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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Nitric oxide in tuberculosis and leprosy /

Schön, Thomas January 2002 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2002. / Härtill 8 uppsatser.
22

Alterações da resposta inflamatória e mudanças epigenéticas como indicadores dos estágios clínicos da tuberculose pulmonar / Alterations in the inflammatory response and epigenetic changes as indicators of clinical stages of pulmonary tuberculosis

Zambuzi, Fabiana Albani 24 February 2015 (has links)
A tuberculose representa um sério problema de Saúde Pública para o Brasil e o mundo. Estima-se que cerca de um terço da população mundial seja infectado pelo bacilo, sendo que 95% destes indivíduos desenvolvem a forma latente da tuberculose. Dessa forma, encontrar um marco entre o que faz o bacilo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) induzir no hospedeiro uma doença ativa ou sua forma latente tem sido o objeto de estudo de diferentes grupos de pesquisa. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar mudanças na resposta imune desenvolvida por monócitos de pacientes em diferentes estágios da tuberculose pulmonar com alterações epigenéticas, e então com aspectos clínicos de cada estágio. Nosso estudo incluiu 17 pacientes com a doença ativa, 14 indivíduos com tuberculose latente e 16 controles não infectados. A partir de sangue periférico, foi coletado plasma para quantificação de citocinas, sCD163 e sCD14. Complementarmente, monócitos foram purificados para avaliação da ativação imune através da quantificação de citocinas e espécies reativas de oxigênio mediante estimulação in vitro com Mtb inativado por calor, bem como PCR array para detectar expressão de enzimas de repressão ou ativação epigenética entre os grupos e avaliação do padrão de metilação global. Pacientes com tuberculose ativa apresentaram níveis plasmáticos elevados de citocinas como IL-6, IP-10, TNF-, IL-12, bem como IL-5. Dentre as citocinas, TNF-, IL-5, IL-6 e IP-10 permitiram diferenciar indivíduos latentes dos pacientes com tuberculose ativa. Também demostramos que maior número de correlações entre as citocinas foi observado nos pacientes com a doença ativa, indicando um estado geral mais ativado do sistema imune. Níveis plasmáticos de sCD163 e sCD14 estavam elevados nos pacientes quando comparados com indivíduos latentes e controles, e poderiam também diferenciar a tuberculose ativa. Tais níveis aumentados correlacionam-se com o estado ativado de monócitos dos pacientes, que produzem maior quantidade de espécies reativas de oxigênio e tendem a produzir mais citocinas inflamatórias, como IL-6 e TNF-. Este perfil parece ser modulado por modificações epigenéticas, uma vez que monócitos de pacientes com tuberculose pareceram mostrar menor expressão de enzimas responsáveis por mudanças relacionadas à repressão e maior expressão de enzimas relacionadas à ativação da expressão gênica, bem como redução no padrão global de metilação do DNA genômico, sugerindo maior atividade destas células. Finalmente, uma vez que pacientes com tuberculose apresentaram níveis elevados de alguns mediadores, correlacionamos estes com o grau de lesão pulmonar, e consequentemente, com a gravidade da doença. Nós mostramos que dentre os marcadores, TNF- e sCD163 correlacionaram-se positivamente com a progressão da tuberculose. Assim, concluímos que em relação aos indivíduos controle e com TB latente, os pacientes com tuberculose ativa apresentam o sistema imune em maior estado de ativação, e ainda, que alterações epigenéticas podem ser as responsáveis pela modulação observada. Dentre os fatores aumentados nos pacientes, TNF-, IL-6, IP-10, IL-5, sCD163 e sCD14 podem diferenciar os pacientes com doença ativa dos demais indivíduos analisados, e ainda sCD163 e TNF- podem atuar como indicativos da gravidade da tuberculose. / Tuberculosis is a major public health problem for Brazil and worldwide. It is estimated that about one third of the world population is infected with the bacillus, and 95% of those individuals have the condition in the latent form. Thus, finding a hallmark between what makes the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) induces in the host an active disease or its latent form has been the subject of different research groups. In this context, the objective of this study was to correlate changes in the immune response developed by monocytes from patients at different stages of pulmonary tuberculosis with epigenetic alterations and then, with clinical aspects of each stage. Our study included 17 patients with active disease, 14 individuals with latent tuberculosis and 16 uninfected controls. From the peripheral blood, plasma was collected for cytokine and CD163s, sCD14 quantification. In addition, monocytes were purified to evaluation of the immune activation through cytokine and reactive oxygen species quantification upon in vitro stimulation with heat-killed Mtb, as well as PCR array for epigenetic repression or activation enzymes were performed to detect epigenetic changes between the groups and evaluation of the global methylation profile. We have shown that patients with active tuberculosis have increased plasma levels of cytokines such as IL-6, IP-10, TNF-, IL-12, as well as IL-5. Among these cytokines, TNF-, IL-5, IL-6 and IP-10 could differentiate latent-infected from TB patients. We also showed that patients with active disease presented higher number of correlations between plasma cytokines, indicating an activated state of the immune system. The plasma levels of sCD163 and sCD14 were more elevated in patients than latent and control individuals, and might differentiate TB active from these other groups. These increased levels of biomarkers correlate with the activated state of monocytes from patients, which produced raised quantities of reactive oxygen species and tended to produced more pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-. This profile seems to be modulated by epigenetic modifications, since monocytes from patients with tuberculosis seemed to show reduced expression of enzymes responsible for changes related to repression and enhanced expression of enzymes responsible for activation of gene expression, and in addition, these patients presented reduction in the percentage of global methylation of genomic DNA, suggesting increased activity of these cells when compared to the other groups. Finally, once tuberculosis patients presented increased levels of some mediators, we correlated these with the degree of lung injury, and consequently tuberculosis severity. We have showed that TNF- and sCD163 were correlated with disease progression in tuberculosis. In conclusion, we demonstrated that patients with active tuberculosis are more activated than the other groups, and epigenetic alterations might be responsible for these modulations, indicated by the alteration of the enzymes and methylation pattern analyzed. Among the cytokines/chemokines differentially expressed TNF-, IL-6, IP-10, IL-5 and monocyte activation markers, sCD163 and sCD14 could discriminate between active disease from others, and also sCD163 and TNF- could indicate tuberculosis severity.
23

