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What is the nature of hybrid governance in the Global South? In the African context, a statecentric conceptualisation of governance fails to capture the nuances and realities of governance where non-state actors often fulfil duties that are traditionally the responsibility of the Weberian state. It is against this background that this dissertation seeks to contribute to hybridity literature by exploring the relationships between the state and the construction industry through a case study of collusion in the South African construction industry to build the 2010 FIFA World Cup stadiums. The research goes beyond arguing for a plurality of governance actors and draws on the concept of hybridity to highlight the contestations that characterise the relationship between the different governance actors. The original contribution to hybridity literature made by this research lies in examining how the state and the construction industry enact authority in a setting of hybrid governance. To analyse the process of hybridisation I draw on the concepts of corruption, authority and governmentality as lenses through which to analyse the rationalities, strategies and practices used in the enactment of authority. The research findings reveal that the process of hybridisation as the state and construction industry articulate authority is characterised by contradictions, blurring and boundary-making. The findings suggest that the manifestations of these characteristics during hybridisation is context specific and should be empirically determined.

Le licenciement disciplinaire du salarié protégé est une activité sous contrôle. Elle implique d’autres acteurs que les parties au contrat. Elle ne concerne pas que l’employeur et le salarié. Le licenciement doit être autorisé par une décision préalable de l’inspection du travail. Cet acte administratif est contestable devant les juridictions administratives. Le législateur s’immisce aussi dans le processus par son pouvoir d’amnistie. Le contrôle du licenciement disciplinaire du salarié protégé mobilise toutes les forces de l’Etat et concerne les pouvoirs exécutifs, législatifs et judiciaires. Ce dispositif exceptionnel répond au besoin de protection d’une certaine catégorie de salarié. Par son activité syndicale, le salarié protégé est plus exposé au licenciement. Il n’en reste pas moins que la protection dont il dispose actuellement est déséquilibrée, surtout en matière disciplinaire. La procédure de licenciement disciplinaire du salarié protégé entraine pertes d’efficiences et violations de droits élémentaires. Elle ignore le principe de responsabilité au sein de l’entreprise, par la tolérance de fautes qui auraient pu justifier un licenciement. L’immixtion étatique dans le licenciement disciplinaire du salarié protégé s’appuie sur des mécanismes perfectibles. Il importe d’identifier les défauts majeurs de cette procédure : complexité administrative, indulgence parfois excessive face à la faute, méconnaissance de garanties procédurales élémentaires. Passé ce diagnostic, certaines pistes d’amélioration pourront être suggérées. A l’heure où les pouvoirs publics désirent créer un environnement compétitif pour les entreprises, l’optimisation du contrôle du licenciement du salarié protégé est sans doute une préoccupation d’avenir. / Pas de résumé en anglais

Includes bibliographical references / A large amount of people in South Africa earn their living from recycling waste on landfills or the streets in cities across the country. Much is written about those operating on landfills, although a few studies focus on those operating on the streets. The latter studies largely focus on the socio-economic conditions and collective organising capacity of these informal sector workers, and their relationships with other actors. Although, these studies provide a useful resource for understanding the nature of their work and the contexts in which it emerges, very little is known about how their work is regulated. With this in mind, this thesis asks the following research question; how are informal activities regulated in the city? Drawing on the idea of non-humans as actors (in Actor Network Theory terms) this thesis argues that informal activities are regulated by hybrid modes of regulation that include human/non-human and formal and informal assemblages. The research was conducted between 2008 and 2014. It made use of qualitative methodologies and approaches, i.e. semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and documentary analysis, as methods of data collection. The findings of the research reveal that informal activities are regulated in the followings ways. Firstly, it shows that objects such as trolleys, carthorses, bakkies and storage facilities are regulators that actively enabled or constrained informal waste activities. Secondly, the findings suggest that these nonhumans play an active role in organising the spaces where informal waste activities are carried out. Finally, the findings show that these nonhumans also play an active role in how informal waste collectors build alliances through assembling hybrid collectives of humans and non-humans in order to mobilise resources. The main finding in this study is that regulation in the urban informal economy is constituted by human/non-human and formal/informal assemblages. Including the non-human in the analysis of regulation in the urban informal economy is important because it contributes to a better understanding of regulation in the urban informal economy. It does so by highlighting that regulation in the urban informal economy is not only based on human social relations consisting of rules, norms, and institutions but is constitutive of assemblages that involve all actors (both human and non-humans).

This paper takes the view that the substance of that knowledge and information is to be found with the very women we are concerned with. It seeks to investigate this by eliciting the experiences of women who have entered the profession, specifically the advocate’s profession, more commonly known as the Bar. Closer scrutiny of women in the profession in this way will determine whether and to what extent patriarchal normative attitudes still operative in the legal profession.

In light of the contextual realities of school violence, the aim of this paper is to provide an analytical map of the security arrangements at schools in a particular area, namely Khayelitsha. The question is not whether these arrangements are failing (as will be made clear by the evidence provided in chapter four) but rather why and how they are failing. The task of identifying these gaps in an accurate and sufficiently nuanced way would be impossibly large if the scope of the study were all schools in South Africa. Furthermore, in order to be able to make precise recommendations and implement effective interventions, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of the particular issues faced by particular schools, rather than schools in general. As such, I have chosen to narrow the scope of the study to one area where violence in schools has been shown to be particularly prevalent. The area in question is a large township located on the outskirts of the City of Cape Town called Khayelitsha. This area has been chosen not only to narrow the scope of the study, but also because policing in Khayelitsha has recently been the topic of an extensive Commission of Inquiry.

Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Includes bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation analyses and investigates how virtual property functions inside virtual worlds. It also determines if, within that context, virtual property is similar to, or should be treated like real world property. The questions that are addressed include the following. What is the (real world) legal status of property in virtual worlds? Is it worthwhile to recognise and protect virtual property in real world law? Is it possible to recognise and protect virtual property in real world law, given the differences? Would recognition and protection of virtual property in real world law require or be restricted to instances where virtual property is or can be recognised as real rights? The dissertation finds that there is a definable concept of “virtual property” as it is encountered in virtual worlds and there is a great degree of similarity between the function of property in virtual and real world systems. There are also sufficient justifications (social, economic and normative) to recognise virtual property as property. Even though the function of property is similar in both systems, the similarities are undermined by the absence, complete or almost complete, of real rights in virtual worlds. This creates a problem since, in real world law, real rights enjoy stronger protection than weaker personal rights. The first reason for this absence of real rights stems from the unique (and mostly uncircumventable) nature of game-code that removes the necessity to make all rights in virtual worlds real rights. The second reason relates to the fact that most virtual world rights are completely derived from and regulated by contract. It is concluded that it is possible to recognise and protect virtual property by means of traditional private law property law (both Roman-Germanic and Anglo-American), constitutional property law, and criminal law. While criminal law will fill some gaps left by the absence of real rights, the rest that are left are contractual rights. In certain circumstances, these contractual rights may be strong enough and in other cases they may require support from special legislation that strengthens weak personal rights and makes them into stronger property-like rights. In constitutional cases, these rights derive support from constitutional property law. However, in other circumstances recognition and protection will probably require recognition of real rights. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif analiseer en ondersoek hoe virtuele eiendom in virtuele wêrelde werk. Dit gee ʼn oorsig oor die vraag of virtuele eiendom, in daardie konteks, vergelykbaar is met eiendom in die regte wêreld en dieselfde erkenning moet ontvang. Die volgende vrae word gestel en beantwoord. Wat is die (regte wêreld-) status van eiendom in ʼn virtuele wêreld? Is dit die moeite werd om virtuele eiendom in die regte wêreld-regstelsels te erken en te beskerm? Is dit moontlik om virtuele eiendom in die regte wêreld te erken en beskerm, gegewe die verskille? Sal erkenning en beskerming van virtuele eiendom in die regte wêreld-regstelsels vereis dat, of beperk word tot gevalle waar virtuele eiendom geïdentifiseer of erken word as saaklike regte? Die navorsing toon aan dat daar ʼn bepaalde konsep van virtuele eiendom is soos wat dit in virtuele wêrelde gevind word. Daar is ook ʼn merkbare ooreenkoms tussen die eiendomstelsels in die virtuele en regte wêrelde. Hierdie proefskrif bevind dat daar genoegsame regverdigingsgronde is (sosiaal, ekonomies, sowel as normatief) om regte wêreld-eiendomserkenning aan virtuele eiendom te verskaf. Alhoewel die funksie van eiendom dieselfde is in beide stelsels, word die ooreenkomste tussen hulle ondermyn deur die (algehele of amper algehele) tekort aan saaklike regte in die virtuele wêreld. Dit veroorsaak probleme, aangesien saaklike regte in die regte wêreld aansienlik sterker beskerming geniet as swakker persoonlike regte. Die redes vir hierdie tekort aan saaklike regte in ʼn virtuele wêreld is tweeledig. Eerstens veroorsaak die unieke aard van rekenaar-kode ʼn tekort aan saaklike regte binne die virtuele wêreld, aangesien die kode die bestaan van saaklike regte in meeste gevalle onnodig maak. Tweedens word meeste van die regte wat verkry word en bestaan in virtuele wêrelde geskep en gereguleer deur middel van kontrak. Daar word ook bevind dat dit moontlik is om aan virtuele eiendom erkenning en beskerming te gee deur middel van tradisionele privaatregtelike eiendom (beide Romeins-Germaans en Anglo-Amerikaans), konstitusionele eiendom en die strafreg. Strafreg kan egter slegs sekere gapings vul wat deur die tekort aan saaklike regte veroorsaak word. Die oorblywende regte sal egter persoonlike regte wees. In sekere omstandighede is dit moontlik dat hierdie persoonlike regte sterk genoeg sal wees, maar in ander gevalle sal dit nodig wees dat hul ondersteun word deur middel van die proklamasie van spesiale wetgewing wat swak persoonlike regte in die virtuele eiendom versterk tot eiendoms-agtige regte. In ander gevalle geniet hierdie regte beskerming deur die konstitusionele reg. In ander omstandighede sal dit egter verg dat erkenning en beskerming moet plaasvind deur die erkenning van saaklike regte in virtuele eiendom. / South African Research Chair in Property Law (sponsored by the Departement of Science and Technology (DST) / National Research Foundation (NRF) / University of Maastricht‟s Faculty of Law / Ius Commune Research School

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