O quartzo hialino quando tratado com irradiação gama, seguida ou não de tratamento térmico, pode desenvolver diversos matizes de verde, amarelo e marrom. Estas cores causam um acréscimo no seu valor comercial e as variedades coloridas são frequentemente lapidadas e usadas como gemas, porém, o resultado dependerá de sua composição química e do seu ambiente de formação. Alguns matizes obtidos através desse tratamento não são encontrados na natureza, como é o caso da tonalidade amarelo-esverdeada, e quando o quartzo hialino desenvolve esta cor é conhecido como green gold. Este estudo tem como principal objetivo analisar a formação do matiz amarelo-esverdeado desenvolvido por cristais de quartzo hialinos após irradiação e tratamento térmico, assim como correlacionaras cores obtidas com o ambiente de formação e prováveis elementos químicos responsáveis pela cor. Para isto foram utilizadas 97 amostras de quartzo, sendo 93 de quartzo green golde 4 de quartzo morion natural, provenientes de pegmatitos de Santana do Araguaia (PA) e de veios hidrotermais próximos a Joaquim Felício (MG), respectivamente. Os cristais de quartzo green gold foram divididos em 17 grupos e as amostrasde quartzo morion constituíram somente 1 grupo, sendo o critério de separação as diferentes tonalidades. Uma amostra de cada lote foi mantida original para ser utilizada como padrão e posteriormente comparada às cores obtidas. Todos os grupos de Santana do Araguaia - PAforam aquecidos a 330°C para perderem a cor e serem novamente tratados. A partir desta etapa, estes lotes foram irradiados com 330kGy utilizando uma fonte de \'Co POT.60\' e depois aquecidos a uma temperatura que variou de 217°C à 330°C. O grupo de quartzo morion de Joaquim Felício - MG foi apenas aquecido nas mesmas condições de temperatura. As cores desenvolvidas após o tratamento foram classificadas visualmente pelo método CMYK e analisadas através da espectroscopia no visível, assim, estes dados foram comparados às cores das amostras padrão. Todos osgrupos provenientes dos pegmatitos de Santana do Araguaia - PA não desenvolveram a coloração inicial, tendo se tornados amarelados e amarronzados. Somente uma amostra deste lote de quartzo desenvolveu uma peculiar coloração verde após o re-tratamento. Os cristais de Joaquim Felício - MG, quando aquecidos, tornaram-se marrom-acinzentados. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a tonalidade de cor obtida no processo de produção do quartzo green gold está intimamente relacionada ao número de vezes que as amostras de quartzo são tratadas, à dose de irradiação gama e temperaturas utilizadas, à origem do mineral e a sua composição química. / The hyaline quartz when treated with gamma irradiation, whether followed by heat treatment or not, can develop various hues of green, yellow and brown. These colors cause an increase in the commercial value of the quartz and colored varieties are often cut and used as gems, however, the result depends on its chemical composition and its geological environment. Some hues obtained through this treatment are not found in nature, as is the case of greenish-yellow hue; when the hyaline quartz develops this color itis known as \"green gold\". This study has as its mainobjective to analyze the formation of yellow-greenish hues developed by hyaline quartz crystals after irradiation and heattreatment, as well as to correlate the colors obtained from the geological environment and the chemical elements responsible for color. For this, 97 quartz samples were used, 93 of which were \"green gold\" quartz and 4 natural morion quartz, from pegmatites of Santana do Araguaia (PA) and hydrothermal veins near the Joaquim Felício (MG), respectively. The \"green gold\" quartz crystals were divided into 17 groups and the morion quartz samples were only 1 group, the criteria for separating the groups being the different hues. A sample from each group was kept original to be used as a standard, and later compared to the colors obtained. All groups of Santana do Araguaia - PA were heated to 330° C to lose color and be re-treated. After that, these lots were irradiated with 330kGy using a source of Co-60 and then heated to a temperature that ranged from 217° C to 330° C.The morion quartz group of Joaquim Felício - MG was only heated under the same conditions oftemperature. The colors developed after the treatment were visually classified by CMYK method and analyzed through visible spectroscopy. The data obtained have been compared to the colors of the standard samples. None of the groups from the pegmatites of Santana do Araguaia - PA developed the original color, only yellowish and brownish hues. Onlyone sample developed a peculiar green color after the re-treatment. The crystals of Joaquim Felício-MG, when heated, became grayish-brown. The results of this study suggest that the colors obtained in the process of production of the \"green gold\" quartz are related to the number of times that the quartz samples are treated, the dose of gamma irradiation and temperatures used, the origin of the mineral, and its chemical composition.