Sensibilidade de bactérias do complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis as drogas anti tuberculosas avaliadas por duas metodologias em centro terciário de referência ambulatorial. / Susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to antituberculous drugs by traditional and automated means in diagnosis and treatment of people with tuberculosis.

Almeida, Elisabete Aparecida de 10 December 2009 (has links)
Avaliou-se a aplicação rotineira de um método automatizado TSMA em comparação ao convencional TSMP na determinação da sensibilidade a drogas anti-micobacterianas de 126 isolados clínicos de bactérias do complexo M. tuberculosis. Os isolados clínicos foram divididos em: sem tratamento (NT), tratado anteriormente (RT) e multirresistentes (MDR). A concordância entre TSMP e TSMA, para Rifampicina no NT, foi de 98.3%, p=1.000 e Kappa=0.659. No RT, foi de 94.3%,p=0.625 e Kappa=0.639, no MR, foi de 96.6%, p=0.625 e Kappa=0.651. Para Hidrazida, no NT, foi de 88.5%, p=0.125 e Kappa=0.408 no RT foram de 88.6%, p=0.625 e Kappa=0.645 no de pacientes MR, foi de 86,7%, p=0.625 e Kappa=0.053. Para Estreptomicina no NT, foi de 93.5%, p=0.125 e Kappa=0.635. No RT, foi de 79.4%, p=0.016 e KAPPA=0.296 no MR, foi de 76,6%, p=0.453 e Kappa=0.533. Para Etambutol, no NT, foi de 93.4%, p=0.125 e Kappa=0.315, no RT foi de 94.3%, p=0.500 e Kappa=0.478. No MR, foi de 72.4%, p=0.70ª e Kappa=0.455. A metodologia automatizada mostrou-se mais rápida. / We evaluated the routinely application of an automated system(STAM) and the conventional method (STPM), used to determine the profile of sensitivity to antimycobacterial drugs of 126 clinical isolates of the complex M. tuberculosis. Clinical isolates was group divided into: without treatment (WT), previously treated (PT) and multidrug resistant (MDR).Concordant result between STPM and STAM, for Rifampin, in WT, was 98.3%, p=1.000 and Kappa=0.659. PT, was 94.3%, p=0.625 and Kappa=0.639; in MDR, was 96.6%, p=0.625 and Kappa=0.651. For Hidrazin, WT, was 88.5%, p=0.125 and Kappa=0.408; in PT, 88.6%, p=0.625 and Kappa=0.645; for MDR, 86.7%, p=0.625 and Kappa=0.053. For Streptomycin, PT was 93.5%, p=0.125 and Kappa=0.635. In PT, was 79,5%, p=0.016 and Kappa=0.296; in MDR, 76.6%, p=0.453 and Kappa=0.533. For Ethambutol, WT was 93.4%, p=0.125; in PT 94.3%, p=0.500 and Kappa=0.478. MDR was 72.4%, p=0.70 and kappa=0.455. Evaluation of mycobacterial sensitivity was faster in the automated method when compared with the conventional method.
24

