Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) are short lived granulocytes that playa primordial role in host innate defense against invading pathogens. Freshly isolated neutrophils spontaneously undergo apoptosis when cultured, which is associated with oxidative stress. We found that there is a dramatic shift in the metabolism of the 5-lipoxygenase product 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) from its biologically inactive o-oxidation product in freshly isolated neutrophils to the potent granulocyte chemoattractant 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) in neutrophils cultured for 24 h. o-oxidation of the chemoattractant leukotriene B4 (LTB4) was also reduced in aging neutrophils incubated with arachidonic acid, resulting in higher levels of LTB4. The reduced o-oxidation activity appeared to be due to a decrease in active LTB4 20-hydroxylase. In contrast, the increased 5-oxo-ETE formation was not associated with an increase in the amount of active 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase, which is required for its formation, but rather with a dramatic increase in its cofactor NADP +. NAD+ levels also increased, but NADPH levels remained unchanged after 24 h. There was also evidence for increased oxidative stress (high GSSG/GSH) in aging neutrophils. The changes in 5-HETE metabolism and pyridine nucleotides in cultured neutrophils could be inhibited by neutrophil survival factors and antioxidants. These results suggest that in severe inflammation, aging neutrophils that have evaded rapid uptake by macrophages may produce increased amounts of the chemoattractants 5-oxo-ETE and LTB4, resulting in delayed resolution of inflammation. Similarly, we found that the NADPH oxidase activator PMA caused a very rapid and dramatic increase in NADP + levels in both freshly isolated and cultured neutrophils, accompanied by a rapid increase in 5-oxo-ETE synthesis and reduced o-oxidation activity. Surprisingly, this was not accompanied by a corresponding decline in NADPH levels, which instead initially increased, but rather by a precipitous reduction in NAD+, which mirrored the increase in NADP+. These results suggest that the phosphorylation of NAD+ by NAD kinase may be very important for providing both NADP+ for 5-oxo-ETE synthesis and NADPH for the respiratory burst.

The Directed ortho Metalation reaction is described in Chapter 1 of this thesis with particular emphasis on its mechanism and synthetic potential. Chapter 2 contains a review of the DoM (Directed ortho Metalation) of pyridine systems and describes the conditions that allow the one-pot DoM (Directed ortho-Metalation)-Boronation-Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling of pyridines 2.263a-c, 2.351-2.53 (Table 2.9) bearing several DMGs (Directed Metalation Groups) including the synthetically versatile diethyl amide functionality without incurring into commonly observed self-condensation processes. The method avoids the tedious and uncertain isolation of the intermediate boronic acids while offering rapid access to synthetically valuable arylpyridines (2.354a-s, Table 2.9). Selected aryl pyridine carboxamides were used to demonstrate the DoM-DreM (Directed remote Metalation) nexus that furnishes substituted and isomerically diverse azafluorenones 2.380a-d (Table 2.11) with high regioselectivity. The previous discovery of the anionic O→C -vinyl carbamoyl migration of carbamoyl stilbenes stimulated its application in the total synthesis of natural product isoprekinamycin, bearing the unusual diazo group. Chapter 3 of this thesis describes the efficient synthesis of the key stilbene derivative 3.113 and its structural variations whose conversion to the desired naphthols 3.143, 3.144, 3.153 and 3.169 (Table 3.3) is accompanied by extensive decomposition, thus terminating this approach to isoprekinamycin. A modified approach via Z-3.271 (Scheme 3.54) gave the desired naphthyl carbamate intermediates 3.274 and 3.278 (Schemes 3.55 and 3.56, respectively) whose complex DreM reactions prevented the completion of the synthesis but remain under active investigation in our laboratories. Previous studies of the DoM reaction of aryl tetramethyl phosphorodiamidate have shown that unpractical experimental conditions are necessary, thus limiting synthetic application. Chapter 4 of this thesis describes the results concerning the performance of the tetraethyl phosphorodiamidate DMG under standard DoM and DreM conditions, anionic phospha-Fries rearrangement, 1,4 lateral migration, and Suzuki cross coupling which demonstrate synthetic utility and application in synthetic aromatic chemistry. / Thesis (Ph.D, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2008-12-16 14:15:09.695

