Experiments investigating complex flows in rod bundles with spacer grids that have mixing devices (such as flow mixing vanes) have mostly been performed using single-point measurements. Although these measurements allow local comparisons of experimental and numerical data they provide little insight because the discrepancies can be due to the integrated effects of many complex flow phenomena such as wake-wake, wake-vane, and vane-boundary layer interactions occurring simultaneously in a complex flow environment. In order to validate the simulations results, detailed comparison with experimental data must be done. This work describes an experimental database obtained using Time Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (TR-PIV) measurements within a 5 x 5 rod bundle with spacer-grids. Measurements were performed using two different grid designs. One typical of Boiling Water Reactors (BWR) with swirl type mixing vanes and the other typical of Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) with split type mixing vanes. High quality data was obtained in the vicinity of the grid using the multi-scale approach. One of the unique characteristic of this set-up is the use of the Matched Index of Refraction (MIR) technique employed in this investigation. This approach allows the use of high temporal and spatial non-intrusive dynamic measurement techniques to investigate the flow evolution below and immediately above the spacer. The experimental data presented includes explanation of the various cases tested such as test rig dimensions, measurement zones, the test equipment and the boundary conditions in order to provide appropriate data for comparison with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. Turbulence parameters of the obtained data are analyzed in order to gain insight of the physical phenomena. The shape of the velocity profile at various distances from the spacer show important modifications passing the grid which delineates the significant effects of the presence of the grid spacer. Influence of the vanes wake in the global velocity was quantified to be up to a distance of 4 hydraulic diameters from the edge of the grid.Spatial and temporal correlations in the two measured dimensions were performed to quantify the time and length scales present in the flow in the vicinity of the grids and its influence in the flow modification induced by the vanes. Detection of vortex cores was performed using the vorticity, swirl strength and Galilean decomposition approach. The resulted cores were then tracked in time, in order to observe the evolution of the structures under the influence of the vanes for each grid. Vortex stretching was quantified in order to gain insight of the energy dissipation process normally associated with the phenomena. This work presents data in a single-phase flow situation and an analysis of these data for understanding complex flow structure. This data provide for the first time detailed temporal velocity full field which can be used to validate CFD codes.

<p dir="ltr">Particle tracking velocimetry, also known as PTV, is a technology to measure velocity and study the flow field in fluid by observing change in position of individual tracer particles over time. A laser sheet illuminates a thin layer of the sample, in which particles emit fluorescent light and are visible to the camera. Particles at different distances from the microscope lens focal plane are visible, because particle diameter is much smaller than the thickness of laser sheet in micro-scale. The defocused distance changes the shape of particle seen by the camera. Analyzing particle shapes and obtaining the defocused distance of particles completes the third dimension of PTV with the use of a single camera. One approach to obtain defocused distance from particle shape is by comparing particle shapes with calibration images of known defocused distance. The accuracy of PTV relies on the collection of proper calibration images. There are three methods involved in this work. The first approach is to use synthetic images generated by solving Lommel differential equations, which describe the intensity distribution of particles under the impact of defocusing aberration. It was later discovered that the point source assumption inherent in Lommel function causes inaccuracy in generated calibration images. The second approach captures particle images while manually shifting the microscope stage in the z-direction. This approach causes systematic error by ignoring the refractive index of the immersion medium. The third approach is to use a microscale reference ramp as calibration target. Results are experimentally compared with particle shapes obtained from pressure driven flow with known velocity profile.</p>

