O Teste d2 é um dos instrumentos de avaliação psicológica mais utilizados internacionalmente para mensuração da atenção concentrada e seu sucessor, o Teste d2-R, foi concebido para acrescentar melhorias fundamentais tanto no material, quanto nas instruções de aplicação e forma de avaliação. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar estudos psicométricos de padronização deste teste referentes ao estabelecimento de normas, evidências de validade e precisão. A amostra de padronização foi composta por 910 sujeitos voluntários, sendo 74,29% do sexo feminino e 25,71% do sexo masculino, com idades entre 17 e 69 anos (M=28,96 e DP=8,74) e escolaridade variando do ensino fundamental completo ao superior completo, residentes na cidade de São Paulo. A precisão foi investigada por meio da consistência interna pelo alfa de Cronbach e método das metades, e a validade foi obtida pela correlação com os testes de atenção concentrada d2 e AC, e os Testes G-36, G-38 e Raven Avançado (série I e II) foram usados para investigar a relação entre a atenção e a inteligência. O d2-R fornece medidas para os totais de Objetos Alvos Processados (OAP), Desempenho de Concentração (DC), Erros de Omissão (EO), Erros de Troca (ET) e Porcentagem de Erros (E%). A Análise de Variância em função das variáveis sexo, faixa etária e nível de escolaridade para todas as medidas indicou diferenças entre as médias dos grupos apenas para OAP e DC em função da idade e escolaridade. Também foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) entre os sexos para EO, apenas na faixa etária de 29 a 38 anos. Foram estabelecidas as normas em percentis para a amostra total, por nível de escolaridade e por faixa etária, e para o EO na faixa etária indicada para os dois sexos. A precisão pelo método das metades entre blocos pares e ímpares, corrigida pela fórmula de Spearman-Brown, foi superior a 0,900 para todas as variáveis, exceto para o Erro de Troca, na faixa de 39 a 69 anos e para o ensino fundamental/médio e o superior completo, sendo suas correlações, respectivamente, 0,828; 0,848 e 0,883. Para amostra, total os coeficientes de Alfa de Cronbach variaram entre 0,901 e 0,966, relacionados ao OAP, DC, E%, EO, sendo considerados bastante elevados. Somente em relação ao ET os valores obtidos foram um pouco mais baixos, entre 0,816 e 0,970, mas ainda assim, indicando uma consistência elevada. Quanto à validade foram encontrados iv coeficientes estatisticamente significantes com o AC e o d2, confirmando a validade do d2-R. Foram encontradas correlações baixas, porém estatisticamente significantes ao nível de 0,01 entre os resultados do DC do d2-R e o Teste G-36, bem como entre OAP e DC do d2-R e os Testes G-38 e Raven Avançado Série II, indicando que a atenção é uma aptidão relacionada à inteligência, embora as duas capacidades sejam independentes. Os resultados confirmam as qualidades psicométricas do Teste d2-R para a amostra da cidade de São Paulo / The d2 Test is a psychological assessment tool widely used in most countries to measure concentrated attention. Its successor, the d2-R Test, was devised to carry out relevant improvements in the testing material, instructions for its administration and procedure for assessment. The current research aimed at doing psychometric studies for standardization of the d2-R, establishing norms, evidence of validity and reliability. The standardization sample was composed of 910 volunteers, 74.29% of whom were women and 25.71% were men. The age range was 17-69 years (M=28.96 and SD=8.74), their educational level varied from elementary school to college graduates and all participants lived in São Paulo city, Brazil. Cronbachs alpha and split-half method were used to investigate internal consistency reliability whereas validity was examined by correlating d2-R with concentrated attention tests d2 and AC. The relationship between attention and intelligence was investigated by means of Tests G-36, G-38 and Raven\'s Advanced Progressive Matrices (set I and set II). The d2-R Test provides measures for the total number of Target Object Processed (TOP), Concentration Performance (CP), Errors of Omission (EO), Errors of Commission (EC) and Error Percentage (E%). Analysis of Variance comprising gender, age range and education variables for all measures indicated differences in means among groups only for TOP and CP in relation to age and education. Statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was also observed between sexes for EO, although only in the 29-38 age range. Percentile norms were established for total sample, in accordance with education and age range, and for EO in accordance with the age range applicable for both genders The odd-even split-half reliability, corrected by the Spearman-Brown formula, was above 0.900 for all variables, except for Errors of Commission in the 39-69 age range (0.828), and for middle school (0.848) and college (0.883). Cronbachs alpha coefficients for reliability varied from 0.901 to 0.966 in relation to PTO, CP, E%, EO, which is considered very high. Even though the Error of Commission coefficients were slightly lower (0.816 0.970), it still indicates a high vi internal consistency. As for validity, the coefficients were statistically significant when correlating with AC and d2, which confirms the validity of the d2-R. The correlation coefficients were low, although statistically significant at the 0.01 level in reference to CP in d2-R and Test G-36 and also PTO and CP from d2-R and Test G-38 and Raven (set II), which suggests that attention is a skill related to intelligence, even though both aptitudes are independent. Results confirm the psychometric qualities of the d2-R Test for the sample from São Paulo city