A Bahia tem sido, juntamente com Minas Gerais, Goiás e Rio Grande do Sul, destaque na produção de gemas naturais do Brasil, pais que detém grande parte das reservas mundiais desses bens minerais, com produção de gemas de qualidade reconhecidas internacionalmente. Os controles estatísticos registram a presença de mais de trinta variedades gemológicas em território baiano (Tavares et al, 1998). O quartzo é utilizado ultimamente em grande escala na produção de jóias. Isto se deve a sua grande abundância no território baiano, preços relativamente baixos de exploração, e a boa resposta do mesmo aos tratamentos térmico e de irradiação gema, visando mudanças ou o melhoramento da cor. As Serras do Espinhaço Setentrional e de Jacobina, bem como a região da Chapada Diamantina, concentram a maior parte das ocorrências de variedades, tanto coloridas como susceptíveis ao tratamento para induzir cor, deste mineral, o qual passou a ser visto como uma das principais matérias-prima para lapidários, comerciantes e joalheiros da região. Apesar da importância das mineralizações, existe uma carência de estudos científicos que abordem questões relacionadas com a evolução e controle geológico das mineralizações e com os tratamentos que são realizados para melhorar o potencial gemológico das regiões estudadas. Tendo em vista enriquecer o conhecimento deste potencial geológico do território baiano, a realização deste estudo representa um passo significativo no entendimento da evolução metalogenética das áreas estudadas, além de contribuir com o estudo geológico e gemológico das variedades coloridas do quartzo na Bahia. Os quartzos gemológicos estudados na Bahia encontram-se inseridos principalmente em ambientes hidrotermal, encaixados em rochas metareníticas e quartziticas do Supergrupo Espinhaço. A partir dos dados levantados em campo, pôde-se verificar que as mineralizações estudadas possuem um controle estrutural, e encontram-se posicionadas em fraturas de tração de baixo ângulo. Tais fraturas estão associadas com rampas de empurrão que se desenvolveram durante as deformações que culminaram com a estruturação do cinturão de dobramentos e cavalgamentos da Serra do Espinhaço. A cor da ametista é devido a presença de impurezas derivadas da família do ferro (FeO4)-4, e da radiação ionizante. O quartzo fumê desenvolve-se apenas com a presença de alumínio e lítio, e o fenômeno do \"centro de cor\" (defeito na estrutura cristalina causada pela falta de um elétron) é o responsável pela sua cor, onde o íon Al3+ ao substituir o íon Si4+ gera um desequilíbrio eletrônico que é compensado por íons de Li-. O citrino por sua vez, deve sua cor a uma combinação de AI-Li, semelhante ao do quartzo fumê. Os estudos também demonstraram que as aquisições de cores no quartzo obtidas através dos processos de irradiação gama e tratamento térmico, bem como a estabilidade das mesmas, estão amplamente condicionadas aos ambientes de formação dos cristais, e a presença de elementos químicos nos fluidos formadores dos cristais, os quais são responsáveis pela variação de suas cores. As características gemológicas encontradas demonstram que o quartzo baiano apresenta um elevado potencial comercial. Para o futuro sugere-se trabalhos de levantamentos geológicos e pesquisa mineral, desde que a exploração das gemas vem apresentando significativas reduções e limitações nas suas atividades minero-industriais, seja pela parcial exaustão das reservas conhecidas, ou pela necessidade de ampliá-las e, assim, incentivar novos investimentos. Pouquíssimos trabalhos com cunho gemológico tem sido publicados no Brasil com vista de esclarecer a correlação entre depósitos de quartzo e seu comportamento perante tratamentos de irradiação e de aquecimento. / Besides Minas Gerais, Goiás and Rio Grande do Sul, Bahia is worldwide known for its richness in minerals of industrial and gemological interest. Up to this day, more than 30 minerals of gemological use are known (Tavares et. al. 1998) One of the main gemological material is quartz, used currently in large amounts for jewelry due to its fair value and good response of color treatments by irradiation and heat. Most of the quartz is found and mined in the Espinhaço , Chapada Diamantina and Jacobina belts either as colorless quartz or as amethyst. The colorless variety is sometimes prone to treatments that induce color centers resulting in black (Morion), brown (Smoky), yellow(Citrine), green (Prasiolite) gemstones. Very few work exists dealing with the geological evolution, control of mineralization, estimation of quantities and possible treatments of these materials. The results of this work is a contribution to the knowledge of the metalogenic evolution of the studied areas and includes the location of all known occurrences of quartz from Bahia. It could be shown that most of the quartz from Bahia state is located mainly in a hydrothermal environment crosscutting the quartzites and arkosic rocks of the Espinhaço Supergroup. Field data showed strong tectonic control of