De part leur ubiquité et les nombreux paramètres physiques les caractérisant, les suspensions concentrées (i.e. la dispersion de grains solides dans une matrice fluide) présentent des propriétés rhéologiques vastes et complexes. Cette étude se limite à des suspensions modèles de sphères rigides non colloïdales immergées dans un fluide newtonien, et à des écoulements où l'inertie et le mouvement brownien peuvent être négligés. Ce manuscrit présente une étude expérimentale de la microstructure des suspensions non-browniennes en écoulement et de son lien avec leur réponse rhéologique. Il explore le rôle important joué par les contacts dans la réponse mécanique de ces matériaux. Deux dispositifs expérimentaux ont pour cela été mis au point. Le premier, dit de rhéométrie locale, accède aux champs de vitesse de l'écoulement et aux quantités rhéologiques du matériau par le biais d'une technique de vélocimétrie par imagerie de particules. Le second permet, grâce au suivi individuel des sphères solides, de réaliser une mesure directe de la microstructure de la suspension. Une étude en rhéométrie locale du régime transitoire mesuré après une inversion de cisaillement montre que la viscosité d'une suspension chute avant de revenir à la valeur du régime permanent. Alors que la viscosité à l'état stationnaire diverge avec une loi de puissance d'exposant -2 lorsque la concentration s'approche de la concentration de blocage, la viscosité minimale diverge avec un exposant -1. Ce résultat, mis en parallèle avec d'autres études de la littérature, montre le rôle important des contacts et de la microstructure sur la rhéologie des suspensions. La microstructure est étudiée à travers la fonction de distribution de paires. Pour des suspensions diluées l'asymétrie amont-aval et l'inclinaison de la zone de déplétion est très bien reproduite par un modèle à deux particules et apportent une preuve d'un contact entre les sphères via les rugosités. A forte concentration, en plus d'une inclinaison de la zone de déplétion vers l'axe de dilatation, il apparaît une zone d'accumulation dans la direction de la vitesse.

<p>    </p> <p>Cerebral aneurysms are presented in 3-5% of the population and account for approximately 10% of all strokes. The clinical decision on treating unruptured aneurysms should not be taken lightly because a majority of the asymptomatic cerebral aneurysm will not rupture, while both endovascular and microsurgical treatments carry the risk of morbidity and mortality. Thus, there is a need for objective risk assessment to reliably predict the high-risk aneurysms to intervene. Recent studies have found that the blood flow hemodynamic metrics such as pressure and wall shear stress (WSS) are related to the growth and rupture of the aneurysms. 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures time-resolved three-dimensional velocity fields in the aneurysms <em>in vivo</em>, allowing for the evaluation of hemodynamic parameters. This work presents the developments of flow-physics constrained data enhancement and augmentation methods for 4D flow MRI to assist the risk stratification of cerebral aneurysms. First, a phase unwrapping and denoising method is introduced to enhance the dynamic range and accuracy of 4D flow MRI velocity measurement by incorporating the divergence-free constraint of incompressible flow. Moreover, methods are developed to improve the estimation of hemodynamic parameters from 4D flow data including pressure and WSS. The pressure reconstruction method is also applied to the flow data acquired using particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) and shows superior performance as compared to the existing methods by solving the pressure Poisson equation. We also proposed a framework to estimate the uncertainty of the PIV/PTV based pressure estimation by propagating the velocity uncertainty. In addition, a multi-modality approach is introduced to enhances the resolution and accuracy of 4D flow data with sparse representation, which improves the reliability of the hemodynamic evaluation. Finally, we present a method to measure the left ventricular flow propagation velocity from cardiac imaging to help in assessing the diastolic function. </p>

Although liquid ventilation has been researched and studied for the last six decades, it did not achieve its expected optimal performance. Within this work, a deeper understanding of the fluid dynamics during liquid ventilation shall be gathered to extend the already available clinical knowledge about this ventilation strategy. In order to reach this goal, advanced optical flow measurement techniques are applied in different models of the human conductive airways to obtain global velocity fields, identifying prominent flow structures and to determine important dissolved oxygen transport paths. As the velocity measurements revealed, the evolving flow field is strongly dominated by secondary flow effects and is highly dependent on the local airway geometry. During the visualization experiments of the dissolved oxygen concentration fields, different transportation paths occur at inspirational and expirational flow. The initial concentration distribution can be linked to the underlying flow fields but decouples after the peak velocity phases. With higher flow rates/ tidal volumes, a more homogeneously distributed oxygen concentration can be reached.:List of Figures ....................................................................................... VII List of Tables ........................................................................................XIII Nomenclature ........................................................................................ XV 1 Introduction......