No presente trabalho, descrevemos a construção de um oscilador paramétrico ótico (OPO) com meio atômico de ganho de susceptibilidade X(3) , e a caracterização de seu limiar de oscilação. O processo base para a construção deste OPO é a Mistura de Quatro Ondas (4WM), que acontece em meios não lineares tipo X(3) , como é o caso dos isótopos de 85 Rb e 87 Rb. Realizou-se uma revisão da teoria atômica do rubídio, do 4WM e da teoria clássica do OPO. Obtivemos e caracterizamos o processo de 4WM em função de três parâmetros experimentais: a dessintonia do feixe de bombeio em relação ao pico do crossover da transição 5S 1/2 (F = 2)-> 5P 1/2 (F \' ) do 85 Rb na linha D 1 , da potência do bombeio e da temperatura da célula de rubídio. Encontrou-se uma ótima região de frequências em torno a Delta = 0.77GHz para a construção do OPO com os átomos de rubídio como meio não linear. Nesta região obteve-se uma amplificação máxima de 450% para o feixe de prova com absorção nula e uma intensidade do conjugado alta, para o feixe de prova com frequência Delta= w+ 3GHz (anti-Stokes). A elevada amplificação observada permite, em princípio, um limiar de oscilação menos abrupto: o surgimento de oscilação aparece de forma menos sensível a variações da potência de bombeio. Com efeito, para a dessintonia Delta = 0.38GHz o limiar é suave. A caracterização do 4WM e do limiar de oscilação do OPO é importante para a possível geração de estados não gaussianos. Um limiar suave permite, em princípio, operação e estudo muito próximo do limiar, região em que há previsões indicando a geração de estados não gaussianos que são relevantes para aplicações em informação quântica. / In the present work, we describe the construction of a optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with atomic gain medium with susceptibility X(3) and the caracterization of the oscilation threshold. The basic process for the construction of this OPO is the Four Wave Mixing (4WM), a process that takes place in nonlinear media type X (3) , as is the case of the isotopes of 85 Rb and 87 Rb. A review of the atomic theory of rubidium, 4WM and the classical theory of the OPO was carried out. The 4WM process was obtained and characterized as a function of three experimental parameters: the pump beam detunning with respect to the transition crossover peak 5S 1/2 (F = 2) ->5P 1/2 (F \' ) of 85 Rb D1 line, the pumping power and the temperature of the rubidium cell. A good region of frequencies around Delta= 0.77GHz was found for the construction of the OPO with the rubidium atoms as a non-linear medium. In this region, it was obtained a maximum amplification of 450% for the prove beam with zero absorption and a high intensity for the conjugate beam with frequency Delta= w+ 3GHz (anti-Stokes). The high observed amplification allows, in principle, an oscillation threshold less abrupt: the oscillation appears in a less sensitive way with variations in pumping power. In fact, for the detunning Delta= 0.38GHz the threshold is smooth. The characterization of the 4WM and oscillation threshold of the OPO is important for the possible generation of non-Gaussian states. A smooth threshold allows, in principle, operation and study very close to this region, where there is predictions indicating the generation of non-Gaussian states that are relevant for applications in quantum information.

