In primary school reading-books in Swedish language is something that students come across early in school and have done ever since the 1800s. After World War II there have been major changes in society. 1962 there was a school reform where the school turned into a nine-year system of compulsory education. That is why it is interesting to see what reading books contain with regard to notions of children, family and class and how the developments have been from the 1950s until the present time. This study aims to analyze and compare the different aspects of how notions of children, family and class are produced in the reading books for primary school for pupils in third grade, between 1950 and 2009. The research questions were: What are the notions of children, family and class in the reading-books? What differences/similarities exist in the reading books from the 1950s to the  recent decades? What could be the reason? I have chosen to apply qualitative text analysis originating in idea analysis. Because my focus was based on an attempt to track, analyse and compare the concepts, perceptions and representations of the reading books for third grade. My results shows that the children portrayed in the books from 1950-1965 are well mannered. And their relationships with the adults are strong and they learn from their parents, grandparents and relatives. The study also shows that the children portrayed in the reading books from 1976 and forward, make their own choices and play more major roles in the stories. The results show that the nuclear family is seen as an ideal. The study also shows that there are children in the book from 2009 who are experiencing economic inequalities in the form of clothes and other belongings. Overall, in the books i think that the middle class shows strongest but the markers seen in the stories are relatively vague to be seen in the stories.

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Covid-19 has been the focus on international, national, local and individual level during thelast 1,5 years, and it has been a constant subject in international media reporting. This studyaims to investigate how Anglo-Saxon media has described Sweden during this time of crisis.We have chosen to investigate specific features of Swedish exceptionalism which are thewelfare state, public administration and economy, and how these have been framed by themedia. This is done through investigating Anglo-Saxon articles in relation to Sweden and thepandemic, where we have selected articles related to our predefined features, which will bethe foundation for the analysis. Since we are investigating material consisting of text, wehave used a qualitative text analysis in order to expose and examine how Sweden has beenframed internationally. Based on the empirical section, as well as the theoretical framework,we conclude that media reporting has used features of Swedish exceptionalism to describeSweden have been frequently occuring in our material. Public administration has been themost prominent aspect in the material, followed by the economic feature, and thereafter thewelfare state. The tonality has varied, but a majority of the article expressed a positivetonality.

During the Cold War, NATO had proved itself successful in protecting the West. Therefore, NATO was seen as an organization that had the potential of maintaining security, democracy and peace. It has been repeatedly suggested that the US promised Russia no more NATO expansion. A promise which was broken in the 90s. During the 90s the Clinton Doctrine introduced a new way of expanding democracy. The US, NATO and EU began to argue that NATO was an extension of democracy, peace and economic prosperity, which was especially prominent during the expansion to the Baltic states. The expansion to the Baltics made Russia sensitive towards expansion to other post-Soviet regions. Interestingly, during this expansion US-Russian relations were stable and featured extensive cooperations between NATO and Global War on Terror missions. Moreover, the US made several treaties to keep relations stable in the Baltic Sea region, and they also promoted economic trade with both the Baltic states and Russia.

During the beginning of the 20th century, the Swedish School Sports Association was started with the goal of developing sports for students in Swedish schools. The association arose as part of the sports movement in Sweden and is a committee of the National Sports Confederation. During the first half of the 20th century, the Swedish Sports Association functioned like any other sports association, but with students as the focus group. In connection with their 50th anniversary, 1966, the Swedish School Sports Association invited students to their association's board. This became a turning point for the Swedish School Sports Association and what kind of association they have become in today. In modern times, the Swedish School Sports Association is an organization that works to teach young people to lead and take responsibility through democratic leadership, an organization for young people, led by young people.In this essay, the aim is to examine how the Swedish School Sports Association's development into a association led by students and young people began and developed. To analyze this development, this essay uses a qualitative text analysis as its method to analyze the Swedish School Sports Association's own archive material in the form of the member magazine Final, Activity Reports and campaign protocols between the years 1966–1981. Robert Putnam's theory of social capital which defines how an organization's social capital can be valued through "civic virtue" is used to value and develop a functioning democracy within a group. Putnam's theory will be used to visualize how this development of the Swedish School Sports Association has changed the organization's social capital with a focus on the students' integration. The essay asks three questions that aim to answer how students are engaged and involved in the organization of the Swedish School Sports Association and how this has developed democratic values ​​within the association. With the aim of investigating students involvment within the organization, these questions will shape the structure of the inquiry and focus the reading of the archival material.The essay comes to the conclusion of how the development of the Swedish School Sports Association has gone over 15 years, from an organization with a low social capital where the students were only participants in the physical activities, to an organization with high social capital where the students are involved in everything from the physical activities to participation on the board. The survey also shows how unique this development has been during the latter half of the 20th century when placed in a larger societal and international perspective. A unique development for Swedish sports where the Swedish School Sports Association is one of the earliest to let students participate and lead. At the same time as it is an opposite development from American sports that is developing.