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation ........................................................................................1 1.2 Research objectives........................................................................... 3 1.3 Outline............................................................................................ 4 2 State of the art .................................................................................... 5 2.1 Liquid Ventilation............................................................................. 5 2.2 In vitro modeling.............................................................................. 8 2.3 Flow measurements ......................................................................... 11 2.4 Gas transport..................................................................................13 3 Flow field measurements ................................................................... 16 3.1 Hydrodynamic Model.......................................................................16 3.1.1 Lung replica ..........................................................................16 3.1.2 Flow parameter .....................................................................18 3.1.3 Limitations ...........................................................................22 3.2 Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) ................................................24 3.2.1 Measurement principle ...........................................................24 3.2.2 Double-frame 2D-PTV ...........................................................25 3.2.3 Time-resolved 3D-PTV ..........................................................28 3.2.4 Phase-locked ensemble PTV ................................................... 31 3.3 Experimental set-up and measurement procedure ...............................33 3.3.1 Lung flow facility...................................................................33 3.3.2 2D-PTV configuration............................................................36 3.3.3 3D-PTV configuration............................................................36 3.4 Results & Discussion........................................................................38 3.4.1 Artificial lung........................................................................38 3.4.2 Realistic lung ........................................................................52 3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................59 4 Oxygen transport ...............................................................................61 4.1 Hydrodynamic Model....................................................................... 61 4.1.1 Lung replica .......................................................................... 61 4.1.2 Flow parameter .....................................................................62 4.1.3 Limitations ...........................................................................65 4.2 Oxygen Sensitive Dye ......................................................................66 4.3 Experimental set-up......................................................................... 71 4.4 Results & Discussion........................................................................75 4.4.1 Constant flow rate .................................................................75 4.4.2 Oscillatory flow .....................................................................83 4.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................90 5 Summary............................................................................................ 92 6 Outlook .............................................................................................. 95 Bibliography ............................................................................................ 97 / Trotz intensiver Forschung in den letzten sechs Jahrzehnten, befindet sich die Flüssigkeitsbeatmung immernoch weit entfernt vom klinischen Alltag. Mit dieser Arbeit soll ein Beitrag geleistet werden, um das Wissen um die strömungsmechanischen Effekte während der Flüssigkeitsbeatmung zu vertiefen. Dazu werden verschiedene Modellexperimente durchgeführt, bei welchen moderne laseroptische Strömungsmessmethoden zum Einsatz kommen. Untersucht werden dabei unterschiedlich komplexe Geometrien der leitenden menschlichen Atemwege mit dem Ziel wesentliche Strömungsstrukturen, globale Geschwindigkeitsfelder und wichtige Transportwege des gelösten Sauerstoffs zu identifiziern. Die Geschwindigkeitsmessungen zeigen ein stark durch sekundäre Strömungseffekte dominiertes Geschwindigkeitsfeld, welches wesentlich von der lokalen Geometrie abhängig ist. Durch die qualitative und quantitative Erfassung der gelösten Sauerstoffkonzentrationsfelder können wichtige Transportwege aufgedeckt werden. Diese unterscheiden sich deutlich zwischen inspiratorischer und expiratorischer Strömungsrichtung. Die initialen Konzentrationsfelder stimmen mit den unterliegenden Geschwindigkeitsfeldern überein, unterscheiden sich ab der verzögernden Strömungsphase jedoch. Höhere Volumenströme/Tidalvolumen tragen dabei zu einer gleichmäßigeren Konzentrationsverteilung bei.:List of Figures ....................................................................................... VII List of Tables ........................................................................................XIII Nomenclature ........................................................................................ XV 1 Introduction......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation ........................................................................................1 1.2 Research objectives........................................................................... 3 1.3 Outline............................................................................................ 4 2 State of the art .................................................................................... 5 2.1 Liquid Ventilation............................................................................. 5 2.2 In vitro modeling.............................................................................. 8 2.3 Flow measurements ......................................................................... 11 2.4 Gas transport..................................................................................13 3 Flow field measurements ................................................................... 16 3.1 Hydrodynamic Model.......................................................................16 3.1.1 Lung replica ..........................................................................16 3.1.2 Flow parameter .....................................................................18 3.1.3 Limitations ...........................................................................22 3.2 Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) ................................................24 3.2.1 Measurement principle ...........................................................24 3.2.2 Double-frame 2D-PTV ...........................................................25 3.2.3 Time-resolved 3D-PTV ..........................................................28 3.2.4 Phase-locked ensemble PTV ................................................... 31 3.3 Experimental set-up and measurement procedure ...............................33 3.3.1 Lung flow facility...................................................................33 3.3.2 2D-PTV configuration............................................................36 3.3.3 3D-PTV configuration............................................................36 3.4 Results & Discussion........................................................................38 3.4.1 Artificial lung........................................................................38 3.4.2 Realistic lung ........................................................................52 3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................59 4 Oxygen transport ...............................................................................61 4.1 Hydrodynamic Model....................................................................... 61 4.1.1 Lung replica .......................................................................... 61 4.1.2 Flow parameter .....................................................................62 4.1.3 Limitations ...........................................................................65 4.2 Oxygen Sensitive Dye ......................................................................66 4.3 Experimental set-up......................................................................... 71 4.4 Results & Discussion........................................................................75 4.4.1 Constant flow rate .................................................................75 4.4.2 Oscillatory flow .....................................................................83 4.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................90 5 Summary............................................................................................ 92 6 Outlook .............................................................................................. 95 Bibliography ............................................................................................ 97

Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos nitrados (nitro-HPAs) são potencialmente genotóxicos, por isso existe um grande interesse na determinação analítica desses compostos no material particulado no ar. Os nitro-PAHs são emitidos diretamente para a atmosfera pela combustão incompleta ou podem ser formados in situ a partir dos HPAs precursores. Neste trabalho, são apresentados os resultados obtidos no desenvolvimento de um método de análise de nitro-HPAs (1-nitronaftaleno, 2-nitronaftaleno, 1-nitropireno, 2-nitropireno, 2-nitrofluoranteno, 3-nitrofluoranteno, 1,3-dinitropireno, 1,6- dinitropireno, 2-nitrofluoreno, 6-nitrocriseno, 7-nitrobenzo(a)antraceno, 9- nitroantraceno e 9-nitrofenantreno) por GCxGC. A separação destes compostos por GCxGC pode simplificar a etapa de pré-tratamento do extrato orgânico oriundo do material particulado no ar. A GCxGC promove a separação em duas colunas com mecanismos de separação diferentes, conectadas em série, o que resulta em uma capacidade de separação maior. O sistema GCxGC empregado neste trabalho possui um injetor com programação de temperatura (PTV), um modulador criogênico de dois jatos de CO2 líquido (Dual Jet) e um detector por