the quartz veins, filling low angle traction fractures associated with the thrust belts that formed the Serra do Espinhaço mountain range. The fluids passing through these fractures deposited quartz, as amethyst (Breijinho de Ametista, Jacobina e Sento Sé), colorless and milky quartz and sometimes as citrine. The color of amethyst is due to substitutional iron with oxidation degree 4+, formed by irradiation of ferric iron contained in the tetrahedral of the quartz structure. Smoky colors are formed by irradiation of mainly Al containing quartz, whereas yellow and yellow green colors are formed by the presence of Al and Li. Few occurrences of colorless quartz forming a green variety by irradiation have been documented. Some preliminary results show that the type and intensity of color is determined by the specific environment of formation. More work is clearly needed to clarify the correlation of formation environment and color produced by irradiation and heat treatments.

Hydrothermal fluid flow is spatially and genetically associated with deformation in the earth�s crust. In the Otago Schist, New Zealand, the circulation of hydrothermal fluids in the Cretaceous formed numerous mesothermal gold-quartz vein deposits. Otago schist rocks are largely L-S tectonites in which the penetrative fabric is the product of more than one deformation phase/transposition cycle. Regional correlation of deformation events allowed mineralised deposits to be related to the structural evolution of the Otago Schist. Compilation of a detailed tectonostratigraphy of New Zealand basement rocks reveals that extensional mineralisation correlates with the onset of localised terrestrial fanglomerate deposition, thermal perturbation and granitic intrusion that mark the beginning of New Zealand rifting from the Antarctic portion of Gondwana. Laminated and breccia textures in mineralised veins suggest that host structures have experienced repeated episodes of incremental slip and hydrothermal fluid flow. However, analysis of vein orientation data in terms of fault reactivation theory (Amontons Law) shows that most deposits contain veins that are unfavourably oriented for frictional reactivation. Repeated movement on unfavourably oriented structures may involve dynamic processes of strain refraction due to competency contrasts, the effect of anisotropy in the schist, or localised stress field rotation. Deposits have been classified on the basis of host structure kinematics at the time of mineralisation into low angle thrust faults, and high angle extensional fault - fracture arrays. Low angle deposits have a mapped internal geometry that is very different from conventional imbricate thrust systems. This study applied ⁴⁰Ar/�⁹Ar geochronology to selected deposits and has identified at least three distinct mineralisation events have occurred within the central axial belt during the Cretaceous. Relationships between radiometric apparent age and inferred crustal depth reveal that after metamorphism, the onset of cooling and rapid exhumation of the schist belt coincides temporally and spatially with the age of mineralisation and structural position of a regional scale low angle shear zone in Otago.

The search for a reliable and non-invasive technique for the dating of rock art has produced an array of different, localised, and limited techniques. This is one of them. Still in its experimental stage, the recognition of quartz microdebitage produced by the pecking of engravings is the aim of this project. This investigation aims to establish whether microdebitage from rock engravings can be distinguished from other sediments. Analysis of microdebitage from rock engraving experiments was used to determine the difference between experimental and naturally derived particles. This research discusses methodology, and applications for the recognition of quartz grain features, derived from experimental and natural material from Mutawintji National Park (Broken Hill, NSW, Australia) and the Sydney region (NSW Australia). A three-step process was devised for this research: What features occur on non-cultural quartz grains? What features occur on rock engraving quartz grains? Are they different? Can rock engraving quartz microdebitage be identified under natural conditions? Microdebitage from rock engravings was examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy to identify diagnostic attributes, with the objective of assessing the potential of microdebitage for spatial and temporal archaeological investigation. Characteristics of the quartz grains in the microdebitage were compared with quartz from differing environments. The observation of diagnostic features on quartz grains made it possible to discriminate between microdebitage from rock engravings and the natural soil background. This knowledge may be applied to excavated material from archaeological sites, for identifying episodes of rock engraving and other lithic activity in temporal relation to other evidence of cultural activity.