Orientadores: Jose Antonio Roversi, Antonio Vidiella Barranco / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T23:26:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Munhoz_PabloParmezani_D.pdf: 2389817 bytes, checksum: 8dde8d8180015b471d0fc6581dc6ee87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, analisamos conceitos de Informação Quântica e Óptica Quântica no contexto de Eletrodinâmica Quântica de Cavidades (CQED). Recentemente, CQED vem apresentando grandes avanços tecnológicos, justificando o interesse em várias propostas de implementação experimental. Na primeira parte do trabalho, consideramos o efeito da emissão espontânea num sistema de dois átomos de dois-níveis idênticos interagindo dispersivamente com o campo eletromagnético quantizado numa cavidade de alto fator de qualidade Q. Investigamos o efeito destrutivo do decaimento atômico na geração de estados maximamente emaranhados. Em particular, calculamos a fidelidade de teletransporte, obtendo o limite superior para a taxa de decaimento espontâneo dos átomos que ainda permite teletransporte usando tais estados como canal quântico. Na segunda parte, apresentamos os Estados Coerentes Emaranhados Tipo-Cluster (CTECS) e discuti-mos suas propriedades. Apresentamos um esquema de geração desses estados em cavidades, mediante escolhas convenientes de interações átomo-cavidade, através do ajuste de dessintonias e aplicação de um campo clássico externo. Após a realização de medidas atômicas, CTECS representando campos eletro-magnéticos não-locais em cavidades separadas podem ser gerados. Generalizamos o esquema de geração para 2p-cavidades e analisamos a utilidade do CTECS gerado para teletransporte, considerando perda de fótons nas cavidades / Abstract: In this work, we analyze concepts of Quantum Information and Quantum Optics in the context of Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics (CQED). Nowadays, CQED is achieving great technological advances, justifying the interest in several proposals of experimental implementation. In the first part of the work, we consider the effect of spontaneous emission in a system of two identical two-level atoms dispersively interacting with the quantized electromagnetic field inside a high quality factor Q cavity. We investigate the destructive effect of the atomic decay in the generation of maximally entangled states. In particular, we compute the fidelity of teleportation, obtaining an upper limit for the spontaneous atomic decay rate which still allows teleportation using those states as quantum channels. In the second part, we present the cluster-type entangled coherent states (CTECS) and discuss their properties. We present a generation scheme of these states in cavities, by means of convenient choices of atom-field interactions, through adjustments of detunings and application of a classical external field. After the realization of simple atomic measurements, CTECS representing nonlocal electromagnetic fields in separate cavities can be generated. We generalize the scheme for 2p-cavities, analyzing the utility of the generated CTECS for teleportation, considering photon leakage in the cavities / Doutorado / Física Clássica e Física Quântica : Mecânica e Campos / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Jose Antonio Roversi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T05:38:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nohama_FabianoKenji_D.pdf: 1986556 bytes, checksum: dce935416c59935cf9e7d868f74c5653 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Nesta tese estudamos um sistema de duas cavidades acopladas e sua interação com átomos de dois níveis bem como com íons aprisionados. Para o acoplamento entre as cavidades consideramos dois mecanismos distintos: (1) acoplamento pela sobreposição dos campos e; (2) acoplamento via fibra óptica. Considerando a interação dos campos acoplados com átomos de dois níveis nós observamos o emaranhamento em um sistema tripartite (quando as cavidades estão interagindo com apenas um átomo). Também foi possível obter a transferência do estado quântico entre dois átomos localizado em cavidades diferentes. Além disso elaboramos uma proposta relativamente simples para a geração de estados maximamente emaranhados (estados de Bell) entre dois átomos utilizando as duas cavidades acopladas. Por último, estudamos dois íons aprisionados, cada um deles localizado no interior de cavidades diferentes. As duas cavidades sendo conectadas por uma fibra óptica. Neste caso foi possível observar a transferência de um conjunto de estados de dois-qubits a partir dos graus de liberdade (de movimento e dos estados internos) de um dos íons para o outro, localizado em uma cavidade diferente. Nas propostas envolvendo a transferência de estados quânticos e a geração de estados de Bell foram incluídos os efeitos de dissipação devido à presença de um reservatório de temperatura T = 0K. Com isso pudemos concluir que as propostas são confiáveis para as reais taxas de dissipação observadas em experimentos / Abstract: In this thesis we studied a system of two coupled cavities and its interaction with two-level atoms and trapped ions. For the coupling between the cavities we considered two situations: (1) coupling due the overlap between the fields and; (2) coupling by optical fiber. Considering the interaction of the coupled fields with two-level atoms we observed the entanglement in a tripartite system (when the cavities are interacting with only one atom). When both cavities are interacting with an atom it was possible to obtain the quantum state transfer between two atoms located in different cavities. Besides, we conceived a relatively simple proposal to the generation of maximally entangled states (EPR states) between two atoms using the two coupled cavities. At last we studied two trapped ions, each one located inside different cavities. The two cavities are connected by an optical fiber, where it was possible to observe the transfer of a two-qubits set from the movement and internal states degrees of freedom of one of the ions to the other one, located in a different cavity. In the proposals involving the quantum state transfer and the EPR state genera-tion we included the dissipation effects due the presence of a reservoir at temperature T = 0. With this we concluded that the proposals are reliable considering dissipation rates observed in experiments / Doutorado / Física Geral / Doutor em Ciências

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Paulo Estevao Weber.pdf: 2778005 bytes, checksum: 18a0fa4b6212e96fa01862634c242aa3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-20 / A feasible scheme for generating squeezed states of superposiçãao displaced in superconducting cavities is presented. The characteristics and properties, especially the non-classical, are studied by means of the Wigner function and Q parameter of Mandel. The probability of successful generation of such superposition are also considered. / Um esquema factível de geração de superposiçãao de estados comprimidos deslocados em cavidades supercondutoras é apresentado. As características e propriedades, em especial as não clássicas, são estudadas por meio da funcão de Wigner e parâmetro Q de Mandel. A probabilidade de sucesso de geracão de tal superposição também são consideradas.