ionização em chama (FID). A separação foi feita empregando a fase estacionária apolar 5% fenil polisilfenilene siloxano na primeira coluna (30 m / 0,25 mm / 0,25 &#181;m) e a semipolar 14% cianopropilfenil polisiloxano na segunda coluna (1 m / 0,10 mm / 0,10 &#181;m). Diferentes condições cromatográficas foram testadas, como: programação de temperatura no PTV, de 40-90ºC até 350ºC, com taxa de aquecimento de 2,2 e 14,5ºC/s; programação de temperatura no forno, de 40-90ºC até 300ºC, com taxa de aquecimento de 2, 2,5 e 3ºC/min; períodos de modulação de 3, 4 e 5s. O volume injetado foi 2&#181;L, no modo splitless; a vazão do gás de arraste (He) foi constante e igual a 1 mL/min e o detector FID foi operado em 120 Hz. As larguras de pico medidas em 10% da altura variaram de 167 a 350ms para 1- nitronaftaleno e 6-nitrocriseno, respectivamente, e a capacidade de pico para o conjunto de colunas de separação usado foi estimada em cerca de 9800. Parâmetros de validação, tais como os limites de detecção (200 a 500 ng/mL) e de quantificação (650 a 1600 ng/mL) para alguns nitro-HPAs foram determinados. Para a quantificação, foram testados os métodos por padronização interna e externa, sendo que, através dos resultados deste trabalho, pode-se mostrar que a determinação de nitro-HPAs por GCxGC com o modulador empregado é possível se for feita através do método de padronização interna. O sistema GCxGC empregado causou dificuldades operacionais, principalmente na conexão das colunas e na modulação. Perdas de massa de analito foram detectadas nas análises por GCxGC, muito provavelmente causadas por uma conexão parcial das colunas. Isso poderia ser evitado se a conexão fosse feita pela fusão das colunas a um conector de vidro adequado a essa finalidade. Picos modulados divididos foram observados com frequência, o que comprometeu a precisão e exatidão dos resultados. A divisão dos picos ocorreu de modo aleatório dificultando a identificação da causa mais provável para a sua ocorrência. Cromatogramas GCxGC de extratos orgânicos não fracionados de particulados no ar, oriundos de queima direta de palha de cana-de-açúcar, de região afetada pela queima de cana-de-açúcar e de área urbana da cidade de São Paulo, mostraram a potencialidade do método / Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are potentially genotoxic, so there is a great interest in the analytical determination of these compounds in airborne particulate matter. The nitro-PAHs are emitted directly into the atmosphere by incomplete combustion or may be formed in situ from PAHs. In this work, results obtained from the development of an analytical method for nitro-PAHs by GCxGC are presented. The nitro-PAHs studied were: 1- nitronaphthalene, 2-nitronaphthalene, 1-nitropyrene, 2-nitropyrene, 2- nitrofluoranthene, 3-nitrofluoranthene, 1,3-dinitropyrene, 1,6-dinitropyrene, 2- nitrofluorene, 6-nitrochrysene, 7-nitrobenzo(a)anthracene, 9-nitroanthracene and 9- nitrophenanthrene. The separation of these compounds by GCxGC should simplify the pretreatment step of the airborne particulate organic extract. In GCxGC two capillary columns of different mechanisms of separation are coupled by an interface called modulator, which increase significantly the chromatographic resolution. The GCxGC system used in this work is equipped with a PTV injector, a dual-stage double jets CO2 cryogenic modulator and a flame ionization detector (FID). The separation was carried out using a nonpolar stationary phase 5% methyl phenyl polysiloxane in the first column (30 m / 0.25 mm / 0.25 &#181;m) and a semipolar 14% cyanopropyl phenyl dimethyl polysiloxane in the second column. Different chromatographic conditions were tested: the PTV was programmed from 40-90ºC to 350ºC at 2.2 and 14.5ºC/s; the oven was programmed from 40-90ºC to 350ºC at 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0ºC/min; the modulation periods tested were 3, 4 and 5s. The injected volume was 2&#181;L in splitless mode, the carrier gas (He) flow rate of 1 mL/min was constant and the FID detector was operated at 120 Hz. Validation parameters, such as the limit of detection (200 - 500 ng/mL) and quantitation (650 - 1600 ng/mL) were determined. For quantification, the internal and external standardization methods were tested, and through the results of this study, it can be shown that the determination of nitro-PAHs by GCxGC with the modulator used is possible if made by internal standardization method. The GCxGC system presented operational difficulties, particularly in the column connection and in the modulation zone. A partial connection of the columns resulted in mass loss of the analytes. The connection of the columns could be more effective if it was made by fusing the columns to a glass connector suitable for this purpose. Divided modulated peaks were frequently observed, which compromised the precision and accuracy of the results. The division of the peaks occurred randomly hindering the identification of the most likely cause for its occurrence. GCxGC chromatograms corresponding to unfractionated organic extracts of airborne particulate material from the sugarcane straw burning, from an area impacted by sugar cane burning emissions and from an urban area of São Paulo City showed the capability of the method.

Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos nitrados (nitro-HPAs) são potencialmente genotóxicos, por isso existe um grande interesse na determinação analítica desses compostos no material particulado no ar. Os nitro-PAHs são emitidos diretamente para a atmosfera pela combustão incompleta ou podem ser formados in situ a partir dos HPAs precursores. Neste trabalho, são apresentados os resultados obtidos no desenvolvimento de um método de análise de nitro-HPAs (1-nitronaftaleno, 2-nitronaftaleno, 1-nitropireno, 2-nitropireno, 2-nitrofluoranteno, 3-nitrofluoranteno, 1,3-dinitropireno, 1,6- dinitropireno, 2-nitrofluoreno, 6-nitrocriseno, 7-nitrobenzo(a)antraceno, 9- nitroantraceno e 9-nitrofenantreno) por GCxGC. A separação destes compostos por GCxGC pode simplificar a etapa de pré-tratamento do extrato orgânico oriundo do material particulado no ar. A GCxGC promove a separação em duas colunas com mecanismos de separação diferentes, conectadas em série, o que resulta em uma capacidade de separação maior. O sistema GCxGC empregado neste trabalho possui um injetor com programação de temperatura (PTV), um modulador criogênico de dois jatos de CO2 líquido (Dual Jet) e um detector por ionização em chama (FID). A separação foi feita empregando a fase estacionária apolar 5% fenil polisilfenilene siloxano na primeira coluna (30 m / 0,25 mm / 0,25 &#181;m) e a semipolar 14% cianopropilfenil polisiloxano na segunda coluna (1 m / 0,10 mm / 0,10 &#181;m). Diferentes condições cromatográficas foram testadas, como: programação de temperatura no PTV, de 40-90ºC até 350ºC, com taxa de aquecimento de 2,2 e 14,5ºC/s; programação de temperatura no forno, de 40-90ºC até 300ºC, com taxa de aquecimento de 2, 2,5 e 3ºC/min; períodos de modulação de 3, 4 e 5s. O volume injetado foi 2&#181;L, no modo splitless; a vazão do gás de arraste (He) foi constante e igual a 1 mL/min e o detector FID foi operado em 120 Hz. As larguras de pico medidas em 10% da altura variaram de 167 a 350ms para 1- nitronaftaleno e 6-nitrocriseno, respectivamente, e a capacidade de pico para o conjunto de colunas de separação usado foi estimada em cerca de 9800. Parâmetros de validação, tais como os limites de detecção (200 a 500 ng/mL) e de quantificação (650 a 1600 ng/mL) para alguns nitro-HPAs foram determinados. Para a quantificação, foram testados os métodos por padronização interna e externa, sendo que, através dos resultados deste trabalho, pode-se mostrar que a determinação de nitro-HPAs por GCxGC com o modulador empregado é possível se for feita através do método de padronização interna. O sistema GCxGC empregado causou dificuldades operacionais, principalmente na conexão das colunas e na modulação. Perdas de massa de analito foram detectadas nas análises por GCxGC, muito provavelmente causadas por uma conexão parcial das colunas. Isso poderia ser evitado se a conexão fosse feita pela fusão das colunas a um conector de vidro adequado a essa finalidade. Picos modulados divididos foram observados com frequência, o que comprometeu a precisão e exatidão dos resultados. A divisão dos picos ocorreu de modo aleatório dificultando a identificação da causa mais provável para a sua ocorrência. Cromatogramas GCxGC de extratos orgânicos não fracionados de particulados no ar, oriundos de queima direta de palha de cana-de-açúcar, de região afetada pela queima de cana-de-açúcar e de área urbana da cidade de São Paulo, mostraram a potencialidade do método / Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are potentially genotoxic, so there is a great interest in the analytical determination of these compounds in airborne particulate matter. The nitro-PAHs are emitted directly into the atmosphere by incomplete combustion or may be formed in situ from PAHs. In this work, results obtained from the development of an analytical method for nitro-PAHs by GCxGC are presented. The nitro-PAHs studied were: 1- nitronaphthalene, 2-nitronaphthalene, 1-nitropyrene, 2-nitropyrene, 2- nitrofluoranthene, 3-nitrofluoranthene, 1,3-dinitropyrene, 1,6-dinitropyrene, 2- nitrofluorene, 6-nitrochrysene, 7-nitrobenzo(a)anthracene, 9-nitroanthracene and 9- nitrophenanthrene. The separation of these compounds by GCxGC should simplify the pretreatment step of the airborne particulate organic extract. In GCxGC two capillary