A assistência ao portador de tuberculose pulmonar sob a ótica dos trabalhadores de enfermagem. / Pulmonary tuberculosis patients' nursing care in nursing workers' view.

Bertazone, Érika do Carmo 24 October 2003 (has links)
Estudo descritivo que teve como objetivo analisar os aspectos positivos e negativos relacionados à assistência prestada ao portador de tuberculose pulmonar, com base nos relatos dos trabalhadores de enfermagem de uma unidade de internação (isolamento), do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP. Categorizamos os elementos que compõem os incidentes críticos (situação, comportamento e conseqüência) identificados nos relatos dos trabalhadores de enfermagem, com referências positivas e negativas e analisamos as situações, os comportamentos e as conseqüências positivas e negativas, advindas das situações relatadas pelos sujeitos. Fizeram parte deste estudo 26 trabalhadores de enfermagem, sendo eles: enfermeiros, auxiliares, técnicos e atendentes de enfermagem. Selecionamos essa população por estar intimamente envolvida com a assistência de enfermagem prestada a portadores de tuberculose pulmonar. Obtivemos 24 relatos, dos quais extraímos um total de 94 (100,0%) incidentes críticos, e dentre estes 38 (40,5%) foram referidos pelos entrevistados como positivos e 56 (59,5%) considerados negativos. Ao categorizarmos os elementos que compõem o incidente crítico, obtivemos um total de 94 (100,0%) situações, das quais, 38 (40,5%) foram consideradas positivas pelos entrevistados e 56 (59,5%) negativas. Em relação aos comportamentos, obtivemos 70 (36,7%) com referências positivas e 121 (63,3%) com referências negativas, perfazendo um total de 191 (100,0%). Quanto às conseqüências, estas somaram 143 (100,0%), sendo 54 (37,8%) consideradas positivas e 89 (62,2%) negativas. Ao observarmos os componentes dos incidentes críticos, constatamos maior número de referências negativas.O comportamento extraído dos incidentes que recebeu maior número de referências positivas e negativas, predominando as negativas, foi aquele que o trabalhador de enfermagem é obrigado a oferecer orientações ao paciente e família quanto ao modo de transmissão, tratamento e prevenção da tuberculose pulmonar, muitas vezes não se sentindo protegidos e preparados para tal. Verificamos, através dos relatos, a necessidade de se promover melhoria do conhecimento sobre a doença, no que se refere ao tratamento e precauções, para que o trabalhador de enfermagem tenha mais segurança no desempenho de suas funções e preste uma assistência de enfermagem de melhor qualidade. / Descriptive study which was carried out in order to analyze the positive and negative features related to pulmonary tuberculosis’ patients nursing assistance. This analysis was based on the nursing workers’ reports. We categorized the elements that compose the critical incident (situation, behavior and consequence). We interviewed nursing workers of an infectious diseases’ unit at “Hospital das Clínicas" a general hospital in the Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. We analyzed the positive and negative situations, behaviors and consequences that came up from their reported situations. We selected 26 nursing workers, among them Nurses, Auxiliaries, Technicians and Nursing Attendants in order to be able to identify those items in the reports. This population was chosen by the fact of being deeply involved in taking care of patients with infectious diseases, mainly pulmonary tuberculosis. We obtained 24 (twenty-four) reports, from which we obtained 94 (100.0%) critical incidents and, among these, 38 (40.5%) were considered to be positive and 56 (59.5%) were negative, in their view. When categorizing the elements that compose the critical incident, we obtained an overall 94 (100.0%) situations, from which 38 (40.5%) were viewed as positive and 56 (59.5%) as negative. As to the behaviors, we obtained 70 (36.7%) behaviors with positive references and 121 (63.3%) with negative ones, totalizing 191 (100.0%). About the consequences, they summed up to 143 (100.0%), being 54 (37.8%) considered to be positive and 89 (62.2%) negative. By observing the components of critical incidents, we obtained a higher number of negative references. The behavior from incidents that had a greater number of positive and negative references, prevailing the negative ones, obliges the nursing professional to provide the patient and his/her family with pulmonary tuberculosis’ orientation on transmission, treatment and preventing, because pretty often they do not feel safe or prepared to do it. We observed, based on the reports, the necessity to improve the knowledge on the treatment and precautions related to this disease, so that nursing workers may give safer and better quality nursing assistance.
25

