In this thesis I argue that First Amendment free speech and exercise claims do not grant religious business owners the ability to bypass statutes that prohibit discrimination on sexual orientation and gender identity grounds in areas of public accommodations. My arguments focus on the constitutional claims made in the case Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission. Furthermore, I determine that Congress can rely on both the Commerce Clause and the Fourteenth Amendment to pass legislation that prohibits discrimination on sexual orientation and gender identity grounds in areas of public accommodations. I argue that despite the Court’s holding in the Civil Rights Cases, Congress can regulate discrimination by private actors, not just state sponsored discrimination, through the Fourteenth Amendment. I analyze the potential avenues religious business owners can use to undermine both state and federal antidiscrimination statutes and have their discriminatory practices legally sanctioned. I conclude by arguing that religious exemptions do not belong in antidiscrimination statutes.

網路是現代人「與外界接觸」不可或缺的重要工具，但在這個明眼人居多且多數人皆透過視覺學習與理解事物的世界，許多網站或系統之設計完全未考慮視障者能否使用，當網路對人們的重要性高到不可忽視的地步，甚至網路近用開始牽涉基本權行使和生存資源與機會的分配時，若明眼人皆得以合法近用網路，則基於平等與禁止歧視原則，視障者理應得到相同對待，網站或系統經營者應使其設計滿足「網路無障礙」之要求。而滿足「網路無障礙」之要求需要成本，僅係「鼓勵」難使所有公司、業者皆將「身障數位權利」放在心上並身體力行「網路無障礙」，因此，合理而適當之法律強制規定乃為必需。然而，我國目前雖設有無障礙網站之認證制度，相關法制規範卻未完善，進而導致認證制度之推廣狀況不佳。 目前國內外有關「網路無障礙」之法制相關研究並不多，且也少有回應現代網路實際發展狀況，或從視障者需求出發而為討論，因此本研究希望透過「視障者接觸外界之行為分析」與「網路發展歷程」，構築一個完整的「網路無障礙法制」之討論框架，本研究將視障者網路近用不能之權益侵害歸納為「侵害視障者平等接觸資訊之權利」、「侵害視障者平等接觸著作之權利」與「侵害視障者平等進出或使用（虛擬）空間與設施之權利」。第三章討論視障者「接觸資訊」之權利，雖然現今網路的功能五花八門，但「接觸資訊」仍為其中重要之一環，且許多網路無障礙相關的重要法規皆係以保障「接觸資訊」之權利為基礎，例如：美國二十一世紀通訊與視訊接取無障礙法，此外，著作也是資訊的一種，不同的是著作受到著作權法保護，因此本章也介紹國內外保障視障者接觸著作（尤其數位著作）之法理與法規；第四章則討論視障者「使用網路空間與設施」之權利，這樣的切入點和前兩者不同處在於，其並非以「功能性」之方式針對特定項目而為保障，而是以更加宏觀的角度看待網路，將網路視為能自由進出的「空間」或能使人們達成特定目的的「設施」，目前以這樣觀點而為網路無障礙保障之法規，僅美國身心障礙人士法。 本研究認為，任由視障者因其障礙而成為網路科技發展下的邊緣人，違背近代以「社會模式的障礙」而非「身體能力主義」看待身障者之原則，為促進弱勢族群―特別是視障者近用網路之權益，必須開始重視「網路無障礙」之議題，因此方提出「視障者網路無障礙法制之研究」，也期待本論文之研究，能為此一議題帶來不同思考角度。 / The Internet is an indispensable tool to engage with the outside world. However, there are many websites or systems inaccessible to the visually impaired people due to the design negligence. It may because many engineers only consider the convenience of normal people when designing websites or systems. But when the importance of the Internet is getting higher, even associating with the basic human rights and resource allocation, the Internet users with visual impairments should be treated like the normal people due to the principle of equality and prohibition of discrimination. It means that the websites or systems operators should meet the “Web Accessibility” requirements. Of course, the cost is required, and it can be expected that only “encouragement” is not enough to let people always put “Digital Disability Rights” in mind. Therefore, an appropriate legal mandatory is necessary. In our country, there is a Web Accessibility certification standard while lacking of legal coercion and which leads to poor promotion of the certification standard. There are only a few research focusing on the legal regime of Web Accessibility while usually did not respond to the actual development of modern Internet technology. So we want to build a complete discussion framework for legal regime of Web Accessibility via the analysis of the behaviors of the visually impaired people and the development of the Internet. We classify the right infringements of the web inaccessible to the visually impaired people into the infringements of the rights to equal access to information, copyright works, and cyberspaces/facilities on the Internet. In the chapter 3, we discuss the visually impaired people’ right to access the information. Although the use of Internet is very wide, access the information still play an important role when we talk about Internet nowadays. And we also introduce some laws that protect the right of visually impaired people access the copyright works. In the chapter 4, we discuss the visually impaired people’ right to get into the cyberspaces and to use the facilities on the web. In this chapter, we take a more macro view of the Internet rather than focusing on one or two often used functions. Now the points of Ablebodyism are replaced by the principle of Social Model of Disability and we should not let the visually impaired people become outcast of the technology world. So we propose this research. And hope this research will contribute to enhancing the rights of visually impaired people.