<p>Outline of the thesis</p><p>This thesis is comprises three papers that are intended for journal publication. The version provided in the thesis is a bit longer than they will be at final publication. However it was the desire to include some additional documentation that may be omitted in the final versions. Each paper in the manuscript is written as an independent paper. Because all the papers are strongly tied together there is significant repetition partly because the documentation and interpretation of the results in on paper depends on the results documented in another paper. The essence of the three papers are summarised below:</p><p>Paper 1:</p><p>Sørensen, B.E. and Larsen R.B. 2007. “Fluid induced multistage recrystallisation microstructures in Quartzites and Quartz veins from the Bamble shear zone complex”</p><p>Paper 1 deduces basic principles of infiltration, physiochemical alteration processes and deformation mechanisms in quartzites and in quartz veins from the Froland area, the Bamble sector. SEM-CL is used to define generations of recrystallised quartz. A progressive quartz purification process ending with high purity quartz through recrystallisation is documented through LA-ICP-MS. The study demonstrates how fluids provokes recrystallisation and trace element mobilisation from the quartz lattice and at fluid-absent conditions, quartz is resistant to retrograde recrystallisation hence preserving its early high grade metamorphic trace element signature. Evidence of retrograde fluid flow is preserved in fluid channel textures intersecting quartz and documented by SEM-CL images as well as changes in the trace element distribution. Quartz recrystallisation is associated with metasomatic processes in the quartzites such as for example the replacement of ilmenite by rutile and replacement of biotite by muscovite. The strong focus of fluid flow along narrow pathways intersecting the quartzites generates mm-scale differences in the rheological properties of the quartz grains with increased ductility and recovery in recrystallised grains. Therefore, the study demonstrates a strong coupling between strain softening, fluid flow and mass transfer in shearzones in quartz rich rocks.</p><p>Paper 2:</p><p>Sørensen, B.E. and Larsen R.B. 2007. “The fluid evolution of the Froland area in the Bamble sector from peak P-T through cooling and uplift: implications for retrograde mineral paragenesis and PT evolution of the Bamble sector”</p><p>Paper 2 comprises a detailed characterisation of the fluid evolution during cooling and uplift through fluid inclusion studies compared with thermodynamic modelling of calc-silicate volatile dependant mineral equilibria. Fluids are documented to be brines throughout the cooling and uplift path. The paper also includes a detailed discussion of the chemical properties of the aggressive brines and their implications for mineral equilibria during cooling and exhumation. The study also document which fluids that were in equilibrium with quartz recrystallisation and purification. The study focussed on fluids that could be related to the quartz SEM-CL textures documented in Paper 1. Had the main purpose of this thesis been to understand calc-silicate equilibria in the Bamble sector fluid inclusions in the calc-silicates would have been in the focus.</p><p>Paper 3:</p><p>Sørensen, B.E, Larsen R.B. and Austrheim, H. 2007. “Metasomatic evolution of the Froland amphibolites during cooling and uplift – textural observations and geochemical evolution of hydrous minerals”</p><p>Paper 3 comprises a detailed study of alteration processes in amphibolites. The study focuses on the chemistry of amphiboles as a function P, T and the composition of the co-existing fluids. Amphibole and biotite undergo a co-genetic evolution both becoming more Mg-rich during cooling and exhumation. The chemical changes in biotite and amphibole reflects the interaction with the brines present throughout cooling and uplift. A relationship between element depletion in amphibolites and formation of Fe-Cu sulphides is observed.</p><p>As earlier stated the papers are strongly tied together. In conjunction with each other they deduce the metamorphic and metasomatic evolution of the area and put the observed quartz recrystallisation and purification into a physiochemical framework. The locality numbering varies between the papers because samples from different localities are included in each paper, accordingly a locality termed”1” in one of the papers may have a different number in the next paper. This was done because the papers are supposed to be independent research papers and the numbering logically relate to the context of the single papers and not the thesis as a whole.</p>

<p>In order to develop blood biocompatible materials a heparin surface and a phosphorylcholine (PC) functionalized polymer surface were characterized using photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). The formation of the heparin surface was studied by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). This heparin surface consists of heparin conjugates deposited on a conditioning layer, applied once or twice. The PC functionalized polymer, poly(trimethylene carbonate), was linked to a silicon substrate through 3-amino- propyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS), also studied using PES. </p><p>Synchrotron radiation based PES showed that the thicker heparin film resulted in complete coverage of the substrate, while the thinner did not. This could explain the difference in blood biocompatibility between the two films, as observed by others. It was also found that the heparin chains bend down towards the substrate (under vacuum). </p><p>For the thinner heparin film the modifications, resulting from extensive irradiation of the sample, were studied with synchrotron radiation based PES. This was done at a pressure of about 10^-7 mbar and in 0.5 mbar water vapor. It was found that the modification is slower under water vapor than at low pressures and that the damaged film incorporates water upon exposure.</p><p>The heparin coating was found to be stable and wear resistant enough to still be present on artificial heart valves after three weeks testing in circulating plasma. It then had about the same antithrombin uptake as a non-tested surface. The film was, however, partly destroyed by the durability test and plasma proteins were deposited. </p><p>The PC functionalized, APTMS linked polymer was found to be much shorter than could be expected from random reactions. One plausible explanation is an interaction between the PC group and the silane surface, favoring aminolysis close to the PC group. This is consistent with our finding that the PC group bends down towards the surface.</p>

