With the emergence of novel cloud applications and their critical latency demand [1], Quick UDP Internet Connection (QUIC) [2] was proposed as a new transport protocol that is promising to reduce the connection establishment overhead while providing security properties similar to Transport Layer Security (TLS) [3]. However, without an efficient task scheduling mechanism, the high cost for encryption and decryption in QUIC can easily lead to load imbalance among multiple Central Processing Unit (CPU) cores and thus cause a high tail latency. In this paper, we proposed a QUIC connection inter-core migration scheme that can dynamically dispatch QUIC connections among CPU cores while keeping the service continuity. We emulated a scenario where the traffic load on two CPU cores is not even and tried to migrate connections from an overloaded CPU to another idle one. The results showed that the load imbalance can be reduced and both of the two CPU cores can be efficiently utilized. Moreover, the throughput can be improved by around 15% with a set of proper parameters thanks to the inter-core connection migration scheme. It was also revealed that the overhead introduced by the connection inter-core migration mechanism is relatively low when applying the migration to a large connection. / Med uppkomsten av nya molnprogram och deras kritiska latens efterfrågan [1], QUIC [2] föreslogs som ett nytt transportprotokoll som lovar att minska anslutningen etableringskostnader samtidigt som de tillhandahåller säkerhetsfastigheter som liknar TLS [3]. Dock utan en effektiv uppgift schemaläggningsmekanism, den höga kostnaden för kryptering och dekryptering i QUIC kan enkelt leda till obalans mellan flera CPU kärnor och orsakar därför en hög svanslatens. I detta dokument föreslog vi a QUIC-anslutning mellan kärnmigrationsschema som dynamiskt kan skickas SNABBA anslutningar mellan CPU kärnor samtidigt som servicekontinuiteten bibehålls. Vi emulerat ett scenario där trafikbelastningen på två CPU kärnor inte är jämn och försökte migrera anslutningar från en överbelastad CPU till en annan inaktiv. De resultaten visade att belastningsobalansen kan reduceras och båda de två CPU: erna kärnor kan utnyttjas effektivt. Dessutom kan genomströmningen förbättras med cirka 15% med en uppsättning korrekta parametrar tack vare anslutningen mellan kärnor migrationsschema. Det avslöjades också att de omkostnader som infördes av anslutning mellan kärnmigrationsmekanismen är relativt låg vid ansökan migreringen till en stor anslutning.

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks have revolutionized space internet access, offering better network performance than previous alternatives. While being the best option for space internet access, it does not yet compete with terrestrial networks in latency and bandwidth. The QUIC transport protocol was developed for Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to reduce page load times and work better in low-bandwidth and high-loss networks than the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Studies have shown that QUIC performs well for small file sizes, which can be achieved by using compression. This thesis investigates whether combining QUIC as a general data transfer protocol with lossless compression enhances encrypted data transmission in a LEO satellite network. To test this, a program consisting of a client and server deployed on a LEO satellite network emulator is developed, where files with increasing sizes are compressed and sent using both QUIC and TCP in various network conditions. Results indicate that QUIC should be paired with lossless compression for file sizes up to 1MB. It should not be implemented for file sizes above 1MB in low-loss and high-bandwidth conditions, while it can be implemented in medium to poor conditions.