Orientador: Vanderlan da Silva Bolzani / Banca: Jairo Kenupp Bastos / Banca: Patrícia Sartorelli / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo químico da fração diclorometânica das folhas de Senna multijuga, visando o isolamento, purificação e elucidação estrutural de alcalóides piridínicos com potencial farmacológico. Inicialmente foi preparado o extrato hidroalcóolico das folhas, o qual foi submetido à partição líquido/líquido com hexano, diclorometano e acetato de etila. As quatro frações obtidas foram avaliadas por CCD, sendo a fração diclorometânica a de maior concentração alcaloídica. Essa fração foi submetida à extração ácido/base e a fração alcaloídica submetida à CCD preparativa de sílica, que foi desenvolvida com uma mistura dos solventes hexano:CHCl3:AcOEt (1,5:2:6,5), de onde foram isolados cinco alcalóides que apresentaram absorção na região do ultravioleta a 254 e 286 nm. Desta separação obteve-se dois alcalóides puros, 7'-multijuguinona (5), 12'-hidroxi-7'-multijuguinona (2), e os demais foram purificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE): 4'-multijuguinato de metila (3), 7'- multijuguinol (4a e 4b) e 12'-hidroxi-7'-multijuguinol (1a e 1b). Estas substâncias tiveram suas estruturas elucidadas pelo uso dos experimentos de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) e Espectrometria de Massas com ionização por eletrospray (EM). A partir destas análises foi possível determinar a estrutura de sete substâncias, sendo todas inéditas na literatura. As substâncias apresentaram atividade anticolinesterásica moderada, o que justifica a importância de estudos com metabólitos secundários. Os pares 1a e 1b e 4a e 4b isolados apresentam isomeria que ainda não determinada. Pelas análises do perfil alcaloídico determinado no estudo sobre a espécie, pode-se constatar que os demais órgãos também acumulam alcalóides, porém, em concentrações diferentes, prevalencendo um ou dois deles. / Abstract: This present work deals with the chemical study of the dichloromethane fraction of the Senna multijuga leaves, aiming the isolation, purification and structural elucidation of the new bioactive pyridine alkaloids, which can be useful for further pharmacological evaluation. The leaves ethanol extract was subjected a liquid/liquid partitions with hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, resulting in four fractions, which were evaluated for TLC, being the dichloromethane the fraction with the highest concentration of alkaloids. This fraction was subjected to acid/basic extraction, and the alkaloidal fraction (1.42 g) was subjected to silica preparative TLC, and eluted with a solvent system: n-hexane:CHCl3:AcOEt (1.5:6.5:2), which were isolated five alkaloids. From this procedures were obtained alkaloids, 7'-multijuguinone (5), 12'-hydroxyl-7'- multijuguinone (2) and the resulting mixture was further purified by HPLC yielding methyl 4'-multijuguinate (3), 7'-multijuguinol (4a e 4b) and 12'-hydroxyl-7'- multijuguinol (1a e 1b). The structure of all alkaloids were determined by RMN and mass spectral data analysis resulting in seven new moderate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor derivatives. The alkaloids pairs, 1a;1b and 4a;4b, are isomeric mixtures, not identified yet. Through the alkaloid profile has been established after several data accumulated from this plant, it was observed that others organs also accumulate the same alkaloids, but in different concentration prevailing one or two alkaloids. / Mestre

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:19:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 francisco_w_me_araiq.pdf: 5726334 bytes, checksum: fad4f57aaf53ae933a5c86aa96974115 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo químico da fração diclorometânica das folhas de Senna multijuga, visando o isolamento, purificação e elucidação estrutural de alcalóides piridínicos com potencial farmacológico. Inicialmente foi preparado o extrato hidroalcóolico das folhas, o qual foi submetido à partição líquido/líquido com hexano, diclorometano e acetato de etila. As quatro frações obtidas foram avaliadas por CCD, sendo a fração diclorometânica a de maior concentração alcaloídica. Essa fração foi submetida à extração ácido/base e a fração alcaloídica submetida à CCD preparativa de sílica, que foi desenvolvida com uma mistura dos solventes hexano:CHCl3:AcOEt (1,5:2:6,5), de onde foram isolados cinco alcalóides que apresentaram absorção na região do ultravioleta a 254 e 286 nm. Desta separação obteve-se dois alcalóides puros, 7'-multijuguinona (5), 12'-hidroxi-7'-multijuguinona (2), e os demais foram purificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE): 4'-multijuguinato de metila (3), 7'- multijuguinol (4a e 4b) e 12'-hidroxi-7'-multijuguinol (1a e 1b). Estas substâncias tiveram suas estruturas elucidadas pelo uso dos experimentos