Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo da imobilização da enzima horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) em matriz polimérica através de dois métodos diferentes. O primeiro consiste em um método de uma etapa, no qual a HRPO é imobilizada por eletropolimerização de pirrol em meio aquoso com eletrodo de platina – técnica esta denominada entrapment – visando a confecção de biossensores enzimáticos para a detecção amperométrica de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). A matriz polimérica com a enzima imobilizada foi analisada por reação colorimétrica, confirmando as afirmações de alguns autores sobre a baixa quantidade de enzima imobilizada, e FTIR mostrando espectros bastante semelhantes entre os filmes de polipirrol (PPy) puro e de PPY + HRPO. Foram realizados estudos do efeito das concentrações de monômero, enzima e eletrólito, assim como dos parâmetros eletroquímicos para a otimização da preparação do biossensor. Os valores dos parâmetros otimizados serviram de referência para o estudo do segundo método de imobilização, no qual é utilizado um anticorpo específico para a enzima HRPO, o V3.5R3, imobilizado via entrapment com a HRPO inoculada ao sistema através da imersão do substrato formado (PPy-V3.5R3) em uma solução de HRPO. Os dois métodos de confecção dos biossensores para a determinação quantitativa de H2O2 são comparados: em relação ao parâmetro comportamento linear, verificou-se uma faixa de concentração de 0 a 15 mmol/L de H2O2 para o método via entrapment, enquanto que através do método com inoculação foi verificado um comportamento linear de 2 a 8 mmol/L de H2O2. Em relação à resposta do biossensor, tem-se para a concentração de 8 mmol/L de H2O2, uma corrente de aproximadamente 600 nA utilizando biossensores preparados pelo método de entrapment e 300 nA pelo método com inoculação. Apesar do baixo desempenho da imobilização do anticorpo V3.5R3 para a detecção de H2O2, o sucesso na imobilização de diferentes biocomponentes e o desenvolvimento de mecanismos como a inoculação amplia o espectro de possibilidades para o estudo de biossensores. / In this work is presented a study of the immobilization of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) in polymeric matrix by two different methods. The first one consist in a one-step method, in which the HRPO is immobilized by electropolymerization of pyrrole in aqueous solution onto platin electrode – techniques denominated entrapment – aiming the confection of enzymatic biosensors for the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The polymeric matrix with the immobilized enzyme (substrate PPy-HRPO) was analyzed by colorimetric reaction, confirming the affirmations of some authors about the low quantities of enzymatic immobilization, and FTIR, what shows very similar specters for the polypyrrole (PPy) film and the PPy + HRPO. Studies of the concentrations of monomer, enzyme and electrolyte, as well as of the electrochemical parameters, have been carried through for the optimization of the biossensor. The values of the optimized parameters were used as reference for the study of the second immobilization method, in which is used a specific antibody for enzyme HRPO, the V3.5R3, immobilized via entrapment. The HRPO is, then, inoculated to the system by immersion of the PPy-V3.5R3 substrate in HRPO solution. The results of the biossensores confectioned by the two methods are compared: about the linear behavior it was verified a range of concentration form 0 to 15 mmol/L of H2O2, while through the second method was verified a linear range of 2 to 8 mmol/L of H2O2. About the signal response, for the same concentration of 8 mmol/L of H2O2, an electric current of 600 nA was reached, against 300 nA with the biosensors constructed by the second method. Although the low performance of the immobilization of the antibody V3.5R3 for the H2O2 detection, the success in different biocomponents immobilization and the development of mechanisms as the inoculation increases the possibilities specter for biosensors research.

Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo da imobilização da enzima horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) em matriz polimérica através de dois métodos diferentes. O primeiro consiste em um método de uma etapa, no qual a HRPO é imobilizada por eletropolimerização de pirrol em meio aquoso com eletrodo de platina – técnica esta denominada entrapment – visando a confecção de biossensores enzimáticos para a detecção amperométrica de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). A matriz polimérica com a enzima imobilizada foi analisada por reação colorimétrica, confirmando as afirmações de alguns autores sobre a baixa quantidade de enzima imobilizada, e FTIR mostrando espectros bastante semelhantes entre os filmes de polipirrol (PPy) puro e de PPY + HRPO. Foram realizados estudos do efeito das concentrações de monômero, enzima e eletrólito, assim como dos parâmetros eletroquímicos para a otimização da preparação do biossensor. Os valores dos parâmetros otimizados serviram de referência para o estudo do segundo método de imobilização, no qual é utilizado um anticorpo específico para a enzima HRPO, o V3.5R3, imobilizado via entrapment com a HRPO inoculada ao sistema através da imersão do substrato formado (PPy-V3.5R3) em uma solução de HRPO. Os dois métodos de confecção dos biossensores para a determinação quantitativa de H2O2 são comparados: em relação ao parâmetro comportamento linear, verificou-se uma faixa de concentração de 0 a 15 mmol/L de H2O2 para o método via entrapment, enquanto que através do método com inoculação foi verificado um comportamento linear de 2 a 8 mmol/L de H2O2. Em relação à resposta do biossensor, tem-se para a concentração de 8 mmol/L de H2O2, uma corrente de aproximadamente 600 nA utilizando biossensores preparados pelo método de entrapment e 300 nA pelo método com inoculação. Apesar do baixo desempenho da imobilização do anticorpo V3.5R3 para a detecção de H2O2, o sucesso na imobilização de diferentes biocomponentes e o desenvolvimento de mecanismos como a inoculação amplia o espectro de possibilidades para o estudo de biossensores. / In this work is presented a study of the immobilization of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) in polymeric matrix by two different methods. The first one consist in a one-step method, in which the HRPO is immobilized by electropolymerization of pyrrole in aqueous solution onto platin electrode – techniques denominated entrapment – aiming the confection of enzymatic biosensors for the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The polymeric matrix with the immobilized enzyme (substrate PPy-HRPO) was analyzed by colorimetric reaction, confirming the affirmations of some authors about the low quantities of enzymatic immobilization, and FTIR, what shows very similar specters for the polypyrrole (PPy) film and the PPy + HRPO. Studies of the concentrations of monomer, enzyme and electrolyte, as well as of the electrochemical parameters, have been carried through for the optimization of the biossensor. The values of the optimized parameters were used as reference for the study of the second immobilization method, in which is used a specific antibody for enzyme HRPO, the V3.5R3, immobilized via entrapment. The HRPO is, then, inoculated to the system by immersion of the PPy-V3.5R3 substrate in HRPO solution. The results of the biossensores confectioned by the two methods are compared: about the linear behavior it was verified a range of concentration form 0 to 15 mmol/L of H2O2, while through the second method was verified a linear range of 2 to 8 mmol/L of H2O2. About the signal response, for the same concentration of 8 mmol/L of H2O2, an electric current of 600 nA was reached, against 300 nA with the biosensors constructed by the second method. Although the low performance of the immobilization of the antibody V3.5R3 for the H2O2 detection, the success in different biocomponents immobilization and the development of mechanisms as the inoculation increases the possibilities specter for biosensors research.

Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo da imobilização da enzima horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) em matriz polimérica através de dois métodos diferentes. O primeiro consiste em um método de uma etapa, no qual a HRPO é imobilizada por eletropolimerização de pirrol em meio aquoso com eletrodo de platina – técnica esta denominada entrapment – visando a confecção de biossensores enzimáticos para a detecção amperométrica de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). A matriz polimérica com a enzima imobilizada foi analisada por reação colorimétrica, confirmando as afirmações de alguns autores sobre a baixa quantidade de enzima imobilizada, e FTIR mostrando espectros bastante semelhantes entre os filmes de polipirrol (PPy) puro e de PPY + HRPO. Foram realizados estudos do efeito das concentrações de monômero, enzima e eletrólito, assim como dos parâmetros eletroquímicos para a otimização da preparação do biossensor. Os valores dos parâmetros otimizados serviram de referência para o estudo do segundo método de imobilização, no qual é utilizado um anticorpo específico para a enzima HRPO, o V3.5R3, imobilizado via entrapment com a HRPO inoculada ao sistema através da imersão do substrato formado (PPy-V3.5R3) em uma solução de HRPO. Os dois métodos de confecção dos biossensores para a determinação quantitativa de H2O2 são comparados: em relação ao parâmetro comportamento linear, verificou-se uma faixa de concentração de 0 a 15 mmol/L de H2O2 para o método via entrapment, enquanto que através do método com inoculação foi verificado um comportamento linear de 2 a 8 mmol/L de H2O2. Em relação à resposta do biossensor, tem-se para a concentração de 8 mmol/L de H2O2, uma corrente de aproximadamente 600 nA utilizando biossensores preparados pelo método de entrapment e 300 nA pelo método com inoculação. Apesar do baixo desempenho da imobilização do anticorpo V3.5R3 para a detecção de H2O2, o sucesso na imobilização de diferentes biocomponentes e o desenvolvimento de mecanismos como a inoculação amplia o espectro de possibilidades para o estudo de biossensores. / In this work is presented a study of the immobilization of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) in polymeric matrix by two different methods. The first one consist in a one-step method, in which the HRPO is immobilized by electropolymerization of pyrrole in aqueous solution onto platin electrode – techniques denominated entrapment – aiming the confection of enzymatic biosensors for the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The polymeric matrix with the immobilized enzyme (substrate PPy-HRPO) was analyzed by colorimetric reaction, confirming the affirmations of some authors about the low quantities of enzymatic immobilization, and FTIR, what shows very similar specters for the polypyrrole (PPy) film and the PPy + HRPO. Studies of the concentrations of monomer, enzyme and electrolyte, as well as of the electrochemical parameters, have been carried through for the optimization of the biossensor. The values of the optimized parameters were used as reference for the study of the second immobilization method, in which is used a specific antibody for enzyme HRPO, the V3.5R3, immobilized via entrapment. The HRPO is, then, inoculated to the system by immersion of the PPy-V3.5R3 substrate in HRPO solution. The results of the biossensores confectioned by the two methods are compared: about the linear behavior it was verified a range of concentration form 0 to 15 mmol/L of H2O2, while through the second method was verified a linear range of 2 to 8 mmol/L of H2O2. About the signal response, for the same concentration of 8 mmol/L of H2O2, an electric current of 600 nA was reached, against 300 nA with the biosensors constructed by the second method. Although the low performance of the immobilization of the antibody V3.5R3 for the H2O2 detection, the success in different biocomponents immobilization and the development of mechanisms as the inoculation increases the possibilities specter for biosensors research.

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No description available.

Les composés organoborés constituent des outils remarquables en synthèse organique de par leur chimie très diversifiée. Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire abordent de nouveaux aspects de leur réactivité. Une méthode de synthèse rapide et efficace de 9-hydroxyfluorènes est décrite via une séquence tandem Suzuki/ aldolisation phénolique. Ce processus a été ensuite étendu aux 9-aminofluorènes en ajoutant simplement comme troisième partenaire diverses amines au milieu réactionnel. Des hypothèses mécanistiques sont proposées pour rationaliser ces résultats expérimentaux. Dans une deuxième partie, est présentée une étude articulée autour de la mise en œuvre de réactions ène sur des diènes borylés 1,3. Les produits ainsi obtenus sont ensuite utilisés comme intermédiaires clé de structures polycycliques plus complexes. Enfin, le troisième chapitre est consacré à une nouvelle voie d'accès aux pyrroles C-fusionnés à partir de diènes cycliques borylés, ces derniers étant préparés par hydroboration d'énynes, bora-Wittig ou métathèse. Une grande diversité structurale est alors accessible à partir de ces précurseurs d'accès aisé. / Organoboron compounds are remarkable tools in organic synthesis due to their very diversified chemistry. The work presented in this thesis addresses new aspects of their reactivity. A rapid and efficient synthesis of 9-hydroxyfluorenes is described via a tandem Suzuki/phenol aldolisation sequence. This process was then extended to 9-aminofluorenes by simply adding various amines to the reaction medium as the third partner. Mechanistic hypotheses are proposed to rationalize these experimental results. In a second part, was presented a study articulated around the implementation of ene reactions on borylated 1,3-dienes. The products thus obtained are then used as key intermediates of more complex polycyclic scaffolds. Finally, the third chapter is dedicated to a new access to C-fused pyrroles from borylated cyclic dienes, the latter being prepared by hydroboration of enynes, boron-Wittig or metathesis reactions. A great structural diversity is then accessible from these easily prepared precursors.