columns of different mechanisms of separation are coupled by an interface called modulator, which increase significantly the chromatographic resolution. The GCxGC system used in this work is equipped with a PTV injector, a dual-stage double jets CO2 cryogenic modulator and a flame ionization detector (FID). The separation was carried out using a nonpolar stationary phase 5% methyl phenyl polysiloxane in the first column (30 m / 0.25 mm / 0.25 &#181;m) and a semipolar 14% cyanopropyl phenyl dimethyl polysiloxane in the second column. Different chromatographic conditions were tested: the PTV was programmed from 40-90ºC to 350ºC at 2.2 and 14.5ºC/s; the oven was programmed from 40-90ºC to 350ºC at 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0ºC/min; the modulation periods tested were 3, 4 and 5s. The injected volume was 2&#181;L in splitless mode, the carrier gas (He) flow rate of 1 mL/min was constant and the FID detector was operated at 120 Hz. Validation parameters, such as the limit of detection (200 - 500 ng/mL) and quantitation (650 - 1600 ng/mL) were determined. For quantification, the internal and external standardization methods were tested, and through the results of this study, it can be shown that the determination of nitro-PAHs by GCxGC with the modulator used is possible if made by internal standardization method. The GCxGC system presented operational difficulties, particularly in the column connection and in the modulation zone. A partial connection of the columns resulted in mass loss of the analytes. The connection of the columns could be more effective if it was made by fusing the columns to a glass connector suitable for this purpose. Divided modulated peaks were frequently observed, which compromised the precision and accuracy of the results. The division of the peaks occurred randomly hindering the identification of the most likely cause for its occurrence. GCxGC chromatograms corresponding to unfractionated organic extracts of airborne particulate material from the sugarcane straw burning, from an area impacted by sugar cane burning emissions and from an urban area of São Paulo City showed the capability of the method.

The phenomenon of spray in crossflow is of relevance in gas turbine combustor development. The current work focuses on spray in crossflow rather than liquid jet in crossflow from the standpoint of enhancing fuel dispersion and mixing. Specifically, the first part of the work involves study of spray structure, droplet sizing, and velocimetry for sprays of water and ethanol in a crossflow under ambient conditions. Laser-based diagnostic techniques such as Particle/Droplet Image Analysis (PDIA) and Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) are utilized. Using spray structure images, trajectory equations are derived by multi-variable regression. It is found that the spray trajectory depends only on the two-phase momentum ratio and is independent of other flow parameters. A generalized correlation for the spray trajectory is proposed incorporating the liquid surface tension, which is found to be effective for our data, with water and ethanol, as well as data on Jet-A from the literature for a wide variety of operating conditions. An interesting phenomenon of spatial bifurcation of the spray is observed at low Gas-to-Liquid ratios (GLRs). The reason for this phenomenon is attributed to the co-existence of large and highly deformed ligaments along with much smaller droplets at low GLR conditions. The smaller droplets lose their vertical momentum rapidly leading to lower penetration, whereas the larger ligaments/droplets penetrate much more due to their larger momentum leading to a spatial separation of the two streams. The second part of the study focuses on evaporating sprays in preheated crossflow. Experiments are conducted using ethanol, decane, Jet-A1 fuel, and a two-component surrogate for Jet-A1 fuel. The crossflow air is heated up to 418 K and the effect of evaporation is studied on spray trajectory and droplet sizes. Measured droplet sizes and velocities at two successive locations are used to estimate droplet evaporation lifetimes. Evaporation constant for the d2 law derived from the droplet lifetimes represents the first-ever data for the above-mentioned liquids under forced convective