This thesis provides a critical understanding of the size and relative position of the Cornish in Cornwall, a county in the south-west of the UK. Cornwall is a region which has experienced increased levels of disadvantage for a prolonged period of time. The indigenous people, whilst seeing a rise in their inclusion in ethnicity variables in the region, have remained under-researched in terms of their socio-economic position relative to the non-Cornish in the same geographic area. This thesis addresses this gap in the literature and represents the first in-depth examination of the group. The 2001 Census included an option to ‘write-in’ a Cornish ethnic identity, however whilst accurate in the responses it recorded the result was almost certainly an under-enumeration due to the lack of a dedicated tick-box selection. This thesis is a rigorous examination of the Cornish, starting with these data, estimating their size and socio-economic position (in terms of social exclusion) relative to non-Cornish individuals. Three stages of primary analysis sought to; analyse, adjust and extend the 2001 Census result to broadly estimate the size, links with exclusion and the causal processes behind these links. Firstly, an accurate picture of the size of the Cornish population was estimated using an innovative weighting strategy, developed to collate all other data referring to the Cornish and to derive weights for application to the raw Census data. Secondly, a stage of primary survey research examined this group more directly for links with social exclusion factors; and thirdly, a stage of qualitative interviews with knowledgeable individuals in the region lent depth to the findings and provided a more coherent explanatory framework. The results indicate that the Cornish are certainly more numerous than the 2001 Census had indicated. The proportion of individuals self-identifying as Cornish is likely to be closer to a quarter of the population rather than the 6.7% indicated in the 2001 ii data. There was some discrepancy in the data between the belief amongst the group of social exclusion and the reality. In order to explain the discrepancy, a model was used which explores the difference between personal-level experience and group level discrimination (Taylor et al 1990). The results of this thesis highlight the complex and multi-dimensional processes inherent in, firstly, the methodological and practical process of ethnicity measurement and, secondly, its use as an explanatory variable for social exclusion experience. Overall, this thesis represents the first and most comprehensive examination of the indigenous people of Cornwall and their relative lived experience compared to non-Cornish in the same area.

This thesis seeks to address a theoretical and empirical gap within terrorism studies, and more specially the study of terrorist-group lethality. This research updates a model of terrorist-group lethality by including terrorist-leader psychology as an individual-level variable in predicting terrorist-group lethality. Terrorist-leader statements were analyzed by using two novel coding schemes called Operational Code and Leadership Trait Analysis to create quantified measurements of leader cognitive beliefs and personality traits. The empirical portion of this study utilizes pooled cross-sectional time-series data within the framework of fixed effects and multi-level estimation models. The results find that terrorist-leader psychology, and more specifically Instrumental (Strategic) Beliefs and Distrust, are significant predictors of subsequent group-lethality.

This thesis examines the electoral performance of minor parties in English local government from 1973 to 2008, a period that has seen a sharp increase in the numbers of candidates from such parties. Beginning with an overall assessment of the extent to which candidates from minor parties have contested local elections and the level of success in being elected, the thesis then explores the spatial distribution of minor party candidates, the types of people that become candidates and, considering the relative lack of electoral success, their motivations for standing. Traditional studies of party systems frequently exclude parties that do not win a relatively large share of votes and seats or are incapable of forming part of a subsequent government or administration. However broader definitions of what constitutes a party allow that small political parties can influence policy and the behaviour of mainstream parties simply because they are present in an electoral contest. Using the concept of presence, this thesis demonstrates that there has been an unprecedented increase in contestation by minor parties over the past 10 years that has not been proportionally matched by vote share and electoral success. Examination of patterns of contestation reveals that the growth in minor party contestation is uneven across England but is not apparently related to the different electoral systems used by local authorities. Furthermore, it becomes clearer that minor party contestation appears to be primarily a function of temporal local factors and is not necessarily influenced by electoral history, thus making it difficult to predict beforehand where and when such parties may begin to contest local elections and the relative level of electoral support they might subsequently enjoy. Having examined at a general level the electoral nature of minor party activity the thesis offers a new typology, an analytical framework within which to locate the various types of minor parties that feature in modern English local government. Using individual level data we examine whether it is possible to distinguish between candidates based on their party’s location within this typology, thus testing whether the recent increase in minor party activity is due to the rise of a new political class. Initial survey observations subsequently inform the development of a multinomial logistic regression model that seeks to identify similarities and differences between candidates standing for the range of parties currently contesting English local elections. This modelling suggests that candidates from across the range of minor parties are rather similar to each other and, moreover, similar to candidates from major parties. There does not, therefore, appear to be any association between the rise in the frequency of minor party candidates and the existence of a new political class of candidates that are different to those already located within the party political mainstream. Consequently, the value of the typology as a heuristic for establishing a better understanding of minor party activity is brought into question and further research into the phenomenon of minor party contestation in English local government is recommended.

