The ability of the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus ostreatusto degrade 4 pharmaceutical drugs and 5 compounds which are either used during drug manufacturing or are created as by-products was studied. These compounds were detected in groundwater near a drug manufacturing plant. The maximum concentration levels of the selected compounds in tested groundwater samples variedfrom0.23 µg/lto 227.87 µg/l apart from 1 compound which was not detected in any sample. The degradation efficiency of P. ostreatus was examined with individual compounds as well as with the mixture of all 9 compounds. When degrading individual compounds P. ostreatus lowered the initial concentration (10 mg/l) of 5 compounds by 62-100% after 14-day cultivation in malt extract-glucose medium. When degrading the compound mixture P. ostreatus lowered the initial concentration (2 mg/l of each compound) of 5 compounds by 50-100% after 14-day cultivation in malt extract-glucose medium. Acute toxicity tests with Vibrio fischeri suggest the formation of metabolites which are more toxic than the original compounds. The EC50 value for individual compounds during toxicity tests with Vibrio fischeri was 5.45-131.98 mg/l. Keywords:biodegradation, pharmaceuticals, ligninolytic fungi, Pleurotus ostreatus, groundwater, toxicity, Vibrio fischeri

A indagação do uso de psicofármacos no viver cotidiano foi o eixo disparador de experimentações que aconteceram em processos coletivos grupais - a partir da proposta da Gestão Autônoma da Medicação - com usuários de drogas psiquiátricas e trabalhadores de serviços de saúde pública, no período de quinze meses, em um CAPS Adulto, um CAPS Álcool e Drogas e duas UBS na cidade de São Paulo. A autonomia foi a questão norteadora e o critério permanente de conduta e análise de implicação nestes processos acompanhados segundo uma abordagem cartográfica. Os participantes foram convidados a ser pesquisadores que indagam, tateiam problemas e decidem os rumos da pesquisa em que o pesquisador acadêmico teve função de moderador e algumas vezes de apoiador de trabalhadores-moderadores. Nestes processos foram tratados diferentes focos de investigação: a epidemia das drogas psiquiátricas promovida pelo sistema de saúde; as tecnologias de saber e poder que constituem a experiência de doença e o lugar de paciente psiquiátrico; sintomas físicos e mentais produzidos com o uso de medicação; a violência do poder psiquiátrico contra a loucura e do racismo de Estado contra usuários de álcool e outras drogas; o estigma do inválido mental, a exclusão do mundo do trabalho e dificuldade de acesso aos direitos sociais; os efeitos da experiência de contração de grupalidade e da convivência no aumento da autonomia, potência de vida e redução de danos. Tais temas foram compostos coletivamente, num plano comum de experimentações intensivas, isto é, que aconteceram num regime de afetabilidade, de trânsitos e emergência de novas formas de agir e ser com o outro. / The investigation of the use of psychoactive drugs in everyday life was the triggering point for experiments that took place in collective group processes - based on the proposal of Autonomous Medication Management - with psychiatric drug users and public health service workers, in the period of fifteen months, in a psychosocial care center for adults, a psychosocial care center for alcohol and drug users and two units of primary health care, in São Paulo city. Autonomy was the guiding question and the permanent criterion of conduct and analysis of implication in these processes followed according to a cartographic perspective. Participants were invited to be researchers who inquire and decide the course of research in which the academic researcher has served as moderator and sometimes as a supporter of workermoderators. In these processes different research focuses were treated: the psychiatric drug epidemic promoted by the health system; the technologies of knowledge and power that constitute the experience of disease and the place of psychiatric patient; physical and mental symptoms produced with the use of medication; the violence of psychiatric power against madness and state racism against drug addicts; the stigma of the mental invalid, the exclusion of the access to work and the difficulty of access to social rights; the effects of the experience of group conviviality in the increase of the autonomy, potency of life and conduct of reduction of damages. Such themes were collectively composed in a common plan of intensive experiments, that is, they happened in a regime of affability, of transits and emergence of new ways of acting and being with the other.