conditions. This data can be used to validate multi-component droplet evaporation models. The last part of the study focuses on Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of the spray in crossflow. The near-nozzle spray structure is investigated experimentally to obtain droplet size and velocity distributions that are used as inputs to the computational model. For the spray in crossflow under ambient conditions, trajectory and droplet sizes at different locations are compared with experimental results. While the predicted trajectory is found to be in good agreement with data, the predicted droplet sizes are larger than the measured values. This is attributed to the implicit assumption in the secondary breakup model that the droplets are spherical, whereas the experimental data in the near-nozzle region clearly shows presence of mostly ligaments and non-spherical droplets, especially for the low GLR cases. A modified breakup model is found to lead to improved agreement in droplet sizes between predictions and measurements. Overall, the experiments and computations have provided significant insight into spray in crossflow phenomenon, and have yielded useful results in terms of validated spray trajectory correlations, droplet evaporation lifetimes under forced convective conditions, and a methodology for simulation of airblast sprays.

La presente investigación está orientada a mejorar los niveles de servicio de una rotonda mediante la optimización de su capacidad, a partir de cambios en los elementos de diseño geométrico. En ese sentido se realizó un análisis y evaluación de la rotonda “Higuereta”, la cual se encuentra ubicada en el distrito de Santiago de Surco, en la ciudad de Lima en Perú. Para ello, se realizó una recopilación de bases teóricas a nivel internacional para conocer los fundamentos del diseño geométrico. Es así que, partiendo de un modelo matemático determinístico proveniente de Reino Unido, Kimber 1980, que asocia los parámetros geométricos con el flujo circulante y demuestra que cualquier cambio en un elemento de diseño geométrico es directamente proporcional a la capacidad, podemos concluir que existe mejoras en los niveles de servicio siempre que realicemos variaciones significativas en la geometría. En la presente investigación se evidenció mejoras de un nivel de servicio “F” hasta uno “D”. Por otro lado, se modeló la rotonda a partir de un software de micro simulación, PTV Vissim 9, con el objetivo de poder reflejar mediante simulaciones el comportamiento real del tráfico antes y después de introducir cambios en los parámetros geométricos. Se concluyó que existe mejoras en los niveles de servicio por acceso, de un “D” a un “C. Finalmente, para tener la certeza que el modelo reflejó la realidad se calibró a través de ajustes en los parámetros de comportamiento del conductor y se validó a partir de un indicador estadístico. / This research is aimed at improving the service levels of a roundabout by optimizing its capacity, based on changes in the geometric design elements. In this sense, an analysis and evaluation of the “Higuereta” roundabout was carried out, which is located in the district of Santiago de Surco, in the city of Lima in Peru. For this, a compilation of theoretical bases was carried out at an international level to know the fundamentals of geometric design. Thus, based on a deterministic mathematical model from the United Kingdom, Kimber 1980, which associates geometric parameters with circulating flow and shows that any change in a geometric design element is directly proportional to capacity, we can conclude that there are improvements. in service levels as long as we make significant variations in geometry. In the present investigation, improvements from a service level “F” to a “D” were evidenced. On the other hand, the roundabout was modeled from a micro simulation software, PTV Vissim 9, with the aim of being able to reflect through simulations the real traffic behavior before and after introducing changes in the geometric parameters. It was concluded that there are improvements in service levels per access, from a “D” to a “C. Finally, to be certain that the model reflected reality, it was calibrated through adjustments in the driver's behavior parameters and validated from a statistical indicator. / Tesis