Thesis (M. A. (Social Work)) -- University of the North, 1998 / Refer to document

The aims of this thesis were to increase the knowledge about the long-term psychological consequences in parents of children diagnosed with cancer, including parents of childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) and bereaved parents, and to take the first steps towards developing a psychological treatment for parents of CCSs. Study I was a systematic review synthesizing the literature on psychological long-term consequences in parents of CCSs. Study II had a longitudinal design assessing posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) from shortly after the child’s diagnosis (T1, N=259) up to five years after end of the child’s treatment or death (T7, n=169). Study I and II concluded that while most parents show resilience in the long-term, a subgroup report high levels of general distress and/or PTSS. In Study III, interview data from the last assessment in the longitudinal project (T7, n=168) was used. Participants described particularly negative and/or positive experiences in relation to their child’s cancer, and results pointed to the wide range of such experiences involved in parenting a child with cancer. In Study IV and V, parents of CCSs reporting cancer-related psychological distress were included (N=15). In Study IV, a conceptualization of this distress was generated by aggregation of individual behavioral case formulations. The conceptualization consisted of two separate but overlapping paths describing development and maintenance of symptoms of traumatic stress and depressive symptoms. In Study V, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) based on the individual case formulations were preliminarily evaluated in an open trial. The CBT appeared feasible, and at post-assessment participants reported significant decreases in PTSS (p<.001), depression (p<.001), and anxiety (p<.01) with medium to large effect sizes (Cohen’s d=0.65-0.92). Findings indicate that psychological long-term consequences in parents of children with cancer consist of a broad range of negative as well as positive experiences, and that while most parents show resilience in the long-term, a subgroup report high levels of psychological distress. For parents of CCSs this distress is suggested to primarily consist of symptoms of traumatic stress and depression, and a preliminary evaluation of CBT targeting hypothesized maintaining mechanisms showed promise in terms of feasibility and treatment effect. / Behandling av traumatisk stress hos föräldrar till cancerdrabbade barn med kognitiv beteendeterapi via internet / Förekomst, utveckling och behandling av posttraumatiskt stressymptom hos föräldrar till barn med cancer / Utveckling och utvärdering av ett webbaserat psykologiskt självhjälpsprogram för föräldrar till barn som tidigare behandlats mot cancer

La chute chez la personne âgée est un événement fréquent considéré comme un problème de santé publique. Elle a des conséquences à court et/ou à long terme sur l’intégrité physique et psychique du sujet âgé et elle est liée à plusieurs facteurs intrinsèques et extrinsèques. L’expérience de la chute entraîne une douleur corporelle, mais aussi une douleur psychique, une souffrance. L’objectif principal de cette recherche est d’aborder l’expérience de la chute chez la personne âgée en nous centrant sur les conséquences psychologiques de celle-ci et les processus psychiques mis en jeu. Pour cela, nous avons effectué une analyse qualitative et une quantitative en deux temps : T1 (l’évènement chute) et T2 (trois mois après), à partir d’un échantillon de 60 personnes âgées réparties en deux groupes : un groupe expérimental (N=30) et un groupe contrôle (N=30). Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la chute entraîne une modification de l’image de soi, une peur de tomber et une symptomatologie anxio-dépressive ayant des effets sur la qualité de vie. / Falls among elderly people are common event that are considered as a public health issue. Falls are linked to several intrinsic and extrinsic factors and have consequences in the short and/or long term on the physical and psychological integrity of elderly individuals. The experience of a fall cause bodily pain, but also mental pain and distress. The main objective of this research is focused on the psychological consequences and the psychological process involved in the experience of falling whitin the elderly. Whith this aim we conducted a qualitative and quantitative analysis while considering two steps: T1 (fall event) and T2 (three months after), in a sample of 60 elderly people divided into two groups: an experimental group (N=30) and control group (N=30). The results of our research show that the fall leads to a change in self-image, fear of falling and anxiety-depressive symptomatology with effects on the quality of life.

(in English) The aim of this diploma thesis is to map and analyse psychosocial consequences of over-indebtedness and to emphasize on importace komplex solution considering to all aspect. In the introduction of theoretical part are defined professional terms. The other chapters are focused on history of over-indebtedness, the issue of over-indebtedness in the Czech Republic and several other European countries, the providers and the types of financial products, the conditions under which the debt arises, causes of over- indebtedness, the development phase of the debt, insolvency and related legislation. The theoretical part is also focused on dept issue in social work, specifically on providers social services for over-indebtedness people and social services for over-indebtedness people. Followed by a chapter focused on prevention over-indebtedness and chaptes focused on psychosocial consequences. To achieve an aim was used the qualitative research method, specifically questionnaire of half-structured interviews technique. Followed by case reports of respondents, interpretation and analysis of data, discussion and suggestions and recommendations.

