Focusing on the 1851 International Sanitary Conference, this dissertation analyses an important episode in the international regulation of health, trade, passengers, and cargo in a period of epidemic crisis. It argues that a group of diplomats and physicians appointed to represent 12 European nations instituted a new international forum that extended – and occasionally rivalled – national and local agencies for epidemic governance. Together, delegates endeavoured to establish a common sanitary policy in Europe and in the Orient. By creating shared surveillance and judicial mechanisms – while standardising definitions and practices – delegates aimed to engineer the flow of people, vessels, cargo, and diseases in the Mediterranean region. As a transnational forum, the Conference was a platform where doctors and diplomats reinterpreted models of public health and sanitary administration while creating institutions that challenged conventional concepts of borders, national policy, and state sovereignty. As a multinational event, the Conference marked the unprecedented transition from local, national and, bilateral public health policies into a coherent transnational project for the governance of epidemics. The dissertation is based on extensive research conducted in hitherto largely unexplored medical, diplomatic, and national collections in Britain, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the United States of America. Sources ranging from diplomatic correspondence to medical publications and personal diaries, tie together multiple national and professional perspectives while untangling a diversity of personal and state agendas that fundamentally shaped the foundation of international public health mechanisms and contributed towards the crystallisation of medical concepts. Chapter one demonstrates how economic and political concerns about the impact of quarantine on international trade led to calls for international regulation and the standardization of quarantine practices in the Mediterranean region. Drawing on medical reports, pamphlets and diplomatic correspondence, the chapter exposes the multitude of quarantine practices in the Mediterranean region and a growing international demand for prophylactic reform. These exchanges, it is shown, culminated with the organization of the 1851 International Sanitary Conference in Paris. Chapter two argues that the Conference challenged previous diplomatic and medical protocols by including two professional groups in the process of regulating international public health. The lack of precedent allowed diplomatic and medical delegates to establish new rules for the conduct of the conference, which gave them a relatively high level of autonomy from the states they represented. Chapter three focuses on the problems of constructing a shared aetiological classification and regulating quarantine practices. It shows that, although doctors gained progressive control over the Conference, ultimately diplomatic agendas shaped the final outcome. In addition, it demonstrates that, rather than defending the elimination of quarantines, liberal states supported the continuation of quarantine practice in the Mediterranean; albeit that they managed to severely limit its operation in practice. Finally, chapter four examines how European and Oriental sanitary institutions were uniformly redesigned and new international judicial mechanisms created. These measures variously affected the sovereignty of the participating states by limiting their independent capacity to set national epidemic policies. However, the chapter argues that these negotiations took the shape of sovereignty bargains: by loosening control over specific elements of their sovereignty, states managed to advance their political, economic and sanitary agendas. By looking at the International Sanitary Conference of 1851, this dissertation shows how the foundations of international public health had consequences not only for the control of epidemic diseases and the circulation of goods and people in the Mediterranean region, but also for the authority and status of the nation states. By doing so, it reveals that international public health governance resulted from the amalgamation of a particular configuration of expert and diplomatic struggles and compromises. Moreover, the dissertation shifts the traditional local and national focus in the history of medicine to a wider and international context where local and national traditions struggled to produce coherent discourses and practices.

Public health officials and social reformers grew concerned over the prevalence of gonorrhea and syphilis following World War I. The initiatives put in place by authorities to control the spread of venereal disease lacked any concern for women’s health and sought to control their newly found independence and mobility. This thesis examines public health policies related to venereal disease control from 1920-1945 and how these regulations affected women in the United States. Laws and social reform measures such as pre-marital blood tests, the Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act, and the use of quarantining prostitutes during World War I and World War II were passed by government officials to ensure the future of America as a fit fighting force of men, placing women’s health concerns last in its race for domination. Women essentially were marked as the diseased dangers to America’s health.

