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京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第18322号 / 農博第2047号 / 新制||農||1021(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H26||N4829(農学部図書室) / 31180 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 近藤 直, 教授 松井 徹, 准教授 小川 雄一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Recent research has indicated that the pupil diameter (PD) in humans varies with their affective states. However, this signal has not been fully investigated for affective sensing purposes in human-computer interaction systems. This may be due to the dominant separate effect of the pupillary light reflex (PLR), which shrinks the pupil when light intensity increases. In this dissertation, an adaptive interference canceller (AIC) system using the H∞ time-varying (HITV) adaptive algorithm was developed to minimize the impact of the PLR on the measured pupil diameter signal. The modified pupil diameter (MPD) signal, obtained from the AIC was expected to reflect primarily the pupillary affective responses (PAR) of the subject. Additional manipulations of the AIC output resulted in a processed MPD (PMPD) signal, from which a classification feature, PMPDmean, was extracted. This feature was used to train and test a support vector machine (SVM), for the identification of stress states in the subject from whom the pupil diameter signal was recorded, achieving an accuracy rate of 77.78%. The advantages of affective recognition through the PD signal were verified by comparatively investigating the classification of stress and relaxation states through features derived from the simultaneously recorded galvanic skin response (GSR) and blood volume pulse (BVP) signals, with and without the PD feature. The discriminating potential of each individual feature extracted from GSR, BVP and PD was studied by analysis of its receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The ROC curve found for the PMPDmean feature encompassed the largest area (0.8546) of all the single-feature ROCs investigated. The encouraging results seen in affective sensing based on pupil diameter monitoring were obtained in spite of intermittent illumination increases purposely introduced during the experiments. Therefore, these results confirmed the benefits of using the AIC implementation with the HITV adaptive algorithm to isolate the PAR and the potential of using PD monitoring to sense the evolving affective states of a computer user.

Dentre as células ganglionares da retina existe uma pequena população de células que contem melanopsina e respondem diretamente à luz. Estas são as células ganglionares intrinsecamente fotossensíveis (ipRGCs), cujas funções são principalmente não visuais. Dentre as funções não visuais das ipRGCs sua influência na resposta pupilar dependente da luz foi o objeto central desta tese. Tanto a retina interna, através das ipRGCs, quanto a retina externa, através dos bastonetes e cones, fornecem uma informação neural que regula a resposta pupilar à luz (RPL). Este estudo avaliou a integridade das ipRGCs através do RPL em pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto (GPAA), leve, moderado e avançado, e em pacientes com síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS), moderada e grave. Também foi avaliada a discriminação cromática e a sensibilidade ao contraste espacial de luminância (SC), a perimetria visual e a espessura da retina avaliada por tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT). Foram avaliados 98 participantes: 45 pacientes com GPAA ( 27, 18; idade média = 65,84 + 10,20), 28 pacientes com SAOS ( 14, 14; idade média = 52,93 + 7,13), e 25 controles ( 17, 8; idade média = 54,27 + 8,88). Após o exame oftalmológico foram avaliadas a SC de grades e a discriminação de cores através do Cambridge Colour Test (CCT). A avaliação do RPL foi feita apresentando-se flashes de 470 e 640 nm, de 1s de duração, em 7 luminâncias desde -3 até 2.4 log cd/m2 em um Ganzfeld Q450 SC (Roland Consult). O RPL foi registrado pelo sistema de eye tracker View Point System (Arrington Research Inc.). Os testes foram realizados em ambos os olhos, de forma monocular e no escuro. Para a comparação dos dados entre os grupos, utilizou-se um modelo de equações de estimação generalizada (GEE), para correção da dependência entre os dois olhos. O RPL dos pacientes com GPAA moderado e avançado apresentou redução significativa na amplitude do pico, dependente da severidade do glaucoma, nas diferentes luminâncias tanto