Microtextures recorded on quartz sand grain surfaces provide evidence of past environment. Environmental processes, such as transport by glacial ice, create unique microtextures on sand grain surfaces that can be observed under high magnification with a scanning electron microscope. These microtextures and their proportions tend to be unique to environment type, allowing investigators to infer the environmental conditions to which sediments have been exposed, for example to distinguish sediments from fluvial versus mass-wasted environments. Microtextural evidence also allows inferences about the history of sediments of unknown origin. This thesis determines the qualitative and quantitative microtextural fingerprint of glacigenic quartz sand grains deposited by small tropical alpine glaciers in Costa Rica, and compares that fingerprint to the fingerprints of highland Dominican Republic sediments of uncertain genesis, to gauge whether those, individually or grouped, resemble the Costa Rican glacigenic samples. I selected 18 samples (9 each from Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic) and analyzed a minimum of 100 quartz sand grains per sample using a scanning electron microscope. My sample sizes were dictated by the scale of empirical 99% confidence intervals that would allow meaningful comparison of samples. Analysis using literature-recommended numbers of quartz sand grains would entail such large confidence intervals that practically any results would have been indistinguishable. I recorded the presence or absence of 25 microtextures on each grain, and calculated the percentage of each microtexture’s occurrence in the sample. The percentages constituted the sample’s microtextural fingerprint. As a whole, the Costa Rican fingerprints were very similar to each other, and so were the Dominican Republic fingerprints. Further comparison led me to conclude that the Dominican Republic samples are statistically indistinguishable from the Costa Rican glacierized samples. This thesis is part of a larger project establishing protocols for distinguishing glacigenic from non-glacigenic sediments, and testing for glacigenicity of sediments in Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, and elsewhere. My results can be applied in other studies distinguishing tropical highland glacigenic and non-glacial samples. My contribution will hopefully contribute toward completion of the project’s goals, specifically determining the presence or absence of past glaciers in the Dominican Republic.

Reversible changes in the self-organization of polysoaps may be induced by controlling their charge numbers via covalently bound redox moieties. This is illustrated with two viologen polysoaps, which in response to an electrochemical stimulus, change their solubility and aggregation in water, leading from homogeneously dissolved and aggregated molecules to collapsed ones and vice verse. Using the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), it could be shown that the reversibility of this process is better than 95% in 16 cycles. /

In order to develop blood biocompatible materials a heparin surface and a phosphorylcholine (PC) functionalized polymer surface were characterized using photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). The formation of the heparin surface was studied by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). This heparin surface consists of heparin conjugates deposited on a conditioning layer, applied once or twice. The PC functionalized polymer, poly(trimethylene carbonate), was linked to a silicon substrate through 3-amino- propyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS), also studied using PES. Synchrotron radiation based PES showed that the thicker heparin film resulted in complete coverage of the substrate, while the thinner did not. This could explain the difference in blood biocompatibility between the two films, as observed by others. It was also found that the heparin chains bend down towards the substrate (under vacuum). For the thinner heparin film the modifications, resulting from extensive irradiation of the sample, were studied with synchrotron radiation based PES. This was done at a pressure of about 10-7 mbar and in 0.5 mbar water vapor. It was found that the modification is slower under water vapor than at low pressures and that the damaged film incorporates water upon exposure. The heparin coating was found to be stable and wear resistant enough to still be present on artificial heart valves after three weeks testing in circulating plasma. It then had about the same antithrombin uptake as a non-tested surface. The film was, however, partly destroyed by the durability test and plasma proteins were deposited. The PC functionalized, APTMS linked polymer was found to be much shorter than could be expected from random reactions. One plausible explanation is an interaction between the PC group and the silane surface, favoring aminolysis close to the PC group. This is consistent with our finding that the PC group bends down towards the surface.