This thesis examines how Boohoo, Shein, and Zara communicate their sustainability efforts on Instagram and how users react. Despite increased global awareness of sustainability, the fast fashion industry's rapid trend turnover, driven by social media and influencers, fuels consumption and environmental harm. Guided by theories of strategic communication, organizational legitimation, CSR communication, and transparency, the research used critical visual methods, including semiotic and qualitative text analysis. The analysis found that these companies use visual content to appear transparent, shift environmental responsibility onto individuals and the industry, make vague sustainability claims, and partner with influencers for legitimacy. User comments reveal concerns about worker treatment, skepticism towards sustainability efforts as greenwashing, and criticism of influencer partnerships. However, some users legitimize these practices, believing all businesses are equally culpable. The study concludes that while fashion companies recognize the risks they pose and attempt to address them, users are unimpressed by superficial efforts. The gap between companies' staged transparency and users' demand for real change highlights the need for genuine commitment to sustainability. Companies must be transparent and accountable to avoid greenwashing accusations and maintain consumer trust. This growing consumer awareness and empowerment suggest that critical examination by users and authentic sustainability efforts by companies are essential for future legitimacy.

The Volkswagen emissions scandal is one of the largest CSR crises in recent times given its scope and severity. From the outset, the manner in which Volkswagen has addressed the crisis and how it is going to be solved has been subject to public scrutiny. This study set out to examine the crisis communication in Volkswagen’s sustainability magazine Shift from 2016 featuring Volkswagen together with some of its internal and external stakeholders like the management and customers to find out what strategies were used by the company to repair its reputation and to assess the success of these strategies. Additionally, of interest was to compare the viewpoints of external stakeholders to that of Volkswagen, while also to investigate what kind of actors and opinions of the crisis that were presented. To answer these questions, a strategic selection of texts from the magazine were analysed through a qualitative text analysis. The theoretical perspectives consisted of the two crisis communication theories of image repair theory and situational crisis communication theory. The findings of the study indicate that the strategies used by Volkswagen to address the crisis do not seem very successful in general. Even if the most common strategy by Volkswagen is to discuss potential solutions to the crisis, these solutions are mainly oriented towards solving the crisis in a long-term perspective through a development of new vehicles. The biggest difference in comparison to external stakeholders is that they instead seem more concerned with solving the crisis in a shorter perspective through increased compensation to customers, for instance. Another finding is that a preference for more elitist stakeholders in the magazine could be due to a strategic choice by Volkswagen to avoid unfavourable reviews and use leaders as a tool for inspiring change. The main conclusion of the study is that work still needs to be done before Volkswagen can claim to have achieved a shift in the company’s sustainability communication. To do so, Volkswagen needs to take more responsibility for the crisis and to pay even more attention to the opinions of its different stakeholder groups.

Carema Care (numera Vardaga) är ett privat ägt vårdföretag med verksamhet inom äldreomsorgen. Under hösten och vintern 2011 utsattes företaget för en intensiv mediebevakning där de anklagades för besparingar och vanvård. I denna uppsats undersöks Carema Cares externa kriskommunikation under mediedrevet. Kriskommunikationen analyseras utifrån situational crisis communication theory. Teorin beskriver vilka försvarsstrategier som ett företag kan och bör använda för att rädda sitt anseende. Teorin gör gällande att den viktigaste faktorn vid val av försvarsstrategi bör vara typ av kris som uppstått. Studien har utgått ifrån en kvalitativ textanalys med systematiserande frågeställningar och klassificering som tillvägagångssätt. Först analyserades nio nyhetsartiklar för att försöka fastställa vilken typ av kris som ägt rum. Därefter studerades Carema Cares pressmeddelanden för att identifiera vilka försvarsstrategier som Carema Care använt sig av och om dessa överensstämmer med vad som föreskrivs inom situational crisis communication theory. Resultatet visar på att Carema Care inte i något pressmeddelande använt sig av de försvarsstrategier som föreskrivs i situational crisis communication theory. / Carema Care (now by the name Vardaga) is a privately owned company within the field of elder care. During the autumn and winter of 2011, the company was the focal point of an intense media reporting. The company was accused of budget cuts and neglected care. This thesis investigates the external crisis communication from Carema Care during the intense media reporting. The crisis communication is analyzed using situational crisis communication theory. The theory describes which crisis response strategies that a company can and shall use when faced with a crisis in order to restore its image. The theory claims that the most important factor when choosing crisis response strategy is what type of crisis that has occurred. The investigation was carried out using qualitative text analysis, more specifically the method systematic questions and classification was used. In the first step, nine news articles were analyzed in order to determine what type of crisis that had occurred. In the second step, the press releases following each news article were analyzed in order to determine what response strategy that had been used and how it compared to what the theory recommended. The study shows that Carema Care did not use the response strategy recommended from situational crisis communication theory in any of its press releases.

