The main purpose of this paper is to examine how the Holocaust is presented in textbooks, and if there are any differences in the textbooks since the Holocaust got more attention in the Swedish society. Six different textbooks, written for the two latest curriculums, are the empirical material for this study. They have been analyzed by using Ammerts theoretical perspective about four different ways of presenting the content in textbooks, and historical culture. The method for this study is a qualitative text analysis. The analysis shows that textbooks seem to have simplified presentations of the Holocaust. In the textbooks for the latest curriculum, the Holocaust is presented as a historical event that could be compared with other events in the past. Another difference is that authors for the newer textbooks presents the content by using values. The content about the Holocaust in the newer textbooks has also expanded. One possible reason could be that the authors would like to offer a more detailed explanation of the Holocaust. Another motive may be that generations that grew up after genocide has occurred see themselves as responsible to provide something similar to happen again. In relation to other countries, the historical culture in Swedish textbooks is different. It seems to be typical for Swedish textbooks to present how the Jews and other minorities were affected by the Holocaust. This could lead to make the students understand the value of the Holocaust, and preserve its place in the historical culture that exists in our society.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Title: Communicating Ethics – An Analysis of Ethical Codes in Sweden’s Largest Banks</p><p>( Att kommunicera etik – en analys av de svenska storbankernas etiska riktlinjer)</p><p>Number of pages: 49 (without enclosures)</p><p>Author: Karolina Svensson</p><p>Tutor: Peder Hård af Segerstad</p><p>Course: Media and Communication Studies D</p><p>Period: Spring 2006</p><p>University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University.</p><p>Purpose/Aim: The main purpose it to answer the main question how Sweden’s largest banks are communicating ethics externally? This question generates a number of questions with relevance to the purpose and subject of this thesis. The ambition is to answer all of these questions in order to achieve the main purpose.</p><p>Material/Method: The method used for this study is a qualitative text analysis. Applying this method is also done through using a model presented by Norman Fairclough. This model belongs to the tradition of critical discourse analysis. The qualitative method used gives possibilities to present and study a few elements more closely. This is done by applying the purpose and furthermore the questions of relevance on the ethical codes presented externally by Sweden’s largest banks. A couple of complementary interviews have been used when considered needed. Facts about the banks are also used along with a theoretical background to the subject.</p><p>Main results: Ethics seem to be an important part of our society. Therefore companies seek to integrate it in the everyday business life. The main question raised in this thesis is answered by applying a number of questions to the text material. The analysis of this shows that:</p><p>The banks communicate to and about a number of stakeholders surrounding the organization. They communicate mainly about and to employees and customers but also about and to a number of other groups such as partners and public authorities. Along with communicating the ethical responsibility the banks integrate legal responsibilities in their ethical codes. Both economic and philanthropic responsibilities are being integrated to some extent. The banks ethical codes consist of how to act in order to achieve good consequences, what principles are considered to be good, how to be a good person (employee) and how to discuss what good ethics are. The banks also communicate about a set of moral standards: trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring and citizenship.</p><p>Keywords: Ethics, moral, banks, communication, stakeholders and qualitative text analysis.</p>

Abstract Title: Communicating Ethics – An Analysis of Ethical Codes in Sweden’s Largest Banks ( Att kommunicera etik – en analys av de svenska storbankernas etiska riktlinjer) Number of pages: 49 (without enclosures) Author: Karolina Svensson Tutor: Peder Hård af Segerstad Course: Media and Communication Studies D Period: Spring 2006 University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University. Purpose/Aim: The main purpose it to answer the main question how Sweden’s largest banks are communicating ethics externally? This question generates a number of questions with relevance to the purpose and subject of this thesis. The ambition is to answer all of these questions in order to achieve the main purpose. Material/Method: The method used for this study is a qualitative text analysis. Applying this method is also done through using a model presented by Norman Fairclough. This model belongs to the tradition of critical discourse analysis. The qualitative method used gives possibilities to present and study a few elements more closely. This is done by applying the purpose and furthermore the questions of relevance on the ethical codes presented externally by Sweden’s largest banks. A couple of complementary interviews have been used when considered needed. Facts about the banks are also used along with a theoretical background to the subject. Main results: Ethics seem to be an important part of our society. Therefore companies seek to integrate it in the everyday business life. The main question raised in this thesis is answered by applying a number of questions to the text material. The analysis of this shows that: The banks communicate to and about a number of stakeholders surrounding the organization. They communicate mainly about and to employees and customers but also about and to a number of other groups such as partners and public authorities. Along with communicating the ethical responsibility the banks integrate legal responsibilities in their ethical codes. Both economic and philanthropic responsibilities are being integrated to some extent. The banks ethical codes consist of how to act in order to achieve good consequences, what principles are considered to be good, how to be a good person (employee) and how to discuss what good ethics are. The banks also communicate about a set of moral standards: trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring and citizenship. Keywords: Ethics, moral, banks, communication, stakeholders and qualitative text analysis.