Despite the global figures on male HIV infection rates, and the vulnerability of men to HIV as a result of social constructions of masculinity, not enough attention has been paid to the seriousness of the problem of HIV in heterosexual men. Most research has concentrated on either homosexual or bisexual men, neglecting the experiences of heterosexual men diagnosed as HIV positive, and the implications thereof. This study aims to explore the lived experiences (emotional, cognitive and social) of black heterosexual males who are living with HIV. The focus of this study was thus on the subjective experiences and circumstances of these men, to enhance understanding of how they managed to adapt to the stress of being HIV positive. Health professionals, such as nurses, psychologists and doctors at Tshwane District Hospital, can use the results of the study to assist men when they are diagnosed, and to help them cope effectively with their subsequent challenges. The study used the phenomenological theoretical framework. It explored the lived experiences of being HIV positive through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, which were audio-recorded and transcribed . Non-probability sampling was used to identify the 5 participants in this study. Data was analysed in terms of thematic analysis and 15 themes were derived from the analysis and described using quotations from the raw data. These themes were then contextualised and explored with relevant literature. The research found that these men initially struggled to adapt to their HIV-positive status and exhibited denial, fear and loss, complicated by the sense that their masculinity was compromised. While there was some evidence of limited internal and external stigma, the men were able to find support from partners, family and friends, and were able to rise to the challenge of 'living positively'. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Psychology / unrestricted

Contents: Body dissatisfaction; Discharge of emotion through art; Stigmas' consequences as captured through photography; Lauren Greenfield; The perceptions of others; This is beautiful; Psychological consequences; Thesis project: "Being There"; Artistic influences; "Being There" revisited; Past endeavors in mixed media; Artistic influences: everyday materials and structural art; Conclusion; Honors in Studio Art thesis extension; Works cited. Includes 21 images.

Superstitious thoughts or behaviours have been demonstrated to occur frequently and persistently among students and athletes. One major limitation in the superstition in sports literature is that researchers attempt to measure only negative superstitious beliefs; however, to date, little is known about types of superstitions, how superstitions are developed and maintained, their psychological functions and malfunctions, or their behavioural consequences. Study 1 demonstrates the widespread prevalence of superstitions within the present population of undergraduate student athletes in British and Ghanaian universities, and explores several specific superstitions that appear to be particularly common. There were significant main effects of gender and nationality on both positive and negative superstitious beliefs. British student athletes tended to endorse both types of superstition to a greater extent than Ghanaian student athletes, whereas Ghanaian student athletes engaged in superstitious behaviour more than British student athletes. In Study 2, the results suggested that people may enact their positive superstitious beliefs and religion as coping mechanisms and as secondary control strategies to offer them the comfort of feeling in control under conditions of impending failure. Results from the two qualitative studies (Studies 3 and 4) demonstrated some support for elite footballers’ engaging in rituals which serve a functional outcome. These findings suggest that superstitious and religious behaviour can protect against debilitating interpretations of anxiety by increasing self-confidence or allowing athletes to perceive symptoms as controllable and facilitative. Interestingly, athletes who have acquired their superstition by means of conformity note that they experienced cognitive dissonance. Dissonance emerges when two beliefs are inconsistent. Apparent contraction between an athlete’s personal superstitious behaviour and their teams’ superstitious behaviour may give rise to self-doubt, which can erode the athlete’s confidence and create other negative psychological consequences to team process. Study 5 provided empirical evidence for the notion that activation of personal superstition improved performance more than conforming to other superstitions, and that performance was better than that of athletes in the control group. In this regard, the reported findings uniquely contribute to our understanding of superstitions and their effects on psychological as well as behavioural consequences. The present findings are in line with previous research on the psychological functional benefits of superstition. At the same time, these findings suggest fresh interrogations for future research on the subject of superstitions. Possible applications to the student athletes and professional athletes are discussed.

