularly Douglas, for the phytoextraction of TE.

La formation du duramen est un processus physiologique clé impliqué dans la qualité du bois puisqu'il contribue notamment à sa durabilité naturelle. L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu lors de la formation du duramen chez le douglas. L'étude a été menée aux niveaux phénotypiques, biochimiques et moléculaires sur plusieurs génotypes de douglas. Des études phénotypiques, il ressort que la proportion de duramen serait sous influence génétique et très peu environnementale, et que l'expansion du bois de coeur se déroule principalement en automne-hiver. Afin de caractériser la composition biochimique du bois, une nouvelle méthode a été développée. Elle repose sur la dissolution du bois dans des liquides ioniques, les solutions obtenues sont ensuite immuno-marquées à l'aide d'anticorps dirigés contre des épitopes de polymères pariétaux. Cette méthode a permis d'observer l'évolution, cerne par cerne, de la composition pariétale du bois de l'aubier externe au coeur du duramen. Certains polymères sont plus abondants dans l'aubier (arabinanes), tandis que d'autres dans le duramen (pectines, xylanes et galactanes). En parallèle, les gènes impliqués dans la formation du duramen ont été étudiés par RNA-Seq à partir de douglas appartenant à un seul génotype et abattus en hiver. Les résultats montrent que des gènes codant des facteurs de transcription, des protéines de défense, des enzymes de la voie de biosynthèse des phénylpropanoides et des enzymes impliquées dans le remodelage de la paroi sont surexprimés dans la zone de transition par rapport à l'aubier. Des hormones, l'éthylène et le jasmonate notamment, semblent jouer un rôle important dans la maturation de l'aubier. / The heartwood formation is a key physiological process involved in wood quality because it contributes to its natural durability. The goal of this thesis is to understand mechanisms involved in the heartwood formation in douglas fir. This study has been carried out at phenotypic, biochemical and molecular levels from several douglas-fir genotypes. Thanks to phenotypic analysis, we showed that heartwood proportion is probably under genetic control, and little influenced by the environment. In douglas fir, heartwood expansion mainly occurs during autumn and winter. To characterize the biochemical composition of wood, a new method has been developed. The method implies the wood dissolution in ionic liquid, the solution obtained are then analyzed by immunodetection with monoclonal antibodies against plant cell wall glycan epitopes. Thanks to this method, the wood cell wall composition has been studied, ring-by-ring, from the outer sapwood to the inner heartwood. Some polymers are more abundant in the sapwood (arabinans) while others in the heartwood (pectins, xylans and galactans). Then, genes involved in the heartwood formation have been studied by RNA-Seq from trees belonging to one genotype sampled during winter. Results show that genes encoding transcription factors, defence related proteins, enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plant cell wall modification are upregulated in transition zone compared to sapwood. Hormones, ethylene and jasmonate especially, seem to play an important role during sapwood maturation.