Conhecimentos sobre problemas de tuberculose pulmonar de tórax em hospitais especializados: subsídios para ações educativas / Knowledge about the problems of pulmonary tuberculosis of the chest in specialized hospitals: subsidies for educational actions

Belluomini, Marilia 22 December 1981 (has links)
O presente trabalho apresenta o resultado de uma investigação realizada com 431 doentes de tuberculose pulmonar, internados em 4 Hospitais de Campos do Jordão, São Paulo, Brasil, no ano de 1977, para verificar o conhecimento dos doentes sobre a doença. A coleta dos dados foi feita por meio de entrevista, utilizando-se um formulãrio semi-estruturado contendo 21 perguntas. O trabalho foi realizado com doentes internados pela primeira vez e com reinternados. Na discussão dos dados foi adotada também a distribuição dos doentes em orientados e não orientados. Os resultados mostram que a população em estudo apresenta conhecimentos insuficientes em alguns aspectos importantes da doença, o que justifica as recomendações apresentadas como subsídios para a integração da educação em saúde aos progranas que visam o controle da tuberculose. / This paper reports an investigation carried out in 1977 in Brazil to assess the knowledge that tuberculosis hospital patients have about their disease. Data was collected through interviews based on a total of 21 questions, and grouped into 4 categories: newly hospitalized patients and relapses; patients who received information on the disease and patients who did not. Findings disclosed that patients lacked knowledge about some important aspects of the disease pointing to the need of integration of health education to aimed at the control of tuberculosis.
26

Avaliação fisioterapêutica em pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar sob regime de internação / Physiotherapeutic evaluation in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis under hospitalization regimen

Arpiani, Silvia de Oliveira 09 March 2004 (has links)
Introdução. A tuberculose pulmonar é uma doença para a qual no decorrer do tempo muitos tratamentos foram usados na tentativa de conseguir o seu controle. O advento dos quimioterápicos, em meados de 1940, que associados à melhoria de condições de vida fez com que ocorresse um decréscimo acentuado do número de óbitos, principalmente em países desenvolvidos. Entretanto, ainda hoje existem problemas em relação ao controle da doença. Algumas questões surgem em relação à prevenção, tratamento e controle. Um dos aspectos questionados neste trabalho é a necessidade do repouso, que por muito tempo foi utilizado e que continua sendo apesar de existirem vários estudos sobre os efeitos deletérios do repouso prolongado. Objetivo. Este trabalho visa verificar alterações relacionadas com o repouso prolongado em paciente com tuberculose pulmonar internados em um hospital de longa permanência e outro de curta permanência na cidade de São Paulo. Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo transversal descritivo, por meio de um questionário de avaliação fisioterapêutica especificamente elaborado para o estudo, compreendendo avaliações através de palpações, mensurações usando aparelhos específicos e entrevistas com perguntas abertas e fechadas. Resultados. Foi observado que 40 por cento dos indivíduos enContravam-se desnutridos, 40 por cento apresentavam déficit de marcha, 49 por cento apresentavam-se taquicárdicos, 60 por cento apresentavam-se com expansibilidade diminuída e 56 por cento apresentavam algum grau de dor. Conclusões. Na variação dos sistemas observou-se que no sistema gastrointestinal houve a maior variação positiva (+0.21). No sistema cardiovascular houve a maior variação negativa (-0.16), observou-se ainda que 52 por cento dos indivíduos analisados apresentaram algum grau de imobilismo, sugerindo que o repouso adotado como prática terapêutica pode ser prejudicial nesta população. / Introduction. A long time many treatment had been used to obtain the control the lung tuberculosis. The advent of chemeotherapy, around 1940 years, that associate to the improvement of life conditions results in a accented reduction of death, especialy in developed countries. However, nowadays there are problems to about to control this disease. Some questions arise to about the prevention, treatment and control. One of the aspects questioned in this research is the necessity of the rest, that for a long time was and continues used although to have some research to about the deleterious effects of the longest rest. Objective. This research to aims to verify alterations related with the longest rest in patient with lung tuberculosis admitted to the long permanence hospital and another one in short permanence hospital in São Paulo city. Methodos. A descriptive transversal research was executed, through phisiotherapist evaluation questionnaire specifically elaborated for this research, with evaluation through palpation, mensuration, using especific equipments and interviews with open and close questions. Results. 40 per cent of the patients were with malnutricion, 40 per cent were with walk problems, 49 per cent were with high cardiac frequency, 60 per cent were with low expansibility of chest and 56 per cent were with some degree of pain. Conclusions. Gastrointestinal system had the biggest positiva variation (+0.21). Cardiovascular system had the biggest negativa variation (-0.16), 52 per cent of patients had some degree of immobilism, suggesting that the adopted rest as therapeutical practical could be harmful in this population.
27