The aim of this study was to examine differences and similarities in the news coverage among the presidential candidates Joe Biden and Donald Trump in the presidential election 2020. We also examined how the candidates are framed in the different newspapers. In this study, similarities and differences regarding national variances in news articles from Swedish and American newspapers, also where a important part of the research. We did a qualitative text analysis based on 48 online articles from 6 different newspapers, the 3 largest from each country. The newspapers in question are USA Today, The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times from USA and Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter and Expressen from Sweden. The result showed that there were more differences between the two candidates than similarities, in the way they were presented in news media. Donald Trump was often portrayed as the president that had a very harsh tone in his statements, and he was throwing out accusations towards Biden and the Democrats without having any facts to back them up. This made him look rather ignorant and sometimes even dumb. Biden, on the other hand, was portrayed as the one who is more fitting for the role as president, based on the writings about his previous experience, and many of the articles in the analysis portrayed him as a friendly family man. The focus point on both candidates during the election was who was leading the election, who was leading in which state, and how much that specific candidate was winning by. This was a topic that frequently showed up in articles from both countries and they often portrayed the whole election as some kind of contest or game, instead of focusing on what the candidates wanted to do and change about the country. The American newspapers more frequently wrote about the statistics when it came to who was leading the election, and their news coverage wasn't as clear as the Swedish news coverage. The Swedish newspaper often used secondary sources, for example from American newspapers, since they weren't able to be where the election takes place, which means they are re-telling the things that happened during the election. Other than that, there weren't that many differences between the news coverage in the US and Sweden.

Several studies have been made on the crisis communication efforts made by politicians and athletes following a personal crisis, but few focus on the efforts made by other people of influence whose image and personal brand get hurt during a crisis. The aim of this study is to examine nine of Swedish journalist Fredrik Virtanen’s statements after he was accused of rape and sexual assault by several women during #metoo. The theoretical framework is based on Goffman’s theories on impression management and Benoit’s image repair theory. The chosen method for this study is a combined qualitative text analysis and critical rhetorical analysis. The results show that a variety of image repair strategies are visible in Virtanen's communication and that the most frequently used strategies aresimple denial, differentiation, attack accuser and minimization. The results support earlier studies on image repair that claim that the cultural and societal as well as the circumstantial context is an important aspect in the success or failure of an image repair effort. The results also imply that without support from people or organisations that have previously been affiliated with the accused, who can assist in the communication efforts, the accused will have a harder time repairing their image.

Paywalls have quickly become a large part of the media industry and are constantly evolving. Most news media today use a form of paywall to be able to earn revenue off their content. In this study we have made a qualitative text analysis where we compared themes between COVID-19 articles behind paywalls and articles which are free to read on Aftonbladet and Expressen. By using theories concerning news value, news selection and media logic, we were able to examine what kind of themes we could find in the articles placed behind paywalls and compare that to the articles that is free to read.   The results showed that there were more differences than similarities between the content that is placed behind paywalls and the content that is free to read on Aftonbladet and Expressen. When the articles were free to read, they frequently had content that focused on the simplification of information from the authorities, calming articles where experts are not worried and articles about the individuals and their role in a crisis. For the articles that were placed behind paywalls, clickbait captions were more frequently used, probably because of a financial aspect. Most of the articles that were placed behind paywalls had a negative tone where words such as death, panic and worry were involved. According to this result, we came to the conclusion that the articles in the analyzed online newspapers have two different media logics: one for the news that is placed behind paywalls and one for the news that is free to read.