A indagação do uso de psicofármacos no viver cotidiano foi o eixo disparador de experimentações que aconteceram em processos coletivos grupais - a partir da proposta da Gestão Autônoma da Medicação - com usuários de drogas psiquiátricas e trabalhadores de serviços de saúde pública, no período de quinze meses, em um CAPS Adulto, um CAPS Álcool e Drogas e duas UBS na cidade de São Paulo. A autonomia foi a questão norteadora e o critério permanente de conduta e análise de implicação nestes processos acompanhados segundo uma abordagem cartográfica. Os participantes foram convidados a ser pesquisadores que indagam, tateiam problemas e decidem os rumos da pesquisa em que o pesquisador acadêmico teve função de moderador e algumas vezes de apoiador de trabalhadores-moderadores. Nestes processos foram tratados diferentes focos de investigação: a epidemia das drogas psiquiátricas promovida pelo sistema de saúde; as tecnologias de saber e poder que constituem a experiência de doença e o lugar de paciente psiquiátrico; sintomas físicos e mentais produzidos com o uso de medicação; a violência do poder psiquiátrico contra a loucura e do racismo de Estado contra usuários de álcool e outras drogas; o estigma do inválido mental, a exclusão do mundo do trabalho e dificuldade de acesso aos direitos sociais; os efeitos da experiência de contração de grupalidade e da convivência no aumento da autonomia, potência de vida e redução de danos. Tais temas foram compostos coletivamente, num plano comum de experimentações intensivas, isto é, que aconteceram num regime de afetabilidade, de trânsitos e emergência de novas formas de agir e ser com o outro. / The investigation of the use of psychoactive drugs in everyday life was the triggering point for experiments that took place in collective group processes - based on the proposal of Autonomous Medication Management - with psychiatric drug users and public health service workers, in the period of fifteen months, in a psychosocial care center for adults, a psychosocial care center for alcohol and drug users and two units of primary health care, in São Paulo city. Autonomy was the guiding question and the permanent criterion of conduct and analysis of implication in these processes followed according to a cartographic perspective. Participants were invited to be researchers who inquire and decide the course of research in which the academic researcher has served as moderator and sometimes as a supporter of workermoderators. In these processes different research focuses were treated: the psychiatric drug epidemic promoted by the health system; the technologies of knowledge and power that constitute the experience of disease and the place of psychiatric patient; physical and mental symptoms produced with the use of medication; the violence of psychiatric power against madness and state racism against drug addicts; the stigma of the mental invalid, the exclusion of the access to work and the difficulty of access to social rights; the effects of the experience of group conviviality in the increase of the autonomy, potency of life and conduct of reduction of damages. Such themes were collectively composed in a common plan of intensive experiments, that is, they happened in a regime of affability, of transits and emergence of new ways of acting and being with the other.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2175947 bytes, checksum: 976f66e936aee47ebff24e70dd90795d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Heterocyclic compounds are found in many drugs with several therapeutic purposes, particularly in hydantoin derivatives. These derivatives, such as imidazolidine pharmaceuticals are employed as: anticonvulsants, cicatrizants, muscle relaxants, antimicrobials and antitumorals. Previous studies, using behavioral methodologies, have demonstrated that HPA-05 (3-phenyl-5-(4-methylphenyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione) presented depressant actions on the CNS (Central Nervous System) with indications such as antinociceptives. These results have guided this work to a better study of the therapeutic activity of HPA-05 in pain relief. The dose of 200 mg/Kg of HPA-05, through i.p., does not involve the participation of K+ATP receptors in its mechanisms of action, neither GABAA receptors, it is not exerted by the cholinergic pathway and also does not involve the glutamatergic pathway, since the treatment with the substance under study does not reduce the duration of paw licking at any phases in the formalin test. The pretreatment of the animals with L-arginine was capable of reversing the antinociceptive effect of HPA-05 in the first phase of the formalin test, which involves the dopamine D2 receptors in the second phase and the interaction of caffeine with HPA-05, showing a reversion of the antinociceptive effect of HPA-05 in the first phase of the formalin test. The results with HPA-05 were effective in inhibiting the latency of convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol and by auricular electroshock, what indicates to show profile of anticonvulsant drugs in these tests. In the Elevated Plus Maze test, it has not been observed any behavioral modification indicating a possible anxiolytic effect. In the peritonitis induced by carrageenan, there was a reduction in the levels of leukocytes and neutrophils in the intraperitoneal cavity of the treated animals, demonstrating the anti-inflammatory activity of HPA-05. The results shown in this study have evidenced a promising effect of HPA-05 as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant agent. / Os compostos heterocíclicos são encontrados em muitos medicamentos com finalidades terapêuticas diversas, tendo destaque os derivados da hidantoína. Estes derivados, tais como os fármacos imidazolidínicos, são empregados como anticonvulsivantes, cicatrizantes, miorrelaxantes, antimicrobianos e antitumorais. Estudos anteriores, realizados por SALGADO, 2011, utilizando metodologias comportamentais, demonstraram que a HPA-05 (3-fenil-5-(4-metilfenil)-imidazolidin - 2,4 - diona) apresenta ações depressoras sobre o SNC (Sistema Nervoso Central) com indicações antinociceptivas. Estes resultados revelaram a necessidade de aprofundar o trabalho no sentido de que a atividade terapêutica para o alívio da dor da HPA - 05 fosse melhor estudada, além de complementar o estudo psicofarmacológico da mesma. A dose de 200 mg/Kg da HPA-05, via i.p., não envolve a participação dos receptores K+ATP no seu mecanismo de ação, nem receptores GABAA, não é exercida pela via colinérgica e também não envolve a via glutamatérgica, visto que o tratamento com a substância em estudo não reduz o tempo de lambida da pata em nenhuma das fases no teste da formalina. O pré-tratamento dos animais com L-arginina foi capaz de reverter o efeito antinociceptivo da HPA - 05 na primeira fase do teste da formalina, o qual envolve os receptores D2 da dopamina na segunda fase e a interação da cafeína com a HPA 05, mostrando uma reversão do efeito antinociceptivo da HPA - 05, na primeira fase do teste da formalina. Os resultados com a HPA-05 se mostraram efetivos em inibir a latência das convulsões induzidas pelo pentilenotetrazol e pelo eletrochoque auricular, o que indica apresentar perfil de drogas anticonvulsivantes. No teste do Labirinto em Cruz Elevado, não foi observado nenhuma modificação comportamental indicativa de um possível efeito ansiolítico. Na peritonite induzida pela carragenina, houve redução na quantidade de leucócitos e neutrófilos na cavidade intraperitoneal dos animais tratados, revelando a atividade anti-inflamatória da HPA - 05. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo evidenciaram um efeito promissor da HPA - 05 como substância analgésica, anti-inflamatória e anticonvulsivante.

In this dissertation, I focus on the social response of criminalization and incarceration to the problem of heroin use among women in Massachusetts in the ongoing era of the United States' "War on Drugs." Based on fieldwork conducted between 2010-2014, I argue that the convergence of therapeutic ideals with the prison system creates a means of governing and regulating these women's lives via what I call the "carceral therapeutic state." I examine various facets of treatment programs in the state women's prison, MCI-Framingham, and a local Boston jail, Suffolk County House of Corrections, including drug treatment, trauma treatment and work readiness programs. I consider how and why these programs in prisons and jails have become means to centralize and solidify the criminal justice system as the predominant site of addiction and mental health treatment for poor women on drugs. / Anthropology