abstract: In this dissertation the potential impact of some social, cultural and economic factors on Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) dynamics and control are studied. In Chapter two, the inability to detect and isolate a large fraction of EVD-infected individuals before symptoms onset is addressed. A mathematical model, calibrated with data from the 2014 West African outbreak, is used to show the dynamics of EVD control under various quarantine and isolation effectiveness regimes. It is shown that in order to make a difference it must reach a high proportion of the infected population. The effect of EVD-dead bodies has been incorporated in the quarantine effectiveness. In Chapter four, the potential impact of differential risk is assessed. A two-patch model without explicitly incorporate quarantine is used to assess the impact of mobility on communities at risk of EVD. It is shown that the overall EVD burden may lessen when mobility in this artificial high-low risk society is allowed. The cost that individuals in the low-risk patch must pay, as measured by secondary cases is highlighted. In Chapter five a model explicitly incorporating patch-specific quarantine levels is used to show that quarantine a large enough proportion of the population under effective isolation leads to a measurable reduction of secondary cases in the presence of mobility. It is shown that sharing limited resources can improve the effectiveness of EVD effective control in the two-patch high-low risk system. Identifying the conditions under which the low-risk community would be willing to accept the increases in EVD risk, needed to reduce the total number of secondary cases in a community composed of two patches with highly differentiated risks has not been addressed. In summary, this dissertation looks at EVD dynamics within an idealized highly polarized world where resources are primarily in the hands of a low-risk community – a community of lower density, higher levels of education and reasonable health services – that shares a “border” with a high-risk community that lacks minimal resources to survive an EVD outbreak. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Applied Mathematics 2018

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O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar as doses letais e esterilizantes de radiação gama para todas as fases do ciclo evolutivo de Ecdytolopha aurantiana (Lima, 1927) (Lepidóptera: Tortricidae) bicho-furão-dos-citros, visando o seu controle. O trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório de Raiobiologia e Ambiente/Radioentomologia do Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Piracicaba, da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Para irradiação de todas as fases do inseto foi utilizado uma fonte de Cobalto-60, tipo Gammabeam - 650, as doses utilizadas foram: 0 (controle), 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 e 500 Gy, foram irradiados sob uma taxa de dose de 1,112 kGy/hora. Os ensaios foram realizados em câmara climatizada com temperatura de 25 ? 2?C e umidade relativa de 70 ? 10%. O experimento foi realizado em blocos ao acaso, variando de cinco a oito tratamentos e com três e cinco repetições cada tratamento, com 10 insetos por repetição. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Pelos resultados obtidos conclui-se que as doses letais e esterilizantes para todas as fases do ciclo evolutivo do E. aurantinana, foram: ovos a dose letal foi 100Gy a esterilizante 50 Gy; larva de segundo instar a dose letal foi150 Gy a esterilizante 100 Gy; larva de ultimo instar a dose letal foi de 200 Gy a esterilizante 150 Gy; pupa a dose letal foi de 400 Gy, a esterilizante de 300 Gy; já para adultos a dose esterilizante também foi de 300 Gy. Portanto uma dose de 400 Gy pode ser utilizada para o tratamento quarentenário de todas as fases do ciclo evolutivo do bicho-furão-dos-citros / The objective was to determine the lethal and sterilizing doses of gamma radiation for all phases of the life cycle of Ecdytolopha aurantiana (Lima, 1927) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) borer of the citrus, aiming its control. The work was conducted in Radiobiology Laboratory and Environment / Radioentomology of the Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA) in Piracicaba city, University of São Paulo (USP). For irradiation of all insect stages was used a source of cobalt-60, type Gammabeam - 650 doses were used: 0 (control), 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 Gy was irradiated in a dose rate of 1,112 kGy/hour. The assays were performed in a climatic chamber with 25 ? 2?C temperature and humidity on 70 ? 10%. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks, ranging from five and eight treatments and three and five replicates per treatments, with 10 insects per repetition. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test (p <0.05). From the results obtained it is concluded that the lethal doses and for sterilizing all stages of the life cycle of E. aurantinana were: egg lethal dose was 100 Gy and 50 Gy the sterilizing; second instar larvae lethal dose was 150 Gy and 100 Gy the sterilizing; last instar larvae of the lethal dose was 200 Gy and 150 Gy the sterilizing; pupae lethal dose was 400 Gy and 300 Gy the sterilizing; the sterilizing dose for adults it was also 300 Gy. Therefore a dose of 400 Gy can be used for quarantine treatment of all stages of the life cycle of the borer of the citrus