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Severe weather impacts life and in this dire condition, people rely on communication, to organize relief and stay in touch with their loved ones. In such situations, cellular network infrastructure\footnote{We refer to cellular network infrastructure as infrastructure for the entirety of this document} might be affected due to power outage, link failures, etc. This urges us to look at Ad-hoc mode of communication, to offload major traffic partially or fully from the infrastructure, depending on the status of it. We look into threefold approach, ranging from the case where the infrastructure is completely unavailable, to where it has been replaced by make shift low capacity mobile cellular base station. First, we look into communication without infrastructure and timely, dissemination of weather alerts specific to geographical areas. We look into the specific case of floods as they affect significant number of people. Due to the nature of the problem we can utilize the properties of Information Centric Networking (ICN) in this context, namely: i) Flexibility and high failure resistance: Any node in the network that has the information can satisfy the query ii) Robust: Only sensor and car need to communicate iii) Fine grained geo-location specific information dissemination. We analyze how message forwarding using ICN on top of Ad hoc network, approach compares to the one based on infrastructure, that is less resilient in the case of disaster. In addition, we compare the performance of different message forwarding strategies in VANETs (Vehicular Adhoc Networks) using ICN. Our results show that ICN strategy outperforms the infrastructure-based approach as it is 100 times faster for 63\% of total messages delivered. Then we look into the case where we have the cellular network infrastructure, but it is being pressured due to rapid increase in volume of network traffic (as seen during a major event) or it has been replaced by low capacity mobile tower. In this case we look at offloading as much traffic as possible from the infrastructure to device-to-device communication. However, the host-oriented model of the TCP/IP-based Internet poses challenges to this communication pattern. A scheme that uses an ICN model to fetch content from nearby peers, increases the resiliency of the network in cases of outages and disasters. We collected content popularity statistics from social media to create a content request pattern and evaluate our approach through the simulation of realistic urban scenarios. Additionally, we analyze the scenario of large crowds in sports venues. Our simulation results show that we can offload traffic from the backhaul network by up to 51.7\%, suggesting an advantageous path to support the surge in traffic while keeping complexity and cost for the network operator at manageable levels. Finally, we look at adaptive bit-rate streaming (ABR) streaming, which has contributed significantly to the reduction of video playout stalling, mainly in highly variable bandwidth conditions. ABR clients continue to suffer from the variation of bit rate qualities over the duration of a streaming session. Similar to stalling, these variations in bit rate quality have a negative impact on the users’ Quality of Experience (QoE). We use a trace from a large-scale CDN to show that such quality changes occur in a significant amount of streaming sessions and investigate an ABR video segment retransmission approach to reduce the number of such quality changes. As the new HTTP/2 standard is becoming increasingly popular, we also see an increase in the usage of HTTP/2 as an alternative protocol for the transmission of web traffic including video streaming. Using various network conditions, we conduct a systematic comparison of existing transport layer approaches for HTTP/2 that is best suited for ABR segment retransmissions. Since it is well known that both protocols provide a series of improvements over HTTP/1.1, we perform experiments both in controlled environments and over transcontinental links in the Internet and find that these benefits also “trickle up” into the application layer when it comes to ABR video streaming where HTTP/2 retransmissions can significantly improve the average quality bitrate while simultaneously minimizing bit rate variations over the duration of a streaming session. Taking inspiration from the first two approaches, we take into account the resiliency of a multi-path approach and further look at a multi-path and multi-stream approach to ABR streaming and demonstrate that losses on one path have very little impact on the other from the same multi-path connection and this increases throughput and resiliency of communication.

The objective of this thesis is the issue of network parameters measuring. Measurement methodology and tester concept were designed. Based on the designed tester concept a plugin for Apache JMeter was implemented. Two experimental tests were run based on the methodology designed, with their objectives set to explore the difference in performance between QUIC and TCP protocols.

QUIC is a new secure multiplexed transport protocol built on top of UDP. This general-purpose transport protocol aims to provide the lowest connection latency possible and solve the shortcomings of TCP, UDP, and current problems of the internet. Furthermore, it allows further development of the transport protocol without upgrading the network infrastructure. Last year in May 2021, QUIC was finally standardized by the IETF, allowing for full development and release while also opening the path for future research as older research dated due to using the older version and the finalization of QUIC standard protocol. While there are a lot of different QUIC implementations, this thesis selected two and conducted a performance evaluation on the cloud environment and compared the two while also taking the sustainability aspect into account. Asa result, we will find which of the selected implementation is environmentally friendly through this experiment while also providing good performance. / <p>2022 GENIAL Summer School</p>

Recently, we have seen an evolution of programmable network devices, where it is possible to customize packet processing inside the data plane at an unprecedented level. This is in contrast to traditional approaches, where networking device functionality is fixed and defined by the ASIC and customers need to wait possibly years before the vendors release new versions that add features required by customers. The vendors in the industry have adapted and the focus has shifted to offering new types of network devices, such as the SmartNIC, IPU, and DPU. Another major paradigm shift in the networking area is the shift towards protocols that encrypt parts of headers and contents of packets such as QUIC. Also, many devices such as smart phones have support for multiple access networks, which requires efficient multipath protocols to leverage the capabilities of multiple networks at the same time. However, when using protocols inside the network that requires encryption such as QUIC or multipath QUIC, packet processing operations for the en/decryption process are very resource intensive. Consequently, network vendors and operators are in need to accelerate and offload crypto operations to dedicated hardware in order to free CPU cycles for business critical operations. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate how multipath QUIC can be offloaded or hardware accelerated in order to reduce the CPU utilization on the server. Our contributions are an evaluation of frameworks, programming languages and hardware devices in terms of crypto offloading functionality. Two packet processing offloading prototypes were designed using the DPDK framework and the programming language P4. The design using DPDK was implemented and evaluated on a BlueField 2 DPU. The offloading prototype handles a major part of the packet processing and the crypto operations in order to reduce the load of the user application running on the host. A evaluation show that the throughput when using larger keys are only slightly decreased. The evaluation gives important insights in the need of crypto engines and/or CPUs with high performance when offloading.