de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) e Espectrometria de Massas com ionização por eletrospray (EM). A partir destas análises foi possível determinar a estrutura de sete substâncias, sendo todas inéditas na literatura. As substâncias apresentaram atividade anticolinesterásica moderada, o que justifica a importância de estudos com metabólitos secundários. Os pares 1a e 1b e 4a e 4b isolados apresentam isomeria que ainda não determinada. Pelas análises do perfil alcaloídico determinado no estudo sobre a espécie, pode-se constatar que os demais órgãos também acumulam alcalóides, porém, em concentrações diferentes, prevalencendo um ou dois deles. / This present work deals with the chemical study of the dichloromethane fraction of the Senna multijuga leaves, aiming the isolation, purification and structural elucidation of the new bioactive pyridine alkaloids, which can be useful for further pharmacological evaluation. The leaves ethanol extract was subjected a liquid/liquid partitions with hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, resulting in four fractions, which were evaluated for TLC, being the dichloromethane the fraction with the highest concentration of alkaloids. This fraction was subjected to acid/basic extraction, and the alkaloidal fraction (1.42 g) was subjected to silica preparative TLC, and eluted with a solvent system: n-hexane:CHCl3:AcOEt (1.5:6.5:2), which were isolated five alkaloids. From this procedures were obtained alkaloids, 7'-multijuguinone (5), 12'-hydroxyl-7'- multijuguinone (2) and the resulting mixture was further purified by HPLC yielding methyl 4'-multijuguinate (3), 7'-multijuguinol (4a e 4b) and 12'-hydroxyl-7'- multijuguinol (1a e 1b). The structure of all alkaloids were determined by RMN and mass spectral data analysis resulting in seven new moderate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor derivatives. The alkaloids pairs, 1a;1b and 4a;4b, are isomeric mixtures, not identified yet. Through the alkaloid profile has been established after several data accumulated from this plant, it was observed that others organs also accumulate the same alkaloids, but in different concentration prevailing one or two alkaloids.

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Neste trabalho foram realizadas as sínteses dos complexos trans-[RuCl2(L)4] (L = py, isn, 4-acpy e 3-acpy), trans-[RuCl(NO)(L)4](PF6)2 (L = py, isn e 4-acpy), trans-[Ru(OH)(NO)(py)4](PF6)2, trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]Cl23H2O, trans-[Ru(OH)(NO)(py)4]Cl2, cis-[RuCl2(DMSO)4], trans-[Ru(NO2)2(py)4], trans-[RuCl(NO2)(py)4], trans-[RuCl(acn)(py)4](PF6) e do complexo reduzido trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]I. Estes compostos foram submetidos a várias técnicas de caracterização como: análise elementar de CHN, espectroscopia de 1H RMN, espectroscopia na região do UV-vis e IV, técnicas de eletroquímica e EPR. A análise elementar de CHN e os espectros de 1H RMN se mostraram consistentes com as estruturas propostas, indicando a pureza destes compostos segundo estas técnicas. A caracterização por espectroscopia na região do UV-vis mostrou que os novos complexos apresentaram semelhança espectral com compostos semelhantes descritos na literatura. Entretanto, para os complexos trans-[RuCl(NO)(L)4](PF6)2 (L = py, isn e 4-acpy) e trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]Cl23H2O não se observa a banda entre 300-400 nm, comumente observada para tetraaminas de rutênio com o NO coordenado e nas bipiridinas de rutênio com o ligante nitrosilo. Os espectros de absorção na região do IV para os complexos nitrosilos apresentaram a banda da freqüência de estiramento do NO (NO) entre 1870 -1920 cm-1, indicando o caráter nitrosônio do NO. O complexo reduzido trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]I apresenta a banda de NO em 1854 cm-1 em acetonitrila, este valor está consistente com o deslocamento da banda de NO observado durante a eletrólise para a redução de trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]2+. A atribuição desta banda ao NO0 é reforçada pelo estudo de EPR, cujos espectros apresentaram um sinal característico de NO0 coordenado tanto para o complexo reduzido com iodo trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]I como para a solução eletrolisada de trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]2+. Os estudos de eletroquímica para os complexos trans-[RuCl2(L)4] (L = py, isn, 4-acpy e 3-acpy) apresentaram um processo de redução reversível, cujo Ef aumenta com o aumento da capacidade receptora de elétrons do ligante L, py < isn < 4-acpy. O comportamento eletroquímico de trans-[RuCl(NO)(L)4](PF6)2 (L = py e 4-acpy), em acetonitrila, apresentou um processo de redução reversível atribuído a 6/7 e um processo irreversível atribuído a