O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos masseter e temporal e o comportamento esquelético e dental de crianças submetidas à expansão maxilar com o aparelho quadri-hélice. A amostra foi composta por doze crianças (10 meninas e 2 meninos), com idade média de 7 anos e 4 meses, portadoras de mordida cruzada posterior unilateral. Foram realizados traçados cefalométricos laterais antes do início do tratamento (T1) e após a remoção do aparelho (T2). A atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos masseter e temporal foi analisada nas situações clínicas de repouso muscular, apertamento dental máximo e mastigação não habitual e habitual, antes do início do tratamento (T1) e um mês após a remoção do aparelho quadri-hélice (T2). As medidas cefalométricas e eletromiográficas foram submetidas à análise estatística utilizando os programas GraphPad Prism e SPSS for Windows, respectivamente. A diferença das médias T1 e T2 foi avaliada pelo teste-t para medidas repetidas. Os resultados da análise cefalométrica mostraram que a expansão maxilar com o aparelho quadri-hélice não promoveu alterações esqueléticas ântero-posteriores e verticais significantes. Apenas a medida 1-PP apresentou aumento significante dentre as avaliadas no padrão dental. Na condição clínica de repouso, a análise eletromiográfica indicou uma diminuição na atividade do músculo masseter e um aumento significante na atividade do temporal. Durante o apertamento dental, a atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos masseteres apresentou uma leve diminuição e dos temporais manteve-se constante ao final do tratamento. Todos os músculos apresentaram aumento na atividade eletromiográfica durante a mastigação não habitual, sendo estatisticamente significante apenas para o músculo temporal direito. A atividade eletromiográfica diminuiu significantemente em todos os músculos avaliados na condição clínica de mastigação habitual após a remoção do aparelho quadri-hélice. / The aim of the present study was to analyze the electromyographic activity of masseter and temporal muscles and the skeletal and dental effects of maxillary expansion realized in children with the quad-helix appliance. The sample consisted of twelve children (10 girls and 2 boys), mean age 7 years and 4 months, with unilateral posterior crossbite. Lateral cephalograms were taken before treatment (T1) and after the quad-helix appliance was removed (T2). The electromyographic activity of masseter and temporal muscles was analyzed before treatment (T1) and after the appliance was removed (T2). The muscular activity was electromyographic analyzed during the clinical situation of rest, maximal voluntary dental clench, non-habitual and habitual chewing. The cephalometric and electromyographic measurements were analyzed statiscally using GraphPad Prism and SPSS 10.0 for Windows, respectively. The differences between T1 and T2 data were evaluated using the paired t- test. The results of the cephalometric analyze showed that the maxillary expansion realized in children with the quad-helix appliance didn?t promote vertical and sagittal skeletal significant change. Only the linear measure 1-PP showed a significant raise considering the dental pattern. During the clinical situation of rest, the electromyographic analyze indicated a diminution on the activity of the masseter muscle and a significant increase on the temporal activity. During maximal voluntary clench, the electromyographic activity of masseter muscle presented a slight diminution and the temporal activity stayed the same at the end of the treatment. Every muscle showed a raise on the electromyographic activity during non-habitual chewing, being statistically significant only for right temporal muscle. The electromyographic activity diminished significantly for every muscle evaluated during the clinical situation of habitual chewing after removal of the quad-helix appliance.

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<p>Highland Group AB was helping a customer of theirs to create an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV), a project Highland has never been involved with before. For the wishbone arms of the wheel suspension, traditional manufacturing methods and tubes with cylindrical or square shaped cross section was preferred. We performed a simulation where the ATV was driving on a bumpy road too see the forces involved. With the results we proceeded to calculate the strength of the concepts to find out which is best suited for the tough environment in which the ATV is used. The concept that turned out to be the best was a wishbone made of circular cross section, which had good structural strength and did fulfill the demands that we required for the construction. The company where interested in the project and could see themselves proceeding with the work in the future. We helped the company to find interest for computer aided simulation in collaboration with structural strength analysis, which they would like to engage in. The project has given us a larger knowledge in the choices of construction and structural strength analysis as well as experience working with computer aided construction tools.</p>