Submitted by Biblioteca do Instituto de Física (bif@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-03-27T20:46:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação.pdf: 3142879 bytes, checksum: 86acc16510c6eb3acd7d645922238d47 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T20:46:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação.pdf: 3142879 bytes, checksum: 86acc16510c6eb3acd7d645922238d47 (MD5) / Trabalhos anteriores já mostraram o dobramento do momento angular orbital de feixes após a geração de segundo harmônico em meios não lineares. Nesse trabalho pretendemos usar a polarização como parâmetro auxiliar para poder incidir em um cristal não linear dois feixes colineares com momentos angulares orbitais diferentes e obter na geração de seu segundo harmônico a soma de seus momentos angulares orbitais e veri car este resultado experimentalmente. / Previous work have already shown the orbital angular momentum doubling after second harmonic generation in non-linear media. In this work we intend to use the polarization as an auxiliary parameter to focus in a non-linear crystal two colinear beams with different orbital angular momentum and obtain in its second harmonic generation the sum of their orbital angular momentum and to verify it exeperimentally.

In this thesis we study the information transmission through Gaussian quantum channels. Gaussian quantum channels model physical communication links, such as free space communication or optical fibers and therefore, may be considered as the most relevant quantum channels. One of the central characteristics of any communication channel is its capacity. In this work we are interested in the classical capacity, which is the maximal number of bits that can be reliably transmitted per channel use. An important lower bound on the classical capacity is given by the Gaussian capacity, which is the maximal transmission rate with the restriction that only Gaussian encodings are allowed: input messages are encoded in so-called Gaussian states for which the mean field amplitudes are Gaussian distributed.<p><p>We focus in this work mainly on the Gaussian capacity for the following reasons. First, Gaussian encodings are easily accessible experimentally. Second, the difficulty of studying the classical capacity, which arises due to an optimization problem in an infinite dimensional Hilbert space, is greatly reduced when considering only Gaussian input encodings. Third, the Gaussian capacity is conjectured to coincide with the classical capacity, even though this longstanding conjecture is unsolved until today.<p><p>We start with the investigation of the capacities of the single-mode Gaussian channel. We show that the most general case can be reduced to a simple, fiducial Gaussian channel which depends only on three parameters: its transmissivity (or gain), the added noise variance and the squeezing of the noise. Above a certain input energy threshold, the optimal input variances are given by a quantum water-filling solution, which implies that the optimal modulated output state is a thermal state. This is a quantum extension (or generalization) of the well-known classical water-filling solution for parallel Gaussian channels. Below the energy threshold the solution is given by a transcendental equation and only the less noisy quadrature is modulated. We characterize in detail the dependence of the Gaussian capacity on its channel parameters. In particular, we show that the Gaussian capacity is a non-monotonous function of the noise squeezing and analytically specify the regions where it exhibits one maximum, a maximum and a minimum, a saddle point or no extrema. <p><p>Then, we investigate the case of n-mode channels with noise correlations (i.e. memory), where we focus in particular on the classical additive noise channel. We consider memory models for which the noise correlations can be unraveled by a passive symplectic transformation. Therefore, we can simplify the problem to the study of the Gaussian capacity in an uncorrelated basis, which corresponds to the Gaussian capacity of n single-mode channels with a common input energy constraint. Above an input energy threshold the solutions is given by a global quantum water-filling solution, which implies that all modulated single-mode output states are thermal states with the same temperature. Below the threshold the channels are divided into three sets: i) those that are excluded from information transmission, ii) those for which only the less noisy quadrature is modulated, and iii) those for which the quantum water-filling solution is satisfied. As an example we consider a Gauss-Markov correlated noise, which in the uncorrelated basis corresponds to a collection of single-mode classical additive noise channels. When rotating the collection of optimal single-mode input states back to the original, correlated basis the optimal multi-mode input state becomes a highly entangled state. We then compare the performance of the optimal input state with a simple coherent state encoding and conclude that one gains up to 10% by using the optimal encoding.