Zugl.: Giessen, Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

Zugl.: Giessen, Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

Gießen, Universiẗat, Diss., 2007.

Das Mammakarzinom ist die häufigste Neoplasie bei Frauen und jede 11. Frau in Deutschland erkrankt im Lauf ihres Lebens an Brustkrebs. Die Überlebensaussichten haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten deutlich verbessert, was auf sensiblere Untersuchungsmethoden und die Therapieoptimierung zurückzuführen ist. Eine große Rolle spielt auch der Einsatz verschiedener Prognosefaktoren. Insbesondere Alter, Lymphknotenstatus, Tumorgröße, Histologie, Hormonrezeptor- und Her2-neu-Status kommen heute routinemäßig zum Einsatz. Trotz allen Fortschritts ist Brustkrebs weiterhin die führende Todesursache unter den Krebserkrankungen bei Frauen. Große Hoffnung wird in neue Therapiemethoden gesetzt, die in den Glukosestoffwechsel eingreifen. In letzter Zeit erlangten Glykolysemarker, die als Indikatoren für den veränderten Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel in Tumorzellen dienen, wachsendes Interesse. Obwohl Brustkrebs eine bereits häufig untersuchte Tumorentität ist, ist der Einfluss des Glukosestoffwechsels auf die Fähigkeit zur Metastasierung und die Überlebenszeit unbekannt. Für diese Studie wurde eine Gruppe von 160 Patientinnen ausgewählt, die vor mehr als 13 Jahren wegen einer Brustkrebsneuerkrankung behandelt wurden. Das bei der Operation entnommene Gewebe des primären Mammakarzinoms wurde immunhistochemisch auf die Expression von Tumor-M2-PK und pAkt, zweier ausgewählter Schlüsselenzyme der Tumorglykolyse, untersucht. Mit Hilfe monoklonaler Antikörper, die spezifisch an die dimere Isoform der M2-PK und das pAkt binden, wurden von jeder Probe der Expressionsgrad dieser beiden Marker sowie der immunreaktive Score bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse der Färbungen wurden mit klinisch-pathologischen- und Überlebensdaten der Patientinnen abgeglichen, um Informationen über die prognostische Relevanz dieser Marker zu erhalten. Eine Überexpression konnte in 58% der Fälle für M2-PK- und in 70% für pAkt nachgewiesen werden. Die übermäßig starke Expression der dimeren M2-Pyruvatkinase konnte als unabhängiger Prognosefaktor für das Langzeitüberleben beim Mammakarzinom identifiziert werden und die Mortalitätsrate bei Patientinnen mit positivem M2-PK/cut-off war deutlich geringer. Bei Frauen unter 52 Jahren und im Zusammenhang mit negativem Östrogenrezeptorstatus wurde häufiger die konstitutive Akt-Aktivierung beobachtet. Die routinemäßige Bestimmung der M2-PK könnte in Zukunft bei der Entwicklung individueller Behandlungskonzepte zum Einsatz kommen und die pAkt könnte als prädiktiver Faktor für die adjuvanten Therapie des Mammakarzinoms dienen. / Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women and the leading cause of cancer death in Germany and worldwide. The probability of developing invasive breast cancer during a woman’s lifetime is approximately 1 in 11 in Germany. The chance of survival increased significantly over the past 30 years due to more sensitive diagnostic methods and optimised therapeutic strategies. Currently applied prognostic factors for clinical use are age, nodal status, tumour size, histological grade, steroid receptor and Her2-neu status. Recently, glycolytic markers gained growing interest, since they have been identified as indicators for the changed carbohydrate metabolism of tumour cells. Innovative therapeutic methods which affect the glucose metabolism evoke big hope. Even though breast cancer is a very well studied tumour entity, the influence of the glucose metabolism on the ability to metastasise and on the survival time is unknown. For this study a group of 160 patients was selected which had been treated because of primary breast cancer more than 13 years ago. The patients primary breast cancer tissues were analysed immunohistochemically for two selected key markers of tumour glycolysis. The staining results were compared with clinicopathological and survival data to gather information about the prognostic relevance of these markers. Overexpression of pAkt was detected in 58% and of M2-PK in 70% of breast cancer samples. M2-PK-expression was significantly higher in patients surviving breast cancer more than 13 years. That means strong M2-PK occurrence was identified as a favourable prognostic factor and its role in breast cancer progression has to be further explored. Permanently activated pAkt was detected in patients with negative oestrogen receptor status and an age of less than 52 years. The routinely determination of M2-PK might be applied for the development of individual therapeutic concepts in the future and pAkt could serve as predictive factor for the adjuvant therapy of breast cancer.

Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Universiẗat, Diss., 2009.