redução 7/8. Após a redução do trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]2+ por eletrólise, em acetonitrila, foi observada a formação de trans-[RuCl(NO2)(py)4] para Eaplicado = -0,535 e -1,435 V vs Fc+/Fc. Em menor proporção, foi observado também a formação de trans-[RuCl(acn)(py)4]+, produto da liberação de NO (mas somente quando Eaplicado = -1,435 V vs Fc+/Fc). Em solução aquosa, os voltamogramas cíclicos do complexo trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]2+ apresentaram três processos de redução. O primeiro processo é referente à redução 6/7, o segundo corresponde à redução 7/8 e o terceiro processo envolve quatro elétrons convertendo o grupo nitrosil a amônia (NO- NH3). Durante a eletrólise, em solução aquosa, observou-se a formação de uma espécie a mais, além do composto trans-[RuCl(NH3)(py)4]+. Possivelmente, esta espécie seja o complexo trans-[RuCl(H2O)(py)4]+ (ou trans-[RuCl(OH)(py)4], dependendo do pH) derivado da liberação de NO. A grande capacidade -receptora dos ligantes piridínicos no plano equatorial dos complexos de rutênio, apresentados neste trabalho, se reflete em várias propriedades como: na energia da TCML, nos potenciais de redução e na acidez da água coordenada em trans ao NO do complexo trans-[Ru(NO)(H2O)(py)4]3+ (pKa < 1) que aumenta consideravelmente em relação ao trans-[Ru(NO)(H2O)(NH3)4]3+, (pKa = 3,1). / The complexes trans-[RuCl2(L)4] (L = py, isn, 4-acpy e 3-acpy), trans-[RuCl(NO)(L)4](PF6)2 (L = py, isn e 4-acpy), trans-[Ru(OH)(NO)(py)4](PF6)2, trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]Cl23H2O, trans-[Ru(OH)(NO)(py)4]Cl2, cis-[RuCl2(DMSO)4], trans-[Ru(NO2)2(py)4], trans-[RuCl(NO2)(py)4], trans-[RuCl(acn)(py)4](PF6) and the reduced complex trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]I were synthesized. The compounds were analyzed and characterized by elemental analysis of CHN, 1H NMR, UV-vis and IR spectroscopies, electrochemical techniques and EPR. The elemental analyses and 1H NMR spectra were consistent with the proposed structures indicating the purity of the compounds, according to these techniques. The UV-vis spectra of the complexes are similar to those of related complexes. However, for trans-[RuCl(NO)(L)4](PF6)2 (L = py, isn e 4-acpy) and trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]Cl23H2O, the band between 300-400 nm, usually seen in other nitrosyl ruthenium complexes spectra, as tetraamines and bipyridines complexes, was not observed. The IR spectra for nitrosyl complexes showed the stretching frequency band (NO) between 1870 -1920 cm-1, which is consistent with the nitrosonium character of these compounds. The reduced complex trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]I shows a NO band in 1854 cm-1 (acetonitrile). This value is consistent with the NO band shift observed during the trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]2+ reduction electrolysis. The assignment of this band to NO0 is consistent with the EPR studies, whose spectra showed a NO0 coordinated signal for the reduced complex trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]I and for the electrolyzed solution of trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]2+. The electrochemical studies for trans-[RuCl2(L)4] (L = py, isn, 4-acpy e 3-acpy) show a reversible reduction process assigned to RuIII/RuII, whose Ef increases with the -acceptor ability of the L ligand. In acetonitrile, the electrochemical behavior of trans-[RuCl(NO)(L)4](PF6)2 (L = py e 4-acpy), showed two reduction processes. The first is a reversible process assigned to 6/7 and the second is an irreversible process assigned to 7/8. The trans-[RuCl(NO2)(py)4] complex is formed during the reduction electrolysis of trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]2+ in acetonitrile with Eapplied = -0,535 and -1,435 V vs Fc+/Fc. The trans-[RuCl(acn)(py)4](PF6) is also formed after the NO release (only Eapplied = -1,435 V vs Fc+/Fc). In aqueous solution, the trans-[RuCl(NO)(py)4]2+ electrochemical behavior is different from that in acetonitrile. The cyclic voltammograms show three reduction processes. The first is a reversible process assigned to 6/7, the second is irreversible assigned to 7/8 and the third is a NO- NH3 four electron reduction. The electrolysis in aqueous solution generated another specie besides trans-[RuCl(NH3)(py)4]+, which should be the trans-[RuCl(H2O)(py)4]+ (or trans-[RuCl(OH)(py)4], depending on the pH) following the NO release. The great -acceptor ability of the L ligand in the ruthenium equatorial plane, presented in this work, reflects in many properties, such as: MLCT energy, reduction potential and the coordinated water acidity in trans-[Ru(NO)(H2O)(py)4]3+, (pKa < 1), which increases substantially compared to trans-[Ru(NO)(H2O)(NH3)4]3+ (pKa is 3,1).