This thesis describes the chemistry developed during a study of novel transition metal-catalysed reactions. Chapter 2 describes a novel procedure for the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted furans via the isomerisation of 1,4-alkyne diols, avoiding the pitfalls of the traditional Paal-Knorr reaction. The initial ruthenium catalysed isomerisation is followed by an in situ cyclocondensation reaction using an acid co-catalyst in a one step route to furan derivatives. In addition the synthesis of the 1,4-dicarbonyl surrogates, 1,4-alkyne diols, is detailed. The methodology detailed in chapter 2 is then used in the synthesis of pyrrole derivatives in Chapter 3. Replacement of the acid co-catalyst with 2 equivalents of amine allow various pyrrole derivatives to be synthesised using the 1,4-alkynediols as starting materials. Various amines can also be used from anilines, benzylamines and aliphatic amines, allowing access to a wide range of products.

Despite progress in the metal-catalyzed synthesis of aromatic heterocycles, annulation routes towards 6-membered heterocycles remain underdeveloped. Specifically, routes towards pyridines are rare in spite of the prevalence of this moiety in novel drug candidates. Our initial efforts towards pyridines featured oximes as competent nucleophiles in the intramolecular, 6-exo dig annulation of alkynes using Brønsted acid catalysis. Two of the oxidation states required for subsequent aromatization are contained within the oxime via loss of water. An extension of this chemistry is presented and discussed, and involves the intramolecular metal-catalyzed 6-endo dig annulation of analagous alkynyl-oximes. Additionally, the discovery of a 5-exo dig annulation of related systems is discussed.

Despite progress in the metal-catalyzed synthesis of aromatic heterocycles, annulation routes towards 6-membered heterocycles remain underdeveloped. Specifically, routes towards pyridines are rare in spite of the prevalence of this moiety in novel drug candidates. Our initial efforts towards pyridines featured oximes as competent nucleophiles in the intramolecular, 6-exo dig annulation of alkynes using Brønsted acid catalysis. Two of the oxidation states required for subsequent aromatization are contained within the oxime via loss of water. An extension of this chemistry is presented and discussed, and involves the intramolecular metal-catalyzed 6-endo dig annulation of analagous alkynyl-oximes. Additionally, the discovery of a 5-exo dig annulation of related systems is discussed.

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) has been synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis using pyrrole as an efficient reducing agent. The oxidized Fe3+ in the system reacts with pyrrole that can form polypyrrole (PPy) to generate Fe2+. The PPy can also be a carbon source for further calcination. The observations of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) show that the particle size of LiFePO4 is around 500 nm and a layer of carbon coats on LiFePO4. The chemical composition of the LiFePO4 was characterized by elemental analysis (EA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP/MS). The results of TEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) show the structure of LiFePO4 is orthorhombic olivine. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate that pyrrole as a reducing agent prevents the impurity of Fe3+ formation and the resulting polypyrrole plays a role as carbon source. The calcination of LiFePO4 greatly affects the energy density. In addition, the carbon contain in the LiFePO4 powder is controllable using the addition of Fe3+ to enhance the electrical conductivity. Moreover, the electrochemical results show the energy capacity of the hydrothermal LiFePO4 is 152 mAh g−1. The LiFePO4 has a better rate discharge capability compared with LiFePO4 synthesized with ascorbic acid as a reducing agent.