Outline of the thesis This thesis is comprises three papers that are intended for journal publication. The version provided in the thesis is a bit longer than they will be at final publication. However it was the desire to include some additional documentation that may be omitted in the final versions. Each paper in the manuscript is written as an independent paper. Because all the papers are strongly tied together there is significant repetition partly because the documentation and interpretation of the results in on paper depends on the results documented in another paper. The essence of the three papers are summarised below: Paper 1: Sørensen, B.E. and Larsen R.B. 2007. “Fluid induced multistage recrystallisation microstructures in Quartzites and Quartz veins from the Bamble shear zone complex” Paper 1 deduces basic principles of infiltration, physiochemical alteration processes and deformation mechanisms in quartzites and in quartz veins from the Froland area, the Bamble sector. SEM-CL is used to define generations of recrystallised quartz. A progressive quartz purification process ending with high purity quartz through recrystallisation is documented through LA-ICP-MS. The study demonstrates how fluids provokes recrystallisation and trace element mobilisation from the quartz lattice and at fluid-absent conditions, quartz is resistant to retrograde recrystallisation hence preserving its early high grade metamorphic trace element signature. Evidence of retrograde fluid flow is preserved in fluid channel textures intersecting quartz and documented by SEM-CL images as well as changes in the trace element distribution. Quartz recrystallisation is associated with metasomatic processes in the quartzites such as for example the replacement of ilmenite by rutile and replacement of biotite by muscovite. The strong focus of fluid flow along narrow pathways intersecting the quartzites generates mm-scale differences in the rheological properties of the quartz grains with increased ductility and recovery in recrystallised grains. Therefore, the study demonstrates a strong coupling between strain softening, fluid flow and mass transfer in shearzones in quartz rich rocks. Paper 2: Sørensen, B.E. and Larsen R.B. 2007. “The fluid evolution of the Froland area in the Bamble sector from peak P-T through cooling and uplift: implications for retrograde mineral paragenesis and PT evolution of the Bamble sector” Paper 2 comprises a detailed characterisation of the fluid evolution during cooling and uplift through fluid inclusion studies compared with thermodynamic modelling of calc-silicate volatile dependant mineral equilibria. Fluids are documented to be brines throughout the cooling and uplift path. The paper also includes a detailed discussion of the chemical properties of the aggressive brines and their implications for mineral equilibria during cooling and exhumation. The study also document which fluids that were in equilibrium with quartz recrystallisation and purification. The study focussed on fluids that could be related to the quartz SEM-CL textures documented in Paper 1. Had the main purpose of this thesis been to understand calc-silicate equilibria in the Bamble sector fluid inclusions in the calc-silicates would have been in the focus. Paper 3: Sørensen, B.E, Larsen R.B. and Austrheim, H. 2007. “Metasomatic evolution of the Froland amphibolites during cooling and uplift – textural observations and geochemical evolution of hydrous minerals” Paper 3 comprises a detailed study of alteration processes in amphibolites. The study focuses on the chemistry of amphiboles as a function P, T and the composition of the co-existing fluids. Amphibole and biotite undergo a co-genetic evolution both becoming more Mg-rich during cooling and exhumation. The chemical changes in biotite and amphibole reflects the interaction with the brines present throughout cooling and uplift. A relationship between element depletion in amphibolites and formation of Fe-Cu sulphides is observed. As earlier stated the papers are strongly tied together. In conjunction with each other they deduce the metamorphic and metasomatic evolution of the area and put the observed quartz recrystallisation and purification into a physiochemical framework. The locality numbering varies between the papers because samples from different localities are included in each paper, accordingly a locality termed”1” in one of the papers may have a different number in the next paper. This was done because the papers are supposed to be independent research papers and the numbering logically relate to the context of the single papers and not the thesis as a whole.