La métathèse d'oléfines est une des réactions les plus efficaces pour former des liaisons carbone-carbone et elle est maintenant utilisée pour synthétiser une large gamme de composés tels que des polymères, des produits issus de la pétrochimie, des produits pharmaceutiques ou des molécules naturelles. Une large gamme de groupes fonctionnels est tolérée comme des alcools, des amides, des carbamates et des sulfonamides. Cependant, des limites restent à surmonter comme la présence de N-hétéroaryles enrichis qui désactivent le catalyseur par coordination au centre métallique et/ou réagissent avec les intermédiaires. Nous décrivons dans ce manuscrit que le choix du substituant approprié d'une pyridine contenant une oléfine permet à la métathèse croisée d'avoir lieu et cette méthode a été appliquée à d'autres N-hétéroaryles.Outre les N-hétéroaryles, les composés fluorés sont largement utilisés en chimie médicinale, en agrochimie et dans le domaine des matériaux. Parmi ces composés fluorés, le groupement trifluorométhyle est le motif le plus utilisé. En effet, comparés à leurs analogues non fluorés, les composés possédant un groupement trifluorométhyle ont souvent de meilleures propriétés biologiques. C'est pourquoi il est intéressant de développer de nouvelles méthodes d'introduire ce groupement sur des molécules organiques, plus particulièrement des hétérocycles azotés. Dans ce but, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode de trifluorométhylation d'ènes-carbamates cycliques pour accéder à des pipéridines, tétrhydropyridines et dihydropyridines trifluorométhylées. / Has now been applied to the synthesis of a wide range of compounds such as polymers, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and naturals compounds. A large range of functional groups are well tolerated including alcohols, amides, carbamates and sulfonamides. However, some limitations still have to be overcome Olefin metathesis has emerged has one of the most efficient carbon-carbon bond forming reaction and such as rich N-heteroaryles which are probably causing desactivation of the ruthenium catalyst by coordination of the metal center and/or reacting with the intermediates. We describe in this manuscript that a suitable choice of the 2-substituent olefinic substituted pyridine allows the cross-metathesis to occur and the method has been applied to others N-heteroaryles. Apart from N-heteroaryles, fluorinated compounds are widely used in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and materials. Among the organofluorides, the trifluoromethyl group is the most important motif used. In fact, compared to their non-fluorinated counterpart, trifluoromethylated compounds often show enhanced biological properties. Thus, new ways to introduce trifluoromethyl group into organic molecules, especially nitrogen heterocycles, are of keen interest. In this aim, we have developed a new method to introduce the trifluoromethyl moiety onto various cyclic ene-carbamates to access trifluoromethylated piperidines, tetrahydropyridines and dihydropyridines.

No description available.