The scalability of QUIC-TCP was examined by expanding previous developmental 11-node, 4-flow topology to over 30 nodes with 11 flows to validate QUIC-TCP for larger networks. The topology was simulated using ns-2 network simulator with the same ns-2 module of FAST-TCP modified to produce QUIC-TCP agent that the original development used. A symmetrical topology and a random topology were examined. Fairness, aggregate throughput and the object of the utility function were used as validation criteria. It was shown through simulation that QUICTCP optimized the utility function and demonstrated a good balance between aggregate throughput and fairness; therefore QUIC-TCP is indeed scalable to larger networks. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013.

This diploma thesis focuses on theoretical and practical comparison of webpage transport protocols such as HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) v1.1, SPDY, HTTP/2 and QUIC using UDP (User Datagram Protocol), TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) as transport protocols. This work also contains design and manual for practical laboratory tasks on which can students verify theoretical assumptions. These tasks compares protocols in different conditions such as packet loss, latency and jitter.

Developers widely use actor frameworks to build highly distributed systems. However, modern actor frameworks are limited in their network implementations, with Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) being the main protocols used for network communication. This thesis investigates the use of specialized network protocols to improve the performance of actor frameworks in distributed systems. Message-passing, while commonly based on TCP, needs more performance and security than other protocols; therefore, the focus will be on different low-latency transport protocols that could substitute TCP. This work examines actor communication at the transport layer, considering the constraints of the deployment that often dictate the choice of a transport protocol. We explore how Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC), a low-latency transport protocol, affects actor systems performance and reliability by investigating the benefits of replacing TCP with QUIC in Kompact, a component-actor hybrid framework. We provide an overview of other low-latency protocols that fit various actor frameworks and implement QUIC in the networking layer of Kompact. Thereof, we evaluate the performance of QUIC, UDP and TCP in two different scenarios, such as file transfers outside of actor systems and ping-pong latency measurements within Kompact. The results show that glsquic outperforms TCP for larger file transfers outside actor systems, accomplishing higher throughput and faster download times. However, in the Kompact benchmark, QUIC did not outperform TCP due to issues with QUIC’s event loop implementation. The study also highlights the importance of proper synchronization between event loops in distributed systems. The findings suggest that QUIC has the potential to improve performance and reliability in actor systems by reducing latency and enhancing reliability through features such as multiplexing and connection migration. / Utvecklare använder i stor utsträckning actor-ramverk för att bygga väldigt distribuerade system. Moderna actor-ramverk är dock begränsade i sina nätverksimplementationer, med TCP och UDP som de huvudsakliga protokollen för nätverkskommunikation. Denna avhandling undersöker användningen av specialiserade nätverksprotokoll för att förbättra prestandan hos actor-ramverk i distribuerade system. Meddelandehantering, som vanligtvis är baserad på TCP, kräver högre prestanda och säkerhet än andra protokoll. Därför kommer fokus att ligga på olika låg-latens transportprotokoll som kan ersätta TCP. Denna undersökning undersöker actor-kommunikation på transportlagret, med hänsyn till de begränsningar som ofta dikterar valet av transportprotokoll. Vi utforskar hur QUIC, ett låg-latens transportprotokoll, påverkar prestanda och tillförlitlighet i actor-system genom att undersöka fördelarna med att ersätta TCP med QUIC i Kompact, ett komponent-actor hybrid-ramverk. Vi ger en översikt över andra låg-latens protokoll som passar olika actor-ramverk och implementerar QUIC i nätverkslagret av Kompact. Därigenom utvärderar vi prestandan för QUIC, UDP och TCP i två olika scenarier, såsom filöverföringar utanför actor-system och ping-pong-latensmätningar inomKompact. Resultaten visar att QUIC överträffar TCP för större filöverföringar utanför actor-system, uppnår högre genomströmning och snabbare nedladdningstider. Men i Kompact-benchmarken överträffade QUIC inte TCP på grund av problem med QUICs event-loop-implementering. Studien belyser också vikten av korrekt synkronisering mellan event-loops i distribuerade system. Resultaten antyder att QUIC har potential att förbättra prestanda och tillförlitlighet i actor-system genom att minska latens och förbättra tillförlitligheten genom funktioner som multiplexing och anslutningsmigration.