Public Roads and Their Use Abstract The thesis contains a historical view on the legal regulation of public roads and deals with interpretation and analysis of the legal regulation of basic issues related to public roads and their public use provided in Act No. 13/1997 Sb., on Public Roads, as amended. The thesis also analyses the current legislation in terms of its coherence. In matters where the legislation is found to be insufficient, the thesis also contains proposals de lege ferenda. First chapter of the thesis contains a historical view on the public roads and their legal regulation and second chapter defines road law, its structure and sources, the concept of public road and significance of this concept. Third chapter deals with private law issues related to public roads - the issue of road construction as a thing in the legal sense (application of the superficies solo cedit principle in the current legislation), ownership of roads and the definition of their components and accessories. Fourth chapter of the thesis analyses the current division of roads into categories and classes. It deals mainly with the concept of so-called special-purpose roads, which are regulated by the current legislation only minimally. This chapter also presents issues related to forest and field roads and the relevant...

Sveriges vägnät utgör en viktig del av det sammanhängande transportsystemet. Vägnätet är indelat i tre olika vägtyper, allmän väg, kommunal gata och enskild väg, vilka i sin tur regleras i olika lagstiftningar. För att säkerställa att vägarna är öppna och framkomliga finns det för varje väg en avsedd väghållare som är ansvarig för byggande och driften av vägen. Väghållare för allmän väg är primärt staten (genom Trafikverket), men om det främjar en god och rationell väghållning kan en kommun kan förordnas som väghållare för allmänna vägar inom hela eller delar av kommunen. När en kommun förordnas som allmän väghållare upprättas ett kommunalt väghållningsområde runt huvudorten inom vilket kommunen blir huvudsaklig väghållare.  Genom tillämpning av kombinerade metoder syftar detta arbete till att utifrån en historisk översikt och gällande institutioner översiktligt studera det statliga och kommunala väghållaransvaret, med fokus på allmänna vägar. Arbetet kombinerar en litteraturstudie, en enkätundersökning och ett antal mindre fallstudier, vilka avser att närmare undersöka synen på dagens fördelning av väghållaransvar, förändringar i väghållaransvar mellan stat och kommun, samt de kommunala väghållningsområdena roll och funktion i praktiken.  Arbetet visar på att kommunerna idag generellt ser positivt på det kommunala väghållaransvaret för allmänna vägar. Vid förändringar i väghållaransvaret är det primärt en kommun som övertar ansvaret från staten, och då vanligtvis genom att kommunen övertar vägrätten genom en ändring i det kommunala väghållningsområdet. Att ändringar i väghållaransvar mellan stat och kommun idag kräver överenskommelser, samtidigt som det saknas tvångsmedel, kan ifrågasättas ur både effektivitets- och rättviseaspekter. De incitament som idag framhålls för ett kommunalt väghållaransvar är samhällsekonomiska vinster, dock påpekas det av ett antal kommuner att dessa inte i tillräcklig omfattning kompenserar den ökade ekonomiska bördan.  Vidare har det konstaterats i arbetet att den kommunala kunskapen kring väghållarfrågor är viktig och skulle behöva förbättras. Ökad kompentens samt bättre information ifrån Trafikverket skulle potentiellt kunna leda till att fler samhällsekonomiska ändringar av väghållare genomförs, att fler kommuner engagerar sig i den allmänna väghållningen och att kommunerna i större utsträckning utnyttjar sin roll som allmän väghållare. Dagens regelverk rörande väghållaransvar leder även till en viss splittring av vägnätet inom tätorter då en väg i kommunal väghållning potentiellt kan ändra karaktär mellan allmän väg, gata och enskild väg flera gånger. Något som eventuellt skulle kunna motverkas av en mer enhetlig lagstiftning och större distinktioner mellan statlig och kommunal allmän väghållning. / The road network in Sweden is a crucial part of the overall transportation system. Today, the road network is divided into three different types of roads, public roads, municipal streets and private roads. These different types of roads are in turn regulated by different legislations. To ensure that the roads are open and accessible to the public, there is a designated road manager for each road. The road manager is the responsible party for the construction and operation of roads. The road manager for public roads are primarily the state, but if it promotes rational road maintenance, a municipality can be appointed as public road manager. When municipalities are appointed as road manager for public roads, a municipal road maintenance area is established around the main town, within which the municipality becomes the main road manager.  Based on a historical overview and current institutions, this work aims at studying state and municipal road maintenance responsibility for public roads, using a combined method strategy. The paper combines a literature study, a survey and a number of minor case studies, which all aims to study the distribution of road maintenance responsibility today, changes in road maintenance responsibilities, as well as the function of the municipal road maintenance areas. The results in the thesis shows that the municipalities today generally are positive towards a municipal road maintenance responsibility for public roads. In cases of changes in road maintenance responsibility, the most common case is that a municipality that takes over responsibility from the state. The most common way for a municipality to take over a responsibility for a public road is by changing the municipal road maintenance area, and thereby also taking over the public road right. The fact that changes in road maintenance responsibility between the state and a municipality today require agreements, while there are no compulsory methods, can be questioned from both efficiency and justice aspects. The incentives that today are emphasized for a municipal road maintenance responsibility are mainly of socioeconomic aspects. However, most municipalities emphasize that the economic burden from a road maintenance responsibility today aren’t sufficiently compensated by socioeconomic gains.  Furthermore, it has been found that the municipal knowledge regarding road maintenance issues is important and something that needs to be improved. Increased knowledge could potentially lead to more socioeconomic changes of road managers and that municipalities take greater advantage of their role as public road managers. The current regulations concerning road maintenance may also lead to a certain shattering of the road network within urban areas. This since a road with a municipal road maintenance responsibility can change between being a public road, municipal street and private road multiple times. Something that could potentially be compensated by the use of a more uniform legislation where greater distinctions are made between state and municipal public road maintenance.