Orientadores: Benedito Carlos Benedetti, Adalton Raga, Perla Gómez Di Marco / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T18:23:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_StellaMariaJanuaria_D.pdf: 942200 bytes, checksum: f0c6adbea884bee20c024b9044a05cb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A goiaba é um fruto com boas características organolépticas e nutricionais, além de ter boa aceitação tanto para o consumo "in natura" como industrial. É, porém, bastante perecível após a colheita, daí decorrendo perdas significativas. Além disso, acaba destinada quase totalmente ao mercado interno, em virtude das barreiras fitossanitárias impostas por países importadores diante de problemas como a infestação por moscas-das-frutas. É exatamente no estudo dessa praga que se situa o objeto do presente trabalho, cuja realização obedeceu aos seguintes propósitos: 1) avaliar a eficiência dos métodos de controle de radiação "UVC"e "água quente", bem como a aplicação combinada de ambos, para o fim de promover a desinfestação de ovos de Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) em goiabas 'Kumagai'; 2) avaliar a qualidade físico-química de goiabas 'Kumagai' submetidas aos tratamentos quarentenários. No que se refere ao método "água quente", o equipamento banho-maria Dubnoff existente em laboratório forneceu uma variação de temperatura de 0,5 ºC, sendo que as médias dos tempos de exposição, verificados em termopares inseridos a 5 mm, para as temperaturas avaliadas de 42,0 a 50,0 ºC (± 0,5) com intervalos de 1,0 ºC, foram menores que as médias dos tempos de exposição daqueles termopares inseridos no centro das goiabas para as mesmas temperaturas avaliadas. Em função desse aumento no tempo de imersão em altas temperaturas, foram observadas a presença de escaldaduras na casca das goiabas tratadas a 46,0; 47,0; 48,0; 49,0 e 50,0 ºC (± 0,5). Por sua vez, no que tange ao método por "UV-C", as lâmpadas utilizadas no equipamento de radiação possuíam comprimentos de onda predominantes de 254 nm (adequados, portanto, para o estudo de radiação UV-C) e a tela de aço (diâmetro da malha hexagonal: 6,0x 7,0 cm) foi o material escolhido para compor a prateleira central, distante 8 cm da fonte luminosa. Aplicados os métodos em questão, o que se observou nos testes "in vitro" foi que ampliação do tempo de imersão no tratamento hidrotérmico e a exposição a intensidades crescentes de radiação UV-C no tratamento por radiação conduziram a um aumento na mortalidade ovos de C. capitata; já quanto aos testes "in vivo", a conclusão, em relação ao método "água quente", foi a de que tratamentos a temperaturas de 46,0; 47,0; 48,0; 49,0 e 50,0 (± 0,5) ºC, com tempos de imersão de 0; 46; 36; 26; 16 e 12 minutos, respectivamente, são eficientes para a mortalidade de ovos de C. capitata (não tendo sido verificadas escaldaduras nas cascas das frutas às temperaturas avaliadas) e, em relação ao método "UV-C", verificou-se que a intensidade de 16,0 kJm-2 foi capaz de inativar 100% de ovos de C. capitata. Nos tratamentos combinados, foi observado efeito aditivo na mortalidade de ovos de C. capitata, sendo mais intensos nas combinações de 0,54 kJm-2 + 45,0 ± 0,5 ºC; 0,80 kJm-2 + 45,0 ± 0,5 ºC; 0,54 kJm-2 + 46,0 ± 0,5 ºC e 0,80 kJm-2 + 46,0 ± 0,5 ºC. Por fim, quanto à qualidade pós-colheita, a das goiabas submetidas aos tratamentos e armazenadas a 8,0 ± 0,2 ºC durante o período de armazenamento de 10 dias mostrou-se superior à das goiabas que tiveram aplicados os mesmos tratamentos e foram armazenadas a 22,0 ± 0,2 ºC / Abstract: Guava is a fruit that has good organoleptic and nutritional haracteristics, besides having a good acceptance as for consumption "in natura" as industrial. It is, however, a lot perishable after the harvest, and because of that there are countless losses to the producers. Besides it, the fruit is practically consumed in the internal market, because of the sanitary obstacles imposed by importing countries before matters as infestation by fruit flies. It is exactly in the study of this plague that is the object of this work whose achievement has obeyed the following steps: 1) evaluating the efficiency of hot water imersion, UV-C radiation methods, and the application in both, with the intention of promoting the not infestation of eggs of Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephrittidae) in "Kumagai" guavas; 2) evaluating the physics-chemistry quality submitted to quarantine treatments. Mentioning to the method hot water, the double boiler Duboff equipment existing in the laboratory gives us a variation of temperature of 0,5 ºC, as for the average of times of expositions verified in pairs at 5 mm, for temperatures of 42,0 the 50,0 ºC (± 0,5) with intervals of 1,0 ºC was lower than the ones of the times in exposition in the center of guavas to the same temperatures. Due to this increase of the time of immersion