Crises can affect organizations as well as individuals and in today's digitized society news about such events is easily shared. Therefore crisis management becomes important. This study aims to examine how the Swedish entrepreneur Paolo Roberto acted after being arrested for buying sex. To do this eight of Robertos statements will be analyzed. The theoretical framework is based on public apologies, Benoit's image repair theory, and Goffman's theory of impression management. The method used for the study is a combined qualitative text analysis and critical rhetorical analysis. The results show that Roberto apologized only in one of his statements. It also becomes clear that he used five of the 14 image repair strategies, of which the most frequently used are mortification and provocation. He admits to the incident but does not express that he committed a crime, but that he committed a mistake. The results also imply that Roberto presents himself as a victim in the situation by focusing on his own feelings in his statements and not on prostitution or the victim.

This thesis aims to explore the new concept of green populism and to explore if Extinction Rebellion can be seen as a new social movement. The concept of green populism is based on Cas Mudde’s ideational approach to populism and Dobson’s approach to green ideology. The theories will form a categorization of green populism to see if any of these elements are visible in Extinction Rebellion’s discourse. The combination of the two theories helps to define the elements or categories of green populism: Ecological Crisis of Cosmic Proportion, Victimizing “the People”, Identifying and/or blame the antagonist, Green Action, Scientific Evidencing, and Intergenerational Justice. The theories on new social movements is based on theories from scholars such as Alberto Melucci, Alain Touraine and Manuel Castells to help us understand what characterizes a new social movement. The four following characteristics of new social movements was highlighted: They focus on non-material issues, they tend to emphasize different protest tactics, they often have a horizontal organization, and they often use symbolic action. To answer the research questions in this thesis, a qualitative text analysis will be conducted. A qualitative text analysis focuses on certain selected aspects of the material which are determined by the aim and research questions. The qualitative text analysis is applied to the captions of eight selected Instagram-posts from Extinction Rebellion’s official account. The analysis leads to the conclusion that Extinction Rebellion can be seen as a new social movement, with a few exceptions regarding their focus on non-material issues. Another conclusion is that we were able to find elements of green populism in Extinction Rebellion’s discourse. The final conclusion is that green populism should be seen as a theoretical and analytical tool for analyzing communication rather than a label of environmental actors.

The media plays a major role in today's society. What we do not experience ourselves, we can be told through the media. Seen from this, the purpose of this study is to investigate how immigrants are described in news articles in Swedish morning and evening newspapers during the period 2016-2021, with focus on the negative aspects. We will focus on answering which specific characteristics the term immigrant is associated with and in which perspectives it is written about immigrants. The study is based on a qualitative text analysis and the empirical material we have collected thus consists of 24 news articles.The articles were analyzed using post colonial theory, the dichotomy We and the Others and stereotypes.The results show that Swedish morning and evening newspapers describe immigrants in more negative than positive terms. There is also a continuous description of characteristics in the form of stereotypes. Newspapers portray, so to speak, an image of immigrants as different, deviant and foreign. At the same time, the results show that there is a marked difference between immigrants and Swedes as immigrants stand in sharp contrast to the so-called "Swedishness". The conclusions we can draw from the results is that the media differentiate between immigrants and ethnic Swedes with the help of different characteristics and perspectives to describe immigrants.

The struggle for an equal society in terms of equal rights, opportunities, and obligations has long been fought in Sweden and has resulted in Sweden emerging as one of the world most equal societies according to UN rankings. This paper attempts to, with the knowledge of Sweden´s pre-eminence on the equality rankings, to examine why the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) remain a male-dominated workplace, despite decades of stated equality aims. There is thus a question left unanswered as to the nature of this apparent discrepancy. This paper aims to examine the nature of this discrepancy, what has been done to implement equality and what challenges lie ahead for the SAF on the issue of gender equality. Through a theoretical base primarily consisting of an institutional disposition this paper uses a qualitative text analysis study of the public material which is available regarding the SAF´s gender equality work, mainly the official appropriations documents for the SAF, as well as the annual reports from the SAF to the government. Gender and equality have been studied in the past in numerous political science journals both in the context of western armed forces in general and the SAF in particular. Remaining is a need for more research problematising the concept of gender equality within the armed forces and in its relationship to the government, which this paper attempts to explore. Indications indicate that the challenges the government and the SAF must face involve defining what they mean by equality as well as clarifying what the policy objectives are as there is a risk that the implementation of the policy will fall completely or partially if they remain abstract, unclear and/or contradictory.