This is a comparative study based on text analysis of South Africa's and Sweden's curriculum. The purpose of the study is to get an understanding and awareness of the meaning and content of the curricula concerning child assessment. Its focus is to find out about similarities and differences of the assessment and evaluation processes. My research questions are: • What do South Africa's and Sweden's curricula for learning outcomes the children are assessed on? • How is South Africa's and Sweden's assessment of children described individually and evaluation in the curriculum? • What similarities and differences are there in South Africa's and Sweden's curriculum on the assessment of children individually and evaluation on the preschool?   The methods I use are qualitative text analysis and comparative analysis. I analyze and compare words and contents. My findings are that the assessment is about a way to see the children's development and learning. By having a conscious way of looking at children's interest and not to assess and judge individually which can lead to harming them. Instead, assess and judge as to benefiting the child to get support and can develop her/himself and her/his learning. Pedagogical documentation is used from the Swedish curriculum to see the children's interest and development. In South Africa notebook is used for documentation. The South African curriculum has more content with tips on development opportunities. If we compare the Swedish curriculum, there are learning outcomes where the goals are not as specified as the South African curriculum. This means that the Swedish curriculum has space for interpretation. In this study, we can gain an understanding of assessment in preschool and gain clarity of the dilemma that exists. / Studien handlar om att jämföra och göra en textanalys på Sydafrikas och Sveriges läroplan. Mitt syfte är att ta reda på vad som står i läroplanerna för att få förståelse och medvetenhet av de olika sätten att bedöma barn på. Detta för att ta reda på likheter och skillnader i processerna för bedömning och utvärdering. De frågeställningar jag har är: • Vad har Sydafrikas och Sveriges läroplaner för lärandemål där barnen blir bedömda på? • Hur beskrivs Sydafrikas och Sveriges bedömning av barn individuellt och utvärdering i läroplanen? • Vilka likheter och skillnader finns det i Sydafrikas och Sveriges läroplan om bedömning av barn individuellt och utvärdering på verksamheten?   De metoder jag använder mig av är kvalitativ textanalys och jämförande analys där jag analyserar och jämför ord och innehåll. Mina resultat var att bedömning handlar om ett sätt att se barnens utveckling och lärande. Genom att ha ett medvetet sätt att se på barns intresse och att inte bedöma barnen där det kan genom att bedöma individuellt leda till men för barnet. I stället bedöma där det gynnar barnet för att få stöd att utveckla sig själv och sitt lärande. Pedagogisk dokumentation använder den svenska läroplanen för att se barns intresse och utveckling. Sydafrika använder sig av att notera i anteckningsbok. Den sydafrikanska läroplanen har mer innehåll med tips på utvecklingsmöjligheter. Om vi jämför den svenska läroplanen finns det lärandemål där målen inte är lika specificerade som den sydafrikanska läroplanen. Detta gör att den svenska läroplanen har tolkningsutrymme. Genom denna studie kan vi få förståelse för bedömning i förskola och få klarhet i dilemmat som finns.

This article is to scrutinize Western media on the Ebola outbreak in West Africa by looking more closely at the largest Swedish newspapers. It is to investigate the otherization of Africa and the African, more specifically, whether there are Orientalist features within the media reporting that can construct an Africanness, the Africanization of Africa, as well as the reinforcement of West's own identity, the de-Africanization of the West, portarying it as non-African, and more importantly whether the Ebola disease has undergone this de-Africanization process. Thus, also investigating whether Orientalism is applicable on Africa. Mainly Edward Saïd's Orientalist theory is used as theoretical framework along with other scholars representing ideas that can support the Orientalist claim. What will be concluded is that there are certain news articles that can be interpreted in a way that reinforces the Orientalist discourse, but that these are well hidden and in some cases only implicitly understood due to the selective reporting on certain incidents.