Referat: Background: Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) also called sleeping sickness is an infectious disease of humans caused by an extracellular protozoan parasite. The disease, if left untreated, results in 100% mortality. However, the available drugs are full of severe drawbacks and fail to escape the fast development of trypanosoma resistance. Due to the probable similarities in cell metabolism among tumor and trypanosoma cells, some of the current registered drugs against HAT were derived from cancer chemotherapeutic research. Here too, for the first time, we have demonstrated that the simple ester, ethyl pyruvate, comprises such properties. On the other hand initial studies have confirmed the efficacy of protease inhibitors in treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania major. However, studies on efficacy and specific proteases inhibition using HIV-1 protease inhibitors on T. brucei cells remain untouched. Methodology/Principal findings: The current study covers efficacy and corresponding target evaluation of ethyl pyruvate and HIV-1 protease inhibitors (ritonavir and saquinavir) on T. brucei cell lines using a combination of biochemical techniques including cell proliferation assays, enzyme kinetics, zymography, phase contrast microscopic video imaging and ex vivo drug toxicity tests. We have shown that ethyl pyruvate effectively kills trypanosomes most probably by net ATP depletion through inhibition of pyruvate kinase (Ki=3.0±0.29 mM). The potential of this compound as an anti-trypanosomal drug is also strengthened by its fast acting property, killing cells within three hours post exposure. This was demonstrated using video imaging of live cells as well as concentration and time dependency experiments. Most importantly, this drug produced minimal side effects in human erythrocytes and is known to easily cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) which makes it a promising candidate for effective treatment of the two clinical stages of sleeping sickness. Trypanosome drug resistance tests indicate irreversible killing of cells and a low chance of drug resistance development under applied experimental conditions. In addition to ethyl pyruvate our experimental study on HIV-1 protease inhibitors showed that both ritonavir (RTV) (IC50=12.23 µM) and saquinavir (SQV) (IC50=11.49 µM) effectively inhibited T. brucei cells proliferation. The major proteases identified in these cells were the cysteine- (~29kDa Mr) and metallo- (~66kDa Mr) proteases. Their proteolytic activity was, however, not hampered by either of these two protease inhibitors. Conclusion/Significance: Our results present ethyl pyruvate as a safe and fast acting drug. Hence, because of its predefined property to easily cross the BBB, it can probably be a new candidate agent to treat the heamolymphatic as well as neurological stages of sleeping sickness. Similarly, HIV-1 protease inhibitors, SQV and RTV, exhibited their antitrypanosomal potential but require further anlysis to identify their specific targets.

Referat: Background: Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) also called sleeping sickness is an infectious disease of humans caused by an extracellular protozoan parasite. The disease, if left untreated, results in 100% mortality. However, the available drugs are full of severe drawbacks and fail to escape the fast development of trypanosoma resistance. Due to the probable similarities in cell metabolism among tumor and trypanosoma cells, some of the current registered drugs against HAT were derived from cancer chemotherapeutic research. Here too, for the first time, we have demonstrated that the simple ester, ethyl pyruvate, comprises such properties. On the other hand initial studies have confirmed the efficacy of protease inhibitors in treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania major. However, studies on efficacy and specific proteases inhibition using HIV-1 protease inhibitors on T. brucei cells remain untouched. Methodology/Principal findings: The current study covers efficacy and corresponding target evaluation of ethyl pyruvate and HIV-1 protease inhibitors (ritonavir and saquinavir) on T. brucei cell lines using a combination of biochemical techniques including cell proliferation assays, enzyme kinetics, zymography, phase contrast microscopic video imaging and ex vivo drug toxicity tests. We have shown that ethyl pyruvate effectively kills trypanosomes most probably by net ATP depletion through inhibition of pyruvate kinase (Ki=3.0±0.29 mM). The potential of this compound as an anti-trypanosomal drug is also strengthened by its fast acting property, killing cells within three hours post exposure. This was demonstrated using video imaging of live cells as well as concentration and time dependency experiments. Most importantly, this drug produced minimal side effects in human erythrocytes and is known to easily cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) which makes it a promising candidate for effective treatment of the two clinical stages of sleeping sickness. Trypanosome drug resistance tests indicate irreversible killing of cells and a low chance of drug resistance development under applied experimental conditions. In addition to ethyl pyruvate our experimental study on HIV-1 protease inhibitors showed that both ritonavir (RTV) (IC50=12.23 µM) and saquinavir (SQV) (IC50=11.49 µM) effectively inhibited T. brucei cells proliferation. The major proteases identified in these cells were the cysteine- (~29kDa Mr) and metallo- (~66kDa Mr) proteases. Their proteolytic activity was, however, not hampered by either of these two protease inhibitors. Conclusion/Significance: Our results present ethyl pyruvate as a safe and fast acting drug. Hence, because of its predefined property to easily cross the BBB, it can probably be a new candidate agent to treat the heamolymphatic as well as neurological stages of sleeping sickness. Similarly, HIV-1 protease inhibitors, SQV and RTV, exhibited their antitrypanosomal potential but require further anlysis to identify their specific targets.:Bibliographic description ii Acronyms iii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Disease background 1 1.2. Epidemiological distribution and disease transmission dynamics 1 1.3. Biology and life cycle of the trypanosomatidea 3 1.4. Public health significance 4 1.5. Clinical stages and disease progression 5 1.6. Current challenges of disease control 6 1.7. Current drugs and their clinical applications 9 1.8. Targets for drug discovery 12 1.8.1. Energy metabolism 12 1.8.2. Proteolysis 17 1.9. Ethyl pyruvate 18 1.10. HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors 21 2. Aim of the study 22 3. Materials and Methods 24 4. Results 31 5. Discussion 45 6. Conclusion 53 7. Supporting information 54 8. Summary 56 9. References 62 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 77 Curriculum vitae 78 Publications and Presentations 81 Acknowledgement 83