<p><p>Since the preparation of the optimal input state may be very challenging we consider sub-optimal Gaussian-matrix product states (GMPS) as input states as well. GMPS have a known experimental setup and, though being heavily entangled, can be generated sequentially. We demonstrate that for the Markovian correlated noise as well as for a non-Markovian noise model in a wide range of channel parameters, a nearest-neighbor correlated GMPS achieves more than 99.9% of the Gaussian capacity. At last, we introduce a new noise model for which the GMPS is the exact optimal input state. Since GMPS are known to be ground states of quadratic Hamiltonians this suggests a starting point to develop links between optimization problems of quantum communication and many body physics. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse explore certaines possibilités qu'offre l’optique intégrée en silicium pour des applications en ingénierie quantique. <p>Un premier chapitre établi la théorie de la propagation non linéaire scalaire du champ électrique dans des guides d’onde en silicium.<p>La génération de paires dans de tels guides est également présentée.<p>Le second chapitre reprend un travail expérimental de caractérisation des propriétés non linéaires des guides utilisés. Le résultat original principal de ce travail est un montage de caractérisation non linéaire par la méthode D-scan en régime picoseconde. <p>Le cœur du travail est présenté dans le troisième chapitre, il s'agit de la mise en évidence, la caractérisation et de l'étude approfondie de la génération de paires de photons au sein de guides d’ondes.<p>Le dernier chapitre est consacré à l'intégration proprement dite de la source de paires de photons au sein d’un circuit quantique afin de réaliser la majeure partie d’un expérience clé d’optique quantique sur une puce en silicium. Nous présentons deux sources de paires de photons prêtes pour l'intégration avec un circuit optique (paires en cavité et filtration spectrale).<p>Nous présentons ensuite la préparation d'expériences intégrées préliminaires. En particulier, nous montrons l'enchevêtrement en chemin produit dans une structure intégrée. Nous réalisons également l'expérience de Hong-Ou-Mandel.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La mécanique quantique est sans aucun doute la théorie la mieux vérifiée qui n’a jamais existée. En se retournant vers le passé, nous constatons qu’un siècle de théorie quantique a non seulement changé la perception que nous avons de l’univers dans lequel nous vivons mais aussi est responsable de plusieurs concepts technologiques qui ont le potentiel de révolutionner notre monde.<p> <p>La présente dissertation a pour but de mettre en avance ces potentiels, tant dans le domaine théorique qu’expérimental. Plus précisément, dans un premier temps, nous étudierons des protocoles de communication quantique et démontrerons que ces protocoles offrent des avantages de sécurité qui n’ont pas d’égaux en communication classique. Dans un deuxième temps nous étudierons trois problèmes spécifiques en clonage quantique ou chaque solution<p>apportée pourrait, à sa façon, être exploitée dans un problème de communication quantique.<p><p>Nous débuterons par décrire de façon théorique le premier protocole de communication quantique qui a pour but la distribution d’une clé secrète entre deux parties éloignées. Ce chapitre nous permettra d’introduire plusieurs concepts et outils théoriques qui seront nécessaires dans les chapitres successifs. Le chapitre suivant servira aussi d’introduction, mais cette fois-ci penché plutôt vers le côté expériemental. Nous présenterons une élégante technique qui nous permettra d’implémenter des protocoles de communication quantique de façon simple. Nous décrirons ensuite des expériences originales de communication quantique basées sur cette technique. Plus précisément, nous introduirons le concept de filtration d’erreur et utiliserons cette technique afin d’implémenter une distribution de clé quantique bruyante qui ne pourrait pas être sécurisé sans cette technique. Nous démontrerons ensuite des expériences implémentant le tirage au sort quantique et d’identification quantique.<p><p>Dans un deuxième temps nous étudierons des problèmes de clonage quantique basé sur le formalisme introduit dans le chapitre d’introduction. Puisqu’il ne sera pas toujours possible de prouver l’optimalité de nos solutions, nous introduirons une technique numérique qui nous<p>permettra de mettre en valeur nos résultats.<p> <p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation physique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse est dédiée à l'analyse de signaux électriques quantiques dans les canaux de bords de l'effet Hall quantique. En particulier, j'ai utilisé l'analogue électronique de l'interféromètre de Hong, Ou et Mandel pour réaliser des expériences d'interférométrie à deux particules. En entrée de l'interféromètre sont placées des sources d'électrons uniques qui permettent l'injection contrôlée d'excitation ne contenant qu'une seule particule. Les canaux de bords guident ces excitations jusqu'à l'interféromètre. Il s'agit d'un contact ponctuel quantique qui agit comme une lame semi-réfléchissante pour les électrons. On mesure en sortie les fluctuations basse fréquence du courant. Cela nous permet de