The primary aim of this study was to ascertain whether teacher burnout is accompanied by physiological, psychological and behavioural symptoms. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to ascertain the levels of burnout among a sample of 282 Indian teachers of all ranks in ex - House of Delegates schools in the Kwazulu - Natal region. The Burnout Manifestations Scale was used to elicit those symptoms which burned out subjects exhibited the most. While 23 % of the sample appeared vulnerable to burnout, 7% appeared to be already burned out. It was found that with a few exceptions, the sample was susceptible to a lesser or greater degree to almost all of the symptoms listed in the Burnout Manifestations Scale. As no significant differences between the groups was detected in the selected demographic variables, it can be concluded that anyone, irrespective of their sex, marital status or any other variable, can become vulnerable to burnout. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

The primary aim of this study was to ascertain whether teacher burnout is accompanied by physiological, psychological and behavioural symptoms. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to ascertain the levels of burnout among a sample of 282 Indian teachers of all ranks in ex - House of Delegates schools in the Kwazulu - Natal region. The Burnout Manifestations Scale was used to elicit those symptoms which burned out subjects exhibited the most. While 23 % of the sample appeared vulnerable to burnout, 7% appeared to be already burned out. It was found that with a few exceptions, the sample was susceptible to a lesser or greater degree to almost all of the symptoms listed in the Burnout Manifestations Scale. As no significant differences between the groups was detected in the selected demographic variables, it can be concluded that anyone, irrespective of their sex, marital status or any other variable, can become vulnerable to burnout. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Le sujet de l’avortement provoqué demeure encore tabou au Togo et la compréhension du phénomène reste incomplète. La présente étude vise à dresser un portrait complet de ses divers aspects dans la capitale togolaise, qui a connu une baisse importante de la fécondité au cours des dernières années. À partir des données des Enquêtes démographiques et de santé (EDS) de 1988 et 1998, et de celles de l’Enquête sur la planification familiale et l’avortement provoqué (EPAP) de 2002, l’étude montre que le recours à l’avortement est à la hausse à Lomé, bien que l’estimation de son ampleur dépende de la méthode utilisée. Plus de 32 % des femmes ayant déjà été enceintes ont déclaré avoir avorté au moins une fois. Toutefois, l’avortement est plus fréquent chez les jeunes, qui y ont recours de manière plus précoce et plus rapprochée que leurs aînées. En contribuant ainsi à la régulation des naissances, l’avortement réduit la fécondité de 10 à 12 %. En utilisant les données de l’EPAP, réalisée auprès de 4755 femmes âgées de 15-49 ans, nous avons aussi étudié le recours à l’avortement comme une séquence d’étapes débutant par l’exposition au risque de grossesse jusqu’au recours à l’avortement, en passant par une absence de pratique contraceptive et le fait qu’une grossesse qui survient soit déclarée « non désirée ». L’ethnie et la génération sont associées à certaines étapes de la séquence alors que la religion, la parité, le statut matrimonial et le niveau d’instruction sont associés aux quatre étapes. Ainsi, le risque élevé d’avorter chez les femmes instruites découle en fait de leur risque élevé à toutes les étapes. En étant moins à risque de grossesse, les femmes qui ont au moins deux enfants sont plus susceptibles que les nullipares, d’utiliser une contraception moderne, de déclarer une grossesse comme non désirée et d’avorter. Si plusieurs grossesses non désirées surviennent aux âges jeunes, c’est surtout le caractère « hors union » de la grossesse qui fait qu’elle est considérée comme « non désirée » et interrompue. En outre, les femmes qui ont déjà avorté ou utilisé une contraception sont plus enclines à recourir à un avortement. Les résultats montrent également que le partenaire soutient souvent la femme dans la décision d’avorter et s’acquitte des coûts dans la majorité des cas. Malgré le fait qu’ils soient illégaux, plus de 40 % des avortements sont pratiqués à Lomé dans des centres de santé, par un membre du personnel médical, et à l’aide du curetage ou de l’aspiration. Mais, la moitié de ces avortements (22 %) avait été tentée au préalable par des méthodes non médicales. Plusieurs avortements ont aussi lieu soit à domicile (36 %), soit chez des tradi-thérapeutes (24 %), grâce à des méthodes non médicales. Par ailleurs, près de 60 % des avortements ont entraîné des complications sanitaires, conduisant la majorité des femmes à une hospitalisation. Sur le plan psychologique et relationnel, nous avons montré que la plupart des avortements ont entraîné des regrets et remords, de même que des problèmes entre les femmes et leurs parents. Les parents soutiennent en fait peu les femmes dans la décision d’avorter et interviennent rarement dans le paiement des coûts. L’étude a enfin révélé que la loi