Este trabalho aborda a arborização de vias públicas urbanas da cidade de São Paulo como uma solução vantajosa para a ampliação da arborização da cidade, com perspectiva de ganhos quanto aos efeitos paisagísticos e ambientais para todos os bairros paulistanos, mesmo para os mais problemáticos. Por entender que uma das melhores alternativas de viabilizar o aumento da arborização na cidade pode estar no aproveitamento dos espaços livres do sistema viário público urbano, propõe estratégias para ampliação da arborização no conjunto de espaços livres que compõe o sistema viário como um todo. Os procedimentos aqui adotados permitem estabelecer observações críticas sobre o contexto atual da arborização no sistema viário de São Paulo, em contraste com os demais sistemas de espaços livres onde a arborização se insere, trazendo abordagens sobre as concepções que regem o planejamento e a prática atualmente adotados na cidade. / This work approaches the afforestation of urban public roads in the city of São Paulo as an advantageous solution for the expansion of the city \'s afforestation, with prospects of gains regarding landscape and environmental effects for all neighborhoods in São Paulo, even for the most problematic. To understand that one of the best alternatives to enable the increase of afforestation in the city can be in the use of the free spaces of the urban public road system, proposes strategies to expand the afforestation in the set of free spaces that make up the road system as a whole. The procedures adopted here make it possible to establish critical observations about the current context of tree planting in the São Paulo road system, in contrast to the other free space systems where the afforestation is inserted, with approaches on the conceptions that govern the planning and practice currently adopted in the city.

Este trabalho aborda a arborização de vias públicas urbanas da cidade de São Paulo como uma solução vantajosa para a ampliação da arborização da cidade, com perspectiva de ganhos quanto aos efeitos paisagísticos e ambientais para todos os bairros paulistanos, mesmo para os mais problemáticos. Por entender que uma das melhores alternativas de viabilizar o aumento da arborização na cidade pode estar no aproveitamento dos espaços livres do sistema viário público urbano, propõe estratégias para ampliação da arborização no conjunto de espaços livres que compõe o sistema viário como um todo. Os procedimentos aqui adotados permitem estabelecer observações críticas sobre o contexto atual da arborização no sistema viário de São Paulo, em contraste com os demais sistemas de espaços livres onde a arborização se insere, trazendo abordagens sobre as concepções que regem o planejamento e a prática atualmente adotados na cidade. / This work approaches the afforestation of urban public roads in the city of São Paulo as an advantageous solution for the expansion of the city \'s afforestation, with prospects of gains regarding landscape and environmental effects for all neighborhoods in São Paulo, even for the most problematic. To understand that one of the best alternatives to enable the increase of afforestation in the city can be in the use of the free spaces of the urban public road system, proposes strategies to expand the afforestation in the set of free spaces that make up the road system as a whole. The procedures adopted here make it possible to establish critical observations about the current context of tree planting in the São Paulo road system, in contrast to the other free space systems where the afforestation is inserted, with approaches on the conceptions that govern the planning and practice currently adopted in the city.