Tuberculosis control in Oman challenges to elimination /

Al-Maniri, Abdullah, January 2009 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
28

Dry powder antibiotics for inhaled anti-tuberculosis therapy

Son, Yoen Ju 09 February 2011 (has links)
The aim of this research was to develop and fully investigate a novel method of antibiotic drug delivery to the lung that will address problems with current therapeutic regimens for treatment of airway infections. To demonstrate the performance of prepared formulations, the design of suitable characterization methods were also aimed. A novel dissolution method for evaluating the in vitro dissolution behavior of inhalation formulations was developed. The membrane holder was designed to enclose previously air-classified formulations so that they could be uniformly tested in the dissolution apparatus. Dissolution procedures, the apparatus, the dose collection, the medium, and test conditions were developed and the dissolution behaviors of test compounds were evaluated by experimental and mathematical analysis. It was proved that the aerodynamic separation of formulation prior to dissolution assessment have a significant influence on the dissolution profiles. The optimized test method using the membrane holder was applied to evaluate in vitro dissolution profiles of the manufactured formulations of rifampicin (RF). The carrier/excipient-free RF dry powder formulation was investigated. The rifampicin dihydrate (RFDH) powders having MMAD of 2.2 um were prepared using a simple recrystallization process. The RFDH powders have a thin flaky structure, and this unique morphology provides improved aerosolization properties at maximal API loading. The manufactured RFDH formulation showed 80% drug release within 2 hours. To retard the release rate of RF, the prepared RFDH crystals were coated with hydrophobic polymer, PLA or PLGA, using spray-dryer equipped with multi-channel spray nozzles. The multi-channel spray nozzle used in this study has two separate nozzles for aqueous solution and one for gas fluid. The RFDH crystals and the coating solutions were sprayed through the two separate liquid nozzles at the same time. The coated RFDH formulations were prepared using multi-channel spray nozzles. The coated formulations contained at least 50% w/w of RF with no change of their flaky morphology. The initial RF release was lowered by coating; the lowest initial RF release was observed from the coated powders with PLA polymer as 32% among the coated formulations. Overall, the 80% of RF was released within 8 hours. The RFDH and coated RFDH formulations delivered via the pulmonary route would be anticipated to provide higher local (lung) drug concentrations than that of orally delivered powders. Particularly, the coated RFDH powders deposited in the alveolar region may prolong the drug residence time in the site of infections. Additionally, it was proved that the RFDH and coated RFDH formulations provided much better stability than the amorphous RF. / text
29

Clinically important mycobacteria in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa : phenotypic and genetic diversity /

Koivula, Tuija, January 2004 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.
30

Tuberculosis control in Vietnam : directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) - the role of information and education /

Hoa, Nguyen Phuong, January 2004 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

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