mesurer le recouvrement entre les fonctions d'onde à un électron émises à chaque entrée. Grâce à cette mesure de recouvrement, j'ai pu caractériser à des échelles de temps sub-nanoseconde, le rôle des interactions Coulombienne sur la propagation de l'électron unique. J'ai pu montrer que ces interactions étaient la source principale de la décohérence du paquet d'onde mono-électronique et qu'elles décomposent l'électron sur des modes collectifs. C'est une manifestation de la fractionalisation de l'électron qui apparaît dans les systèmes uni-dimensionnel en interactions. Grâce à cet interféromètre, j'ai pu aussi implémenter un protocole de tomographie qui permet de reconstruire toute les informations à une particule de n'importe quel signal émis dans le canal de bord. / This thesis is dedicated to processing of quantum electronic signals in the edge channels of the integer quantum Hall effect. In particular, I used the electronic analogue of the Hong, Ou and Mandel interferometer to realize two particle interference measurements. The interferometer consists of a quantum point contact (QPC) that acts as an electronic beam-splitter. The inputs are fed by single electron sources whose single particle excitations are guided toward the QPC by quantum Hall edge channels. We measure low frequency current noise in one of the output to measure overlaps of first order coherence functions. With this interferometer I could characterize on short time scales the role of Coulomb interactions on single electron propagation. I could show that interactions are the main source of decoherence of the single particle wave packet and that the electron decomposes into collective modes. This is due to fractionalisation which is a hallmark of interacting unidimensional systems. Thanks to this interferometer I could also implement a universal tomography protocol to dissect all single particle information of any arbitrary current. This enables the study of non-classical propagating state.

Nous nous ici intéressons à la propagation d'états non-classiques de la lumière à travers des milieux désordonnés, comme les couches de peinture ou les fibres multimodes. Ces milieux sont généralement considérés comme des obstacles à la propagation de la lumière: par exemple, la diffusion de la lumière dans les tissus biologiques diminue considérablement les capacités des systèmes d'imagerie optique. C'est donc un phénomène duquel on souhaite généralement s'affranchir. Au contraire, dans notre étude nous exploitons ce désordre et utilisons ces milieux comme des "mélangeurs" de lumière. La lumière qui y pénètre est fortement diffusée et ses propriétés spectrales, spatiales et de polarisation sont complètement redistribuées. Cette redistribution est associée à un phénomène de propagation d'onde et d'interférence complexe qui est donc déterministe. Nous pouvons alors utiliser des méthodes de manipulation de front d'onde pour étudier ou contrôler ce mélange. Associés à des états non-classiques, ces systèmes permettent de réaliser des marches aléatoires quantiques dans des environnements bien plus complexes que ceux qui existent actuellement. Les méthodes de contrôle de front d'onde nous ont permis d'étudier et de manipuler ces marches aléatoires. Nous avons notamment montré qu'il est possible de guider les photons en manipulant les interférences classiques et quantiques. Ce travail nous a permis d'étudier de nouveaux aspects de la physique des milieux complexes, mais aussi d'explorer un nouveau type de plateformes pour marches aléatoires quantiques qui pourraient jouer un rôle important dans le développement des nouvelles applications pour traitement de l'information. / Light is not only an ideal medium to transmit information, but also a very interesting physical system to process it. In this respect, quantum optics has recently emerged as a highly promising domain for the development of new computing applications that can surpass the performances of currently available systems. In this respect, quantum walk of photons has recently emerged as a very powerful model for quantum information science, and integrated photonic devices have proven a versatile architecture for their implementation. While these waveguide structures allow only near-neighbor coupling between up to a few tens of modes, complex linear systems, such as white paint layer or multimode fiber, enable to couple efficiently a huge numbers of optical modes. Unstable and lossy, these systems have always been considered unpractical for quantum optics experiments. Wavefront shaping methods, developed in the last decade to control light propagating in complex media, allow moving beyond these limitations and make them exploitable with non-classical light. In our work, we demonstrate the implementation of quantum walks in a layer of paint and a multimode fiber using single-photons and photon-pairs. For this purpose, we extend wavefront shaping methods, originally developed to control classical light propagation in complex media, to non-classical light. This capability to manipulate photons allows building new controllable highly multimode optical platforms. Such systems pave the way for the next generation of quantum information processing devices.