in high temperatures, it was noticed the presence of burns on the treated guavas peel to 46,0; 47,0; 48,0; 49,0 and 50,0 ºC (± 0,5). By its shift, according to the UV-C method, the light bulbs used in the radiation equipment had 254 nm waves (proper to the study of radiation UV-C) and the steel screen (hexagonal mesh: 6,0 x 7,0 cm) was the chosen material to compose the central shelf, far 8 cm from the illuminated fountain. The used methods, what was noticed in the tests "in vitro" was that the amplification of the time of the immersion (in the hydrothermical) and the exposition to the increasing intensity of radiation UV-C (in the treatment by radiation) led to an increase in the mortality of eggs of C. capitata; according to the tests "in vivo" the conclusion in relation to the method hot water was that treatments to the temperatures 46,0; 47,0; 48,0; 49,0 e 50,0 ºC (± 0,5). With times of immersion of 46; 36; 26; 16 and 12 minutes, respectively, are efficient to the mortality of the eggs of C. capitata (not having being verified burns on the fruits peel to the evaluated temperatures) and, in relation to the method UV-C, it was noticed that the intensity of 16.0 kJm-2 was able to activate 100% of eggs of C. capitata. In the combined treatments, it was observed the adding effect in the mortality of eggs of C. capitata, being more intense in the combinations 0,54 kJm-2 + 45,0 ± 0,5 ºC; 0,80 kJm-2 + 45,0 ± 0,5 ºC; 0,54 kJm-2 + 46,0 ± 0,5 ºC e 0,80 kJm-2 + 46,0 ± 0,5 ºC. Finally according to the quality after the harvest, the guavas that were submitted to the treatment and stored to 8,0 ± 0,2 ºC during a period of 10 days were superior to the guavas that had the same treatments and were stored to 22,0 ± 0,2 ºC / Doutorado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar e comparar o comportamento químico e físico-químico da manga cv. Tommy Atkins submetida aos tratamentos hidrotérmico e a irradiação nas doses 0,4 kGy e 1,0 kGy, a fim de complementar os estudos feitos por SABATO et al (2009) no teste de transporte real de mangas irradiadas do Brasil para o Canadá. Esses estudos permitiram comparar o desempenho da irradiação com o tratamento térmico quanto à preservação das características da manga destinada à exportação. Para tanto as mangas foram divididas em grupos: controle; banho térmico (46°C por 90 min); dose 0,4 kGy e dose 1,0 kGy. Os frutos foram mantidos em câmara fria (11°C ± 2) por 14 dias, e, posteriormente, a temperatura ambiente (23°C ±2) até o fim de sua vida útil. Durante o período de armazenamento a baixa temperatura, as análise foram realizadas em intervalos de 7 dias; e a cada 3 dias, quando mantidos a temperatura ambiente. Os resultados indicaram que a dose de 1,0 kGy foi o único grupo que manteve os frutos com a coloração da casca no estágio 3 durante todo período do experimento, porém promoveu uma maior perda de textura e degradação nos teores de acidez total titulável nos frutos ainda verdes. Notou-se que somente o grupo controle apresentou teores mais altos de ácido cítrico e succínico no último dia de experimento. Não houve diferenças significativas nos valores de sólidos solúveis totais, açúcares totais e avaliação de massa fresca em relação aos tratamentos avaliados. A análise de observação visual indicou que o grupo do banho térmico foi o que obteve o maior número de descarte dos frutos por decomposição com, aproximadamente, 55%. Concluiu-se que a irradiação é mais efetiva para a preservação da qualidade de mangas cv. Tommy Atkins, diminuindo o surgimento de podridões ou murchamento em relação ao tratamento térmico. Entretanto, a preservação da qualidade extrínseca do fruto não é concomitantemente influenciada pelas suas características intrínsecas, uma vez que, internamente, os frutos continuam seu amadurecimento normal, independente da dose aplicada. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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A mancha preta dos citros (MPC) é causada pelo fungo Phyllosticta citricarpa e está entre as principais doenças citrícolas do Brasil. Esse fungo provoca lesões superficiais e queda precoce dos frutos. Essas lesões não comprometem a qualidade interna do fruto, porém limita a comercialização no mercado brasileiro de frutos e impede que o Brasil seja exportador do produto in-natura devido à presença dos sintomas. A MPC é uma doença quarentenária A1 na União Europeia (UE) por não estar presente em seus países membros. Essa é a principal razão pela qual o Brasil, embora seja o maior produtor mundial de frutos e suco, não apareça no topo dos países exportadores. O principal controle utilizado para a doença é o controle químico associado a práticas culturais. Os principais fungicidas utilizados são os cúpricos, os benzimidazóis e a mistura de estrobilurinas e triazóis. Porém, em 2012 os benzimidazóis foram retirados da lista de produtos permitidos em pomares com frutos destinados ao mercado externo. Nesse contexto, os produtores se veem com uma opção a menos para o controle da doença no campo. Sabe-se que o beneficiamento em packinghouse é um método de controle dos frutos em pós-colheita, porém a eficiência desse processo nunca foi avaliada. Por essa