A variety of internal mobile phone antennas with a coupling feed are proposed. The antennas are suitable to be embedded in the mobile communication devices. At first, the coupling feed is incorporated to the conventional dual-band PIFA (planar inverted-F antenna) to achieve a dual-resonance excitation at about 900 MHz such that the obtained bandwidths can easily cover GSM850, GSM900, DCS and PCS operations. Then, the coupling feed is further applied to the PIFA with a single resonant path close to about one-eighth wavelength at 900 MHz. In this design, the large input impedance at 900 and 1900 MHz can be greatly decreased to allow the PIFA to generate two operating bands at about 900 and 1900 MHz to cover GSM900, DCS, PCS and UMTS operations. Finally, a compact quad-band folder-type mobile phone antenna with a coupling feed is proposed. The one-eighth wavelength mode can be excited, and the obtained bandwidths cover GSM850, GSM900, DCS and PCS operations.

Highland Group AB was helping a customer of theirs to create an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV), a project Highland has never been involved with before. For the wishbone arms of the wheel suspension, traditional manufacturing methods and tubes with cylindrical or square shaped cross section was preferred. We performed a simulation where the ATV was driving on a bumpy road too see the forces involved. With the results we proceeded to calculate the strength of the concepts to find out which is best suited for the tough environment in which the ATV is used. The concept that turned out to be the best was a wishbone made of circular cross section, which had good structural strength and did fulfill the demands that we required for the construction. The company where interested in the project and could see themselves proceeding with the work in the future. We helped the company to find interest for computer aided simulation in collaboration with structural strength analysis, which they would like to engage in. The project has given us a larger knowledge in the choices of construction and structural strength analysis as well as experience working with computer aided construction tools.

Yes / New multi-standard wide band filters with compact sizes are designed for wireless communication devices. The proposed structures realize dual-wideband and quad-wideband characteristics by using a new skew-symmetrical coupled pair of asymmetric stepped impedance resonators, combined with other structures. The first and second dual-wideband filters realize fractional bandwidths (FBW) of 43.2%/31.9% at the central frequencies (CF) of 1.875/1.63 GHz, and second bandwidths of 580 MHz/1.75 GHz at CF of 5.52/4.46 GHz, respectively. The proposed quad-band filter realizes its first/second/third/fourth pass bands at CF 2.13/5.25/7.685/9.31 GHz with FBW of 46.0%/11.4%/4.6%and 5.4%, respectively. The wide pass bands are attributed to the mutual coupling of the modified ASIR resonators and their bandwidths are controllable by tuning relative parameters while the wide stop band performance is optimized by the novel interdigital cross coupled line structure and parallel uncoupled microstrip line structure. Moreover, the quad band is generated by introducing the novel defected rectangle structure. These multi-standard filters are simulated, fabricated and measured, and measured results agree well with both simulated results and theory predictions. The good in-band and out-of-band performances, the miniaturized sizes and simple structures of the proposed filters make them very promising for applications in future multi-standard wireless communication. / Horizon 2020 Framework Programme(European Union), Grant/Award Number:H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722 424