para 470 nm quanto para 640 nm, evidenciando redução das contribuições dos cones e bastonetes ao RPL. As contribuições das ipRGCs ao RPL (avaliadas pela amplitude da resposta sustentada entre 6-8 s) foram também significativamente menores em GPAA moderado e avançado. No estado inicial do GPAA as contribuições das ipRGCs para o RPL encontram-se preservadas. No entanto, o GPAA parece afetar o processamento espacial desde o inicio da doença. Nos pacientes com GPAA leve foi observada uma perda acentuada nas faixas baixas de frequência espacial, compatível com prejuízo seletivo das células ganglionares do tipo M. A SC de pacientes com GPAA moderado e avançado mostrou perdas nas faixas baixas e altas de frequência espacial, apontando um prejuízo nas vias parvo- e margnocelulares. Uma perda significativa da discriminação de cores no eixo azul-amarelo foi observada em todos os estágios do GPAA. O RPL nos pacientes com SAOS está parcialmente preservado, não obstante, as respostas da amplitude do pico para o flash de 470 nm diminuem conforme aumenta a severidade da SAOS. As contribuições dos fotorreceptores da retina externa ao RPL, foram significativamente menores em algumas das luminâncias. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas de SC ou discriminação de cores nos pacientes com SAOS. Em conclusão, no estágio moderado e avançado do glaucoma tanto as contribuições das ipRGCs ao RPL quanto as vias M e P, se encontram mais afetadas do que no inicio do GPAA, quando a via parvocelular e as contribuições das ipRGCs ao RPL parecem estar mais preservadas / Among the retina ganglion cells there are a small population of cells containing melanopsin and which respond directly to light. They are the intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells (ipRGCs), whose functions are mainly non-visual. Among these non-visual functions of the ipRGCs, their influence on the pupillary response as a function of light was the central subject of this thesis. Both the inner retina through the ipRGCs and the outer retina through the rods and cones, provide neural information that regulates the pupillary light response (PLR) to light. This study evaluated the integrity of ipRGCs through PLR in patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG), mild, moderate and advanced, and in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS), moderate and severe. We evaluated also the color discrimination and achromatic spatial contrast sensitivity (CS), visual perimetry and retinal thickness evaluated by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). 98 participants were evaluated, 45 patients with POAG ( 27 18; mean age = 65.84 + 10.20), 28 with OSAS ( 14 14; mean age = 52.93 + 7.13) and 25 controls ( 17 8; mean age = 54.27 + 8.88). After the ophthalmological exam it was evaluated the contrast sensitivity and color discrimination measures using the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT). Pupil responses were elicited by Ganzfeld (Q450 SC, Roland Consult) presentation of 1-sec flashes of 470- and 640-nm at 7 luminance from -3 to 2.4 log cd/m2. PLR was measured with the eye tracker system View Point (Arrington Research Inc.). The tests were performed monocularly, on both eyes, in a darkened room. In order to compare data across groups, we used a General Estimating Equations (GEE) to adjust for within subject inter-eye correlations. Patients with moderate and advanced POAG had a significantly decreased PLR that depends on the severity of the glaucoma, for both the 470- and 640-nm stimuli, making evident the reduction of the contributions of the cones and rods to the PLR. The contributions of ipRGCs to PLR (assessed by the amplitude of the sustained response between 6 8 sec) were also significantly lower in patients with moderate and advanced POAG. In the initial and mild stages of POAG the contribution of ipRGCs to the PLR is preserved. However, POAG appears to affect spatial processing from the early stages of the disease. Mild-POAG patients showed a marked loss in the low spatial frequency bands, compatible with selective loss of magnocellular ganglion cells. The CS of patients with moderate and advanced POAG showed losses at both low and high spatial frequencies, suggesting a loss in both parvo- and margnocellular channels. A significant loss of color discrimination along the blue-yellow axis was observed in all stages of POAG. The PLR in patients with OSAS is partially preserved, however the peak amplitude responses for the 470-nm flash decreased with increased severity of OSAS. The contributions of the photoreceptors of the outer retina to the PLR were significantly lower at some of the luminance. Significant differences in CS or color discrimination were not observed in patients with OSAS. In conclusion, in moderate and advanced stages of glaucoma, both the contributions of ipRGCs to PLR as well as the M- and P channels, were found more affected than at the beginning of POAG, in contrast the parvocellular channel and the contributions of ipRGCs on the PLR would be more preserved