This paper deals with 3-picoline, 4-picoline, 3,4-lutidine and 3,5-lutidine complexes of copper(I) iodide (CuI(3-pic), CuI(4-pic), CuI(3,4-lut) and (CuI(3,5-lut)). The experimental investigation was divided into several parts. Firstly, the synthesis and characterization of the compounds both as powder and as thin films. Secondly, the photoluminescence study. Thirdly, the observation of ligand exchange reaction by vapor diffusion, and lastly, the determination of the lifetime by time-resolved photoluminescence of respective compound.  All studied copper(I)-iodide-substituted pyridine compounds were emissive both as powders and thin films. The synthesis of the tetranuclear cluster powders yields both cluster and polymeric forms of structure. The pXRD of the powders CuI(3-pic), CuI(4-pic), and CuI(3,5- lut) confirmed to be as polymeric structures, hence the CuI(3-pic) showed thermochromism behavior. The structure of CuI(3,4-lut) is still unconfirmed. The most effective method for the synthesis of the thin films was the SILAR method.  The photoluminescence spectra of respective thin films differ from their corresponding powders, and the structure of the compounds as thin films is yet unexplored. The emission of CuI(3-pic), CuI(4-pic), and CuI(3,4-lut) as thin films were similar 480nm, hence the emission of CuI(3,5-lut) thin film lays on 518 nm. Therefore, the ligand exchange reaction was performed on the CuI(3-pic) thin film with 3,5-lutidine as the exchanging ligand.  The ligand exchange reaction of CuI(3-pic) thin film by vapor diffusion of 3,5-lutidine results in a spectrum shift from the emission spectrum of CuI(3-pic) to the spectrum of CuI(3,5-lut). This indicates a successful ligand exchange reaction by vapor diffusion.  The lifetimes of the investigated compounds which have their best fit of mono-exponential function were between 2,2 μs and 9,52 μs. The lifetimes were determined on the thin films with time-resolved photoluminescence. The ligand exchange reaction was also observed by time- resolved photoluminescence which reveals some stable lifetimes during the reaction that can indicate the formation of intermediates. In contrast, the measured lifetimes during the ligand exchange reaction have their best fit of bi-exponential function which can be due to reaction conditions during the measurement or the homogeneity of the thin films. / Denna uppsats behandlar 3-pikolin, 4-pikolin, 3,4-lutidin och 3,5-lutidin komplex av koppar(I) jodid (CuI(3-pic), CuI(4-pic), CuI(3,4-lut) och (CuI(3,5-lut)). Den experimentella undersökningen delades in i olika delar. Först, syntesen och karakteriseringen av föreningarna både som pulver och som tunn film. Sedan studerades fotoluminiscensen av respektive förening. Därefter genomförde en ligand-utbytes-reaktion genom förgasning och slutligen bestämde livstiden av föreningarnas exciterade tillstånd.  Alla koppar(I) jodid föreningar som studerade gav upphov till emission både som pulver och som tunn film. Syntesen av tetranukleära kluster i pulverform resulterade i både kluster och polymer struktur. pXRD av pulvren CuI(3-pic), CuI(4-pic) och CuI(3,5-lut) bekräftade dess struktur som polymera strukturer. Däremot visade CuI(3-pic) termokromism. Strukturen för CuI (3,4-lut) kunde inte obekräftas. Den mest effektiva metoden för syntes av tunn film i det här fallet är med SILAR-metoden.  Fotoluminescensspektra för respektive tunn film skiljer sig från deras motsvarande pulverform och strukturen på tunn film är fortfarande outforskat. Emission av CuI(3-pic), CuI(4-pic) och CuI(3,4-lut) som tunn film var ungefär lika ~480 nm medan för CuI(3,5-lut) så var det på 518 nm. Med denna kontrast utfördes ligand-utbyte-reaktionen på tunn film av CuI(3-pic) med 3,5- lutidin.  Ligand-utbyte-reaktionen av CuI(3-pic) på tunn film via förgasning av 3,5-lutidin resulterar i en spektrumförskjutning från spektrumet av CuI(3-pic) till spektrumet av CuI(3,5-lut). Detta indikerar i en lyckad ligand-utbyte-reaktion.  Livslängderna för de undersökta föreningarna vilket har sin bästa passning i mono- exponentiell funktion var mellan 2,2 μs och 9,52 μs. Livstiderna bestämdes på de tunn film med ”time-resolved photoluminescence”. Ligand-utbyte-reaktionen observerades också med ”time- resolved photoluminescence” som avslöjar några stabila livstider under reaktionen vilket kan indikera bildning av intermedianer. De uppmätta livstiderna under ligand-utbyte-reaktionen har däremot sin bästa passning av bi-exponentiell funktion vilket kan bero på reaktionsförhållanden under mätningen och tunn filmernas homogenitet.