Wong, Yuen Shan Noel. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-66). / Abstracts in English and Chinese, appendix also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Table of Content --- p.v / Lists of Tables --- p.vii / Lists of Figures --- p.viii / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Background --- p.1 / Overview of Emotional Labor --- p.3 / Antecedents of Emotional Labor --- p.4 / Consequences of Emotional Labor --- p.6 / Moderators --- p.9 / Moderating Effects on the Display Rule-Emotion Regulation Relations --- p.12 / Emotional stability and extraversion --- p.14 / Person-job fit and person-organization Fit --- p.18 / Moderating Effects on the Emotion Regulation-Negative Outcomes Relations --- p.21 / Emotional stability and extraversion --- p.22 / Person-job fit and person-organization Fit --- p.23 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- METHOD --- p.28 / Participants --- p.28 / Measures --- p.29 / Analysis Plan --- p.32 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- RESULTS --- p.35 / Descriptive Analyses --- p.35 / Structural Equation Modeling --- p.38 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- DISCUSSION --- p.48 / Moderating Effects on the Display Rules-Deep Acting Relation --- p.48 / Moderating Effects on the Display Rules-Surface Acting Relation --- p.52 / Moderating Effects on the Emotion Regulation-Outcomes Relations --- p.53 / Common Method Variance --- p.53 / Limitations --- p.55 / Implications --- p.56 / Chapter CHAPTER 5. --- CONCLUSION --- p.58 / References --- p.59 / Appendix --- p.67

This thesis explores whether a viable theistic program of psychological research is possible. The importance of this exploration has to do with naturalism's monopoly on psychological science, inasmuch as naturalism prevents other worldviews from competing fairly in psychology's scientific marketplace by controlling the criteria of psychological science. Because theism is naturalism's most complete rival, considering theism's scientific potential in psychology is crucial to dismantling naturalism's monopoly. Contrary to conventional wisdom, theism encompasses a unique set of understandings about the natural events that constitute the discipline of psychology. Therefore, a robust scientific conception of theism would change how psychological researchers understand and utilize existing research methods and psychological topics. Not only are quantitative and qualitative methods capable of theistic deployment; traditionally theistic topics and radically secular topics within psychology can also be reconceptualized and investigated theistically. Indeed, theistic reconceptualizations of psychological theories and topics lead to new and different research questions, hypotheses, and predictions as well as original studies and prospective programs of research, suggesting that theism is heuristic for the discipline of psychology in its current constitution. A viable theistic program of psychological research is not only possible, but also necessary for psychological science.

Thesis (M. A. (Social Work)) -- University of the North, 1998 / Refer to document

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One of the most powerful and life-changing events that can occur in the life of a family is the death of a child. Researchers who have studied death and bereavement suggest that a child's death has a dramatic impact on parents. However, little is known about the ways in which child loss influences a parent's sense of identity and subsequent parental behavior. The purpose of this study was to explore how the life event of having a child die affects parents in their sense of identity and behavior as a mother or father. It was also to search for common patterns and themes in parental accounts of a child's death that provide a better understanding of this topic. Individual mothers and fathers were interviewed and asked about their experience in losing a child, and how this experience shaped their feelings of identity and parental behavior in relation to both the deceased child and their other children. Nineteen mothers and fathers who had children die as a result of accidental causes or illness were interviewed. Interview transcripts were qualitatively analyzed for content. Findings were broken into four primary categories: (a) parental experience in the context of loss; (b) impact of a child's death on parental identity; (c) parental behavior in relation to the deceased child; and (d) parental behavior in relation to surviving children. The findings provided support to the idea that a child's death has a significant impact on parental identity and a parent's subsequent behavior. The findings demonstrated that how a child dies is a critical factor in how parents experience the loss. The findings related to parental identity show that parents struggle with their sense of competence, mourn the lost parent-child bond, and feel a loss of parental hopes for the future. The findings about parental behavior in relation to the deceased child suggest that connecting with and remembering the child in diverse ways are fundamental aspects of parental behavior after a child's death. The findings also show that a child's death shapes surviving parent-child relationships as parents mediate the loss experience for children, become more protective, and increase their parental efforts in behalf of children. / Graduation date: 2000