With no online pupillary analysis methods today, both the medical and the research fields are left to carry out a lengthy, manual and often faulty examination. A real-time, intelligent, embedded systems solution to pupillary analysis would help reduce faulty diagnosis, speed-up the analysis procedure by eliminating the human expert operator and in general, provide a versatile and highly adaptable research tool. Therefore, this thesis has sought to investigate, develop and test possible system designs for pupillary analysis, with the aim for caffeine detection. A pair of LED manipulator glasses have been designed to standardize the illumination method across testing. A data analysis method of the raw pupillary data has been established offline and then adapted to a real-time platform. ANN was chosen as classification algorithm. The accuracy of the ANN from the offline analysis was 94% while for the online classification the obtained accuracy was 17%. A realtime data communication and synchronization method has been developed. The resulting system showed reliable and fast execution times. Data analysis and classification took no longer than 2ms, faulty data detection showed consistent results. Data communication suffered no message loss. In conclusion, it is reported that a real-time, intelligent, embedded solution is feasible for pupillary analysis.

Dentre as células ganglionares da retina existe uma pequena população de células que contem melanopsina e respondem diretamente à luz. Estas são as células ganglionares intrinsecamente fotossensíveis (ipRGCs), cujas funções são principalmente não visuais. Dentre as funções não visuais das ipRGCs sua influência na resposta pupilar dependente da luz foi o objeto central desta tese. Tanto a retina interna, através das ipRGCs, quanto a retina externa, através dos bastonetes e cones, fornecem uma informação neural que regula a resposta pupilar à luz (RPL). Este estudo avaliou a integridade das ipRGCs através do RPL em pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto (GPAA), leve, moderado e avançado, e em pacientes com síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS), moderada e grave. Também foi avaliada a discriminação cromática e a sensibilidade ao contraste espacial de luminância (SC), a perimetria visual e a espessura da retina avaliada por tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT). Foram avaliados 98 participantes: 45 pacientes com GPAA ( 27, 18; idade média = 65,84 + 10,20), 28 pacientes com SAOS ( 14, 14; idade média = 52,93 + 7,13), e 25 controles ( 17, 8; idade média = 54,27 + 8,88). Após o exame oftalmológico foram avaliadas a SC de grades e a discriminação de cores através do Cambridge Colour Test (CCT). A avaliação do RPL foi feita apresentando-se flashes de 470 e 640 nm, de 1s de duração, em 7 luminâncias desde -3 até 2.4 log cd/m2 em um Ganzfeld Q450 SC (Roland Consult). O RPL foi registrado pelo sistema de eye tracker View Point System (Arrington Research Inc.). Os testes foram realizados em ambos os olhos, de forma monocular e no escuro. Para a comparação dos dados entre os grupos, utilizou-se um modelo de equações de estimação generalizada (GEE), para correção da dependência entre os dois olhos. O RPL dos pacientes com GPAA moderado e avançado apresentou redução significativa na amplitude do pico, dependente da severidade do glaucoma, nas diferentes luminâncias tanto para 470 nm quanto para 640 nm, evidenciando redução das contribuições dos cones e bastonetes ao RPL. As contribuições das ipRGCs ao RPL (avaliadas pela amplitude da resposta sustentada entre 6-8 s) foram também significativamente menores em GPAA moderado e avançado. No estado inicial do GPAA as contribuições das ipRGCs para o RPL encontram-se preservadas. No entanto, o GPAA parece afetar o processamento espacial desde o inicio da doença. Nos pacientes com GPAA leve foi observada uma perda acentuada nas faixas baixas de frequência espacial, compatível com prejuízo seletivo das células ganglionares do tipo M. A SC de pacientes com GPAA moderado e avançado mostrou perdas nas faixas baixas e altas de frequência espacial, apontando um prejuízo nas vias parvo- e margnocelulares. Uma perda significativa da discriminação de cores no eixo azul-amarelo foi observada em todos os estágios do GPAA. O RPL nos pacientes com SAOS está parcialmente preservado, não obstante, as respostas da amplitude do pico para o flash de 470 nm diminuem conforme aumenta a severidade da SAOS. As contribuições dos fotorreceptores da retina externa ao RPL, foram significativamente menores em algumas das luminâncias. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas de SC ou discriminação de cores nos pacientes com SAOS. Em conclusão, no estágio moderado e avançado do glaucoma tanto as contribuições das ipRGCs ao RPL quanto as vias M e P, se encontram mais afetadas do que no inicio do GPAA, quando a via parvocelular e as contribuições das ipRGCs ao RPL parecem estar mais preservadas / Among the retina ganglion cells there are a small population of cells containing melanopsin and which respond directly to light. They are the intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells (ipRGCs), whose functions are mainly non-visual. Among these non-visual functions of the ipRGCs, their influence on the pupillary response as a function of light was the central subject of this thesis. Both the inner retina through the ipRGCs and the outer retina through the rods and cones, provide neural information that regulates the pupillary light response (PLR) to light. This study evaluated the integrity of ipRGCs through PLR in patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG), mild, moderate and advanced, and in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS), moderate and severe. We evaluated also the color discrimination and achromatic spatial contrast sensitivity (CS), visual perimetry and retinal thickness evaluated by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). 98 participants were evaluated, 45 patients with POAG ( 27 18; mean age = 65.84 + 10.20), 28 with OSAS ( 14 14; mean age = 52.93 + 7.13) and 25 controls ( 17 8; mean age = 54.27 + 8.88). After the ophthalmological exam it was evaluated the contrast sensitivity and color discrimination measures using the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT). Pupil responses were elicited by Ganzfeld (Q450 SC, Roland Consult) presentation of 1-sec flashes of 470- and 640-nm at 7 luminance from -3 to 2.4 log cd/m2. PLR was measured with the eye tracker system View Point (Arrington Research Inc.). The tests were performed monocularly, on both eyes, in a darkened room. In order to compare data across groups, we used a General Estimating Equations (GEE) to adjust for within subject inter-eye correlations. Patients with moderate and advanced POAG had a significantly decreased PLR that depends on the severity of the glaucoma, for both the 470- and 640-nm stimuli, making evident the reduction of the contributions of the cones and rods to the PLR. The contributions of ipRGCs to PLR (assessed by the amplitude of the sustained response between 6 8 sec) were also significantly lower in patients with moderate and advanced POAG. In the initial and mild stages of POAG the contribution of ipRGCs to the PLR is preserved. However, POAG appears to affect spatial processing from the early stages of the disease. Mild-POAG patients showed a marked loss in the low spatial frequency bands, compatible with selective loss of magnocellular ganglion cells. The CS of patients with moderate and advanced POAG showed losses at both low and high spatial frequencies, suggesting a loss in both parvo- and margnocellular channels. A significant loss of color discrimination along the blue-yellow axis was observed in all stages of POAG. The PLR in patients with OSAS is partially preserved, however the peak amplitude responses for the 470-nm flash decreased with increased severity of OSAS. The contributions of the photoreceptors of the outer retina to the PLR were significantly lower at some of the luminance. Significant differences in CS or color discrimination were not observed in patients with OSAS. In conclusion, in moderate and advanced stages of glaucoma, both the contributions of ipRGCs to PLR as well as the M- and P channels, were found more affected than at the beginning of POAG, in contrast the parvocellular channel and the contributions of ipRGCs on the PLR would be more preserved