Résumé : Ce travail de thèse a pour but de développer un dispositif intégré de photodétection pour des applications biomédicales nécessitant une grande sensibilité de détection et une discrimination spectrale (sélectivité). Ce dispositif peut être appliqué, par exemple, à la mesure simultanée de plusieurs marqueurs fluorescents dans les laboratoires sur puce mettant en œuvre de très faibles volumes de réactifs (inférieurs au microlitre). Le travail de thèse se focalise sur la conception, la réalisation et le test de ce dispositif intégré de photodétection. Ce travail se décline selon deux axes principaux : d’une part, la conception d’un photodétecteur CMOS avec préamplificateurs intégrés, et d’autre part la conception, la réalisation et la caractérisation de filtres optiques intégrés performants pour la détection de fluorescence. Le dispositif de détection conçu implémente un photodétecteur à quatre jonctions enterrées (Buried Quad Junction photodetector – BQJ) et un étage de préamplification de charge pour le traitement simultané des quatre sorties de ce photodétecteur. L’ensemble a été fabriqué en technologie Haut-Voltage CMOS Teledyne-DALSA 0,8μm. Son fonctionnement a été démontré et ses performances, notamment en termes de bruit et de sensibilité, ont été caractérisées. En parallèle, des filtres optiques coupe-bande ont été développés à l’aide d’un procédé compatible avec la technologie CMOS utilisée pour le photodétecteur. Ainsi, le dépôt de ces filtres sur le photodétecteur pourra être intégré dans le process de fabrication industriel. Les filtres interférentiels développés sont fabriqués en alternant des dépôts de couches minces de nitrure et d’oxyde de silicium par PECVD. La mesure des indices optiques de ces matériaux a été utilisée pour optimiser ces filtres à partir de simulations. Les filtres déposés sur lame de verre ou sur le photodétecteur BQJ ont été caractérisés. Des méthodes de traitement des signaux spécifiques pour le BQJ sont également proposées pour améliorer la sensibilité et/ou la sélectivité de détection. Leurs performances ont été évaluées. Enfin, des mesures de fluorescence avec le système de photodétection conçu ont été réalisées sur des mélanges de nanocristaux fluorescents (quantum dots) ou de fluorophores organiques. Ces résultats préliminaires permettent de valider le fonctionnement applicatif du système de photodétection développé. // Abstract : This thesis aims to develop an integrated photosensor device for biomedical applications requiring high detection sensitivity and spectral discrimination (selectivity). For example, this system can be applied to mesure simultaneous emissions of several fluorescent labels in lab-on-a-chip implementing very small volumes of reagents (less than one microliter). The thesis focuses on the design, implementation and testing of this integrated photodetector device. The work is divided in two main parts: first, the design of a CMOS photodetector with integrated preamplifiers, and secondly the design, realization and characterization of integrated optical filters for fluorescence detection. The detection device implements a Buried Quad Junction photodetector (BQJ) and charge sensitive preamplifiers for the simultaneous treatment of its four outputs. The chip was made in 0.8μm High Voltage CMOS technology from Teledyne-DALSA. Its operation has been demonstrated and its performances, especially in terms of noise and sensitivity, have been characterized. In parallel, optical notch filters have been developed using a process compatible with the CMOS technology used for the photodetector fabrication. Thus, deposition of these filters on the photodetector can be integrated during industrial process. Developed interference filters are made by alternating deposition of thin layers of nitride and silicon oxide by PECVD. Measurements of refractive index of these materials were used to optimize these filters through simulations. The filters implemented on a glass cover or on the BQJ photodetector were characterized. Signal processing methods specific to BQJ are also proposed to improve the detection’s sensitivity and/or selectivity. Their performances were evaluated. Finally, fluorescence measurements with the designed photodetection device were performed on mixtures of fluorescent nanocrystals (quantum dots) or of organic fluorophores. These preliminary results validate the performances in terms of photodetection of the designed integrated photodetection device.