sur l’avortement est peu connue. Cependant, être âgée de 25 ans ou plus, en union ou très instruite, connaître des méthodes contraceptives, le recours d’une parente ou amie à l’avortement sont associés, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, à une plus grande chance de connaître la loi. L’analyse, en appuyant des déclarations des professionnels de la santé et des femmes, montre que malgré sa forte prévalence à Lomé, le recours à l’avortement demeure largement stigmatisé. Les quelques professionnels et femmes qui se sont prononcés en faveur de sa légalisation pensent que celle-ci permettrait de « réduire les avortements clandestins et risqués ». En fait, ce sont les femmes les plus instruites, âgées de 25 ans ou plus, utilisant la contraception, ayant déjà avorté ou connaissant quelqu’un l’ayant fait, qui sont plus aptes à approuver la légalisation de l’avortement. Celles qui appartiennent aux églises de type « pentecôtiste », plus sévères quant aux relations sexuelles hors mariage, sont par contre moins susceptibles que les catholiques d’avoir une telle attitude positive. / Induced abortion remains a taboo topic in Togo and the understanding of the phenomenon is still incomplete. This study aims to provide more complete portrait of its various aspects in the Togolese capital city, Lomé, where an important decrease in fertility has occurred during recent years. Using data from the 1988 and 1998 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and from the 2002 Survey on Family Planning and Induced Abortion (EPAP), results clearly show that induced abortion prevalence has increased in Lomé, although the estimate of its magnitude depends on the method used. Overall, more than 32 % of ever-pregnant women declare having had at least one abortion. However, abortion is more common among young women, who make use of it at an earlier age and more frequently than older women. The intensity of abortion should then reduce fertility by 10 to 12 %. Using data from EPAP, conducted among 4755 women aged 15-49, we approached the abortion as a sequence of stages beginning with exposure to a pregnancy, going through a lack of contraceptive use and a declaration of a pregnancy as “unwanted” by the woman, and ending with abortion. While ethnicity and generation influence certain stages leading to the abortion, women’s religion, marital status and age, educational attainment and parity have significant association with all four stages. Thus, the expected high risk of abortion among educated women results from their higher likelihood at all stages. Even if they are less at risk of a pregnancy, women who have at least two children are more likely to use modern contraception, to declare a pregnancy as unwanted and to end it through abortion, compared to childless women. Even if several unwanted pregnancies occur at younger ages, it is mainly the “out of wedlock” character of the pregnancy that leads it to be considered as unwanted and to be interrupted. In addition, women who had a previous abortion or who used contraception are more likely to resort to abortion. The study also shows that the partner often supports the woman in the abortion decision-making process, and, in most cases, he pays the related costs. Even though they are clandestine, more than 40 % of abortions in Lomé are performed in healthcare centers by medical staff, and by using curettage or aspiration. However, in half of these cases (22 %), abortions had been previously attempted using non-medical methods. Probably to keep the abortion secret, many abortions also take place either at home (36 %) or through traditional therapists (24 %) using non-medical abortion methods. Consequently, almost 60 % of abortions resulted in health complications, leading the majority of women to hospitalization. On the psychological and relational side, we find that most women who have had abortions express regrets and remorse, and also commonly speak of problems between themselves and their parents. In fact, parents are rarely involved in the abortion decision-making and almost never pay the abortion fees. Finally, this study shows that the abortion law is barely known in Lomé. However, being older than 24 years, in a relationship or highly educated, having knowledge of contraceptive methods, having a relative or a friend who had an abortion are associated, other factors being equal, to a better knowledge of the law. By supporting qualitative statements from health professionals and women, the analysis illustrated that, despite its high prevalence in Lomé, abortion remains widely stigmatized. The few professionals and women, who are in favour of its legalization, believe that this would “reduce illegal and unsafe abortions”. Opinion on the legalization of abortion, which remains a sensitive and little studied topic, is influenced by women’s characteristics, especially their religion. In fact, women attending “Pentecostal churches”, which are less tolerant of sexual relations outside marriage, are less likely than Catholics to approve the legalization of abortion. The most educated and older women, those who use contraception, who had an abortion or know someone who had an abortion, are also more likely to have such positive attitude.