The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in physical space impacted preschool children's cooperative behavior. These changes in physical space included differentiated and undifferentiated ceiling height and wall color. This study used an experimental design with subjects experiencing four conditions each. The sample consisted of 30 preschool children across four different half-day preschool classes in a preschool laboratory on a university campus. Children were assigned to small groups of four children. Each group was comprised of two boys and two girls. The groups experienced each condition for five minutes each week over a four-week period. A multivariate repeated-measures analysis was used to determine whether the predictor variables: age, gender, and condition, were related to the outcome variable of cooperative behavior. There was a significant main effect for Condition on children's cooperative behavior. Post-hoc comparisons revealed the cooperative behavior scores of children in the condition with a differentiated ceiling and an undifferentiated wall color to be significantly higher than all other conditions. A polynomial contrast revealed a nonlinear relationship between the conditions. Additionally, older children were more cooperative than younger children. Boys were more cooperative than girls. In differentiated spaces, whether in ceiling height or in wall color, children's cooperative behavior scores increased. Physical spaces where ceiling height and wall color were both undifferentiated or differentiated appeared to depress children's cooperative behavior scores. The undifferentiated space may have not been stimulating enough to enhance children's cooperative behavior, while the space with both differentiation in the ceiling height and wall color may have been overstimulating for preschool children. Administrators and planners of children's play spaces must be aware of how overly simple or highly complex environments can negatively impact on children's development. / Graduation date: 1997

Adaptation to role transitions can have various outcomes. Health and demographic characteristics as well as environmental control have been shown to affect the transition to the role of patient. The acutely ill elderly's adaptation to the role of hospitalized patient has not been measured from the elderly patient's perspective. This study utilized a random sample of 176 hospitalized elderly medical-surgical patients and the patients' registered nurses to examine the relationships among demographic and health characteristics, latitude of choice and elderly hospitalized patient adjustment. Patients were excluded who had been in ICU for more than 24 hours, had decreased mental status, or were judged to be too physically ill to participate. The study used an adaptation of the Latitude of Choice Scale (a measure of environmental control) developed by Hulicka and colleagues, a nurse-rated hospitalized patient adjustment scale developed by Cicirelli, and an adaptation of the adjustment scale for patients' self-assessment. Results from a series of multiple regression analyses indicate that, taken as a group, neither demographic nor health characteristics predict environmental control, as measured by the adapted version of the Latitude of Choice Scale (LOC). However, one individual health characteristic, length of time since last hospitalization, was a negative predictor of LOC. Further, the results indicate that taken as a group, health and demographic characteristics, along with patient LOC scores are not predictive of either nurse or patient-rated adaptation. The individual health characteristic "patient acuity rating" did negatively predict both nurse and patient-rated adjustment scores. Nurse-rated patient adjustment scores were also negatively predicted by the participants' prior number of hospitalizations. A paired-t test indicated that patients rated themselves significantly better adjusted than did their nurses. This finding was judged to be clinically unimportant because of the small real difference in the mean scores. Random-effects ANOVA found no significant variance between nurses' ratings of patients. / Graduation date: 1991

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

Holistic processing and left-side bias are both behavioral markers of expert face recognition. In contrast, expertise in Chinese character recognition involves left-side bias but reduced holistic processing (Hsiao & Cottrell, 2009). Here I hypothesized that this reduction in holistic processing may be related to writing rather than reading experience. In Experiment 1, I tested Chinese literates who could read and write Chinese characters fluently (Writers), and Chinese literates who had limited writing practices and thus had reading performance far exceeding their writing ability (Limited-writers). I found that Writers perceived Chinese characters less holistically than Limited-writers. In contrast to what previous research suggested, reduction in holistic processing in Chinese readers depended on writing experience instead of reading performance. In addition, reading performance was affected by font familiarity and context for Limited-writers but not Writers. Writing experience seems to enhance analytic processing and awareness of orthographic components of Chinese characters, which may in turn facilitate reading in unfamiliar fonts. By contrast, both Writers and Limited-writers showed a similar level of left-side bias in processing symmetric Chinese characters, suggesting that left-side bias is a consistent expertise marker for orthographic processing uninfluenced by writing experience. In Experiment 2, I investigate the developmental trend of holistic processing in Chinese character recognition and its relationship with reading and writing abilities by testing Chinese children who were learning Chinese at a public elementary school in Hong Kong on these abilities. I found that the holistic processing effect of Chinese characters in children was reduced as they reached higher grades; this reduction was driven by enhanced Chinese literacy rather than age. In addition, I found that writing performance predicts reading performance through reduced holistic processing as a mediator. Overall, the results of this study suggest that writing hones analytic processing, which is essential for expert Chinese character recognition, and in turn facilitates learning to read in Chinese. This study is also the first to identify Limited-writers as a window onto basic processes of reading. / HKU 3 Minute Thesis Award, 2nd Runner-up (2012) / published_or_final_version / Psychology / Master / Master of Philosophy