razão, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência do processo de beneficiamento em packinghouse na redução de incidência de frutos com MPC. Para isso, foi avaliado quinzenalmente, no período de abril de 2012 a maio de 2013 a incidência e a severidade de MPC nos frutos antes a após o beneficiamento pelo packinghouse. Para a avaliação da severidade foi utilizada a escala diagramática. A redução da incidência no lote chegou a 53,3 %, enquanto que a redução da severidade no lote chegou a 68 %. Foi observado que grande parte dos frutos se agrupa em intervalos baixos de severidade, entre 0,5 a 1,7 %. A eficiência do packinghouse aumenta com o incremento na classe de severidade, por exemplo, a redução da MPC é de 100 % em casos em que a severidade dos frutos é maior que 11,6 %. Os frutos com baixa severidade são dificilmente detectados e não são retirados da linha de beneficiamento, já que o packinghouse tem seus frutos destinados ao mercado interno e menos exigentes na questão fitossanitária. A quantificação de picnídios em lesões novas de mancha sardenta foi realizada em frutos que já apresentavam sintomas da doença. Os frutos foram mantidos em recipientes plásticos, a temperatura de 25 ? C sob luz constante, o acompanhamento era feito a cada dois dias. Foi verificado que o aparecimento de picnídios ocorre de 2 a 18 dias após o aparecimento da lesão e não foi verificado um padrão de produção dos picnídios em manchas sardentas. O efeito da aplicação de cera de carnaúba e fungicida imazalil nos sintomas pós-colheita foi realizado em frutos com três tratamentos, (1) cera de carnaúba, (2) cera de carnaúba + imazalil e (3) controle. Os frutos foram mantidos em recipientes plásticos, a temperatura de 25 ? C sob luz constante, a avaliação era feita a cada quatro dias. Foi verificado que a taxa de progresso da doença foi crescente para os tratamentos (1) cera de carnaúba + imazalil, (2) cera de carnaúba e (3) controle. As taxas diferiram estatisticamente pelo teste-t a 5 % de probabilidade. / The citrus black spot (CBS) is caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa fungus and is one of the main citrus diseases in Brazil. This fungus causes surface lesions and early fruit drop. These lesions do not compromise the internal quality of the fruit; however, they limit its commercialization in the domestic market and hinder exports of the fruit in-natura. The CBS is a quarantine disease classified as A1 by the European Union (EU) with no occurrence in its member countries. For this reason, the EU has tolerance zero for fruits contaminated with CBS. This is the main reason that stops Brazil, the world\"s largest fruit and juice producer, from being the top citrus exporter country. The disease is controlled mainly by the use of chemicals associated with cultural practices. The main chemical products used are cupric, benzimidazols and mixture of strobilurin and triazole. However, in 2012 benzimidazols were banned from the domestic market. Therefore, producers have fewer options for the control of the disease in the field. The processing of fruits at a packinghouse is a method of post-harvest fruit control; nevertheless, the efficiency of this process was never assessed. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of packinghouse process in reducing incidence of CBS in oranges. The incidence and severity of CBS in the fruits before and after packinghouse process were evaluated every fifteen days, from April 2012 to May 2013. The diagrammatic scale was used to assess the severity of CBS. Incidence reduction of these fruits can reach 50.5 %, whereas the reduction of fruits severity decreased up to 68 %. We observed that large quantities of fruits are aggregated to low severity breaks on the diagrammatic scale, from 0.5 to 1.7 %. For fruits with high severity, the detection is easier and they are removed from the processing belt, improving efficiency. The efficiency of a packinghouse in reducing the occurrence of CBS is 100% in cases where severity of fruits is greater than 11.6%. The behavior adopted by the packinghouse to detect fruits changes depending on severity. The fruits with low severity are hard to be detected on the belt and are not removed from the processing line, because the packinghouse studied allocates its fruits to the domestic market, which is less demanding in terms of plant health. Quantification of pycnidia in new freckled spot lesions was carried out in fruits that already show symptoms of the disease, the fruits were kept in containers at 25 ? C under constant light, the monitoring was done every two days. It was found that the appearance of pycnidia was between 2 and 18 days after onset of the injury and was not observed standard in pycnidia production. The appearance of freckles spot was performed with three treatments on fruit (1) carnauba wax, (2) carnauba wax + imazalil and (3) control. The fruits were kept in containers at a temperature of 25 ? C under constant light, the assessment was carried out every four days. It was found that the rate of progress of the disease increased for treatment (1) Carnauba wax + imazalil, (2) carnauba wax and (3) control. Rates differed statistically in the t-test at 5% probability.