Após o ajustamento de observações pelo método dos mínimos quadrados (MMQ) ter sido realizado, é possível a detecção e a identificação de erros não aleatórios nas observações, por meio de testes estatísticos. A teoria da confiabilidade faz uso de medidas adequadas para quantificar o menor erro detectável em uma observação, e a sua influência sobre os parâmetros ajustados, quando não detectado. A teoria de confiabilidade convencional foi desenvolvida para os procedimentos de teste convencionais, como o data snooping, que pressupõem que apenas uma observação está contaminada por erros grosseiros por vez. Recentemente foram desenvolvidas medidas de confiabilidade generalizadas, relativas a testes estatísticos que pressupõem a existência, simultânea, de múltiplas observações com erros (outliers). Outras abordagens para o controle de qualidade do ajustamento, alternativas a estes testes estatísticos, também foram propostas recentemente, como por exemplo, o método QUAD (Quasi-Accurate Detection of outliers method). Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo fazer um estudo sobre o controle de qualidade do ajustamento de observações geodésicas, por meio de experimentos em uma rede GPS (Global Positioning System), utilizando tanto os métodos convencionais quanto o atual estado da arte. Desta forma, foram feitos estudos comparativos entre medidas de confiabilidade convencionais e medidas de confiabilidade generalizadas para dois outliers simultâneos, bem como estudos comparativos entre o procedimento data snooping e testes estatísticos para a identificação de múltiplos outliers. Também se investigou como a questão das variâncias e covariâncias das observações, bem como a geometria/configuração da rede GPS em estudo, podem influenciar nas medidas de confiabilidade, tanto na abordagem convencional, quanto na abordagem generalizada. Por fim, foi feito um estudo comparativo entre o método QUAD e os testes estatísticos para a identificação de erros. / After the adjustment of observations has been carried out by Least Squares Method (LSM), it is possible to detect and identify non-random errors in the observations using statistical tests. The reliability theory makes use of appropriate measures to quantify the minimal detectable bias (error) in an observation, and its influence on the adjusted parameters, if not detected. The conventional reliability theory has been developed for conventional testing procedures such as data snooping, which assumes that only one observation is contaminated by errors at a time. Recently, generalized measures of reliability has been developed, relating to statistical tests that assumes the existence, simultaneous, of multiple observations with errors (outliers). Other approaches to the quality control of the adjustment, alternatives to these statistical tests, were also proposed recently, such as the QUAD method (Quasi-Accurate Detection of outliers method). The goal of this research is to make a study about the quality control of the adjustment of geodetic observations, by means of experiments in a GPS (Global Positioning System) network, using both conventional methods and the current state of the art. In this way, comparisons were made between conventional reliability measures and generalized measures of reliability for two outliers, as well as comparisons between the data snooping procedure and statistical tests to identify multiple outliers. It was also investigated how the variances and covariances of the observations, as well as the geometry/configuration of the GPS network in study, can influence the measures of reliability, both in the conventional approach and in the generalized approach. Finally, a comparison was made between the QUAD method and the statistical tests to identify outliers (errors).

Ce travail de thèse a pour but de développer un dispositif basé autour d'un dispositif intégré de photodétection pour des applications biomédicales nécessitant une grande sensibilité de détection et une discrimination spectrale (sélectivité). Ce dispositif peut être appliqué, par exemple, à la mesure simultanée de plusieurs marqueurs fluorescents dans les laboratoires sur puce mettant en œuvre de très faibles volumes de réactifs (inférieurs au microlitre). Le travail de thèse se focalise sur la conception, la réalisation et le test de ce dispositif intégré de photodétection. Ce travail se décline selon deux axes principaux : d'une part, la conception d'un photodétecteur CMOS avec préamplificateurs intégrés, et d'autre part la conception, la réalisation et la caractérisation de filtres optiques intégrés performants pour la détection de fluorescence / This thesis aims to develop a system based around an integrated photosensor device for biomedical applications requiring high detection sensitivity and spectral discrimination (selectivity). For example, this system can be applied to mesure simultaneous emissions of several fluorescent labels in lab-on- a-chip implementing very small volumes of reagents (below the microliter). The thesis focuses on the design, implementation and testing of this integrated photodetector device. The work is divided in two main parts: first, the design of a CMOS photodetector with integrated preamplifiers, and secondly the design, realization and characterization of integrated optical filters for fluorescence detection

A fully automated Cartesian/Quad grid generator and laminar flow solver have been developed for external flows by using C++. After defining the input geometry by nodal points, adaptively refined Cartesian grids are generated automatically. Quadtree data structure is used in order to connect the Cartesian cells to each other. In order to simulate viscous flows, body-fitted quad cells can be generated optionally. Connectivity is provided by cut and split cells such that the intersection points of Cartesian cells are used as the corners of quads at the outmost row. Geometry based adaptation methods for cut, split cells and highly curved regions are applied to the uniform mesh generated around the geometry. After obtaining a sufficient resolution in the domain, the solution is achieved with cellcentered approach by using multistage time stepping scheme. Solution based grid adaptations are carried out during the execution of the program in order to refine the regions with high gradients and obtain sufficient resolution in these regions. Moreover, multigrid technique is implemented to accelerate the convergence time significantly. Some tests are performed in order to verify and validate the accuracy and efficiency of the code for inviscid and laminar flows.