Submitted by Giulio Vanni (giulio.vanni@outlook.com) on 2015-02-24T17:30:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis Giulio Vanni Final_REVv4.pdf: 1255160 bytes, checksum: 549e48d362725d8a9539ffd595016c05 (MD5) / Rejected by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br), reason: Dear Giulio, Please make the changes below into your thesis and then post it again. 1) The counting of pages starts on the first page, however the page numbers should be viewed only from the introduction. 2) The knowledge field is the same of your advisor, in this case is Gestão e Competitividade em Empresas Globais. 3) After the acknowledgments you must write the abstract with the keywords and the “resumo” with the “palavras-chave”. After you modify your thesis, please upload it again. Best, on 2015-02-24T20:08:47Z (GMT) / Submitted by Giulio Vanni (giulio.vanni@outlook.com) on 2015-02-26T03:07:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis Giulio Vanni Final_REVv5.pdf: 1266454 bytes, checksum: 0c3972454c60c05bd143190c618abf3c (MD5) / Rejected by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br), reason: Dear Giulio, Please, do not forget to write the "resumo" and "palavras-chave" after the abstract. "Resumo" is the version in Portuguese of the abstract and it is mandatory. And remember to change the knowledge field to GESTÃO E COMPETITIVIDADE EM EMPRESAS GLOBAIS. When you add the "resumo" to your thesis, plase post it again. Thank you very much! Best, on 2015-02-26T11:50:01Z (GMT) / Submitted by Giulio Vanni (giulio.vanni@outlook.com) on 2015-02-26T12:39:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis Giulio Vanni Final_REVv6.pdf: 1264235 bytes, checksum: 91765d4a45c45044f240bbe06ca8b06c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br) on 2015-02-26T14:31:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis Giulio Vanni Final_REVv6.pdf: 1264235 bytes, checksum: 91765d4a45c45044f240bbe06ca8b06c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-26T14:55:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis Giulio Vanni Final_REVv6.pdf: 1264235 bytes, checksum: 91765d4a45c45044f240bbe06ca8b06c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-26 / The purpose of the dissertation is to investigate in depth the difference between the challenges social and business entrepreneurs face in the growth phase of their business in the particular environment of Brazil. This objective has been achieved through a two-steps methodology. The first step is a set of in-depth interviews carried out with industry experts such as professors, venture capitalists, consultants, fund managers or people involved in the support of growing startups (i.e. accelerators). These interviews allowed, first, to build a general perspective on the environment entrepreneurs operate into and to identify a list of challenges entrepreneurs face in the growth process of their business. This list was completed with the additional challenges identified in the previous literature. The second step of the methodology was to test the relevance of these challenges in the mind and experience of social and traditional entrepreneurs. A questionnaire was then submitted to 145 social and 286 traditional entrepreneurs. The results were statistically analyzed to test the relative relevance of these challenges for one group of entrepreneurs with respect to the other. The outcome of the analysis was significant. The most relevant challenges identified were, for both groups, taxation, bureaucracy, finding the right employees, creating effective teams, measuring firm performance and social value creation and obtaining funds. On the other side motivation, innovation, competition and lack of market space for growth represented the least relevant issues in the minds of entrepreneurs. This rank however did not differ significantly from social to traditional entrepreneurs. This testifies that in Brazil social and traditional entrepreneurs face the same set of challenges despite the widespread belief of the opposite. / O objetivo da dissertação é de investigar a fundo a diferencia entre os desafios que os empreendedores sociais e os empreendedores tradicionais enfrentam na fase de crescimento do business deles no Brasil. Este objetivo foi alcançado através de um método composto por dois passos. O primeiro passo é um conjunto de entrevistas em profundidade, realizadas com especialistas do setor, tais como professores, capitalistas de risco, consultores, gestores de fundos ou pessoas envolvidas no apoio do crescimento das startups (ou seja, aceleradoras). Estas entrevistas permitiram, em primeiro lugar, de construir uma perspectiva geral sobre o meio ambiente empresarial e de identificar uma lista de desafios que os empresários enfrentam no processo de crescimento de seus negócios. Esta lista foi completada com os desafios identificados na literatura anterior. A segunda etapa da metodologia foi testar a relevância destes desafios na mente e experiência de empreendedores sociais e tradicionais. Um questionário foi, então, submetido a 145 empreendedores sociais e 286 empresários tradicionais. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente para testar a importância relativa destes desafios para um grupo de empresários em relação à outra. O resultado da análise foi significativo. Os desafios mais relevantes identificados foram, para ambos os grupos, a tributação, a burocracia, encontrar os funcionários certos, criar equipes eficazes, medir o desempenho da empresa e a criação de valor social e obtenção de fundos. Por outro lado motivação, inovação, concorrência e falta de espaço de mercado para o crescimento representam as questões menos relevantes na mente dos empresários. Esta classificação, porém, não diferiu significativamente dos empreendedores sociais aos empresários tradicionais. Isso comprova que no Brasil os empreendedores sociais e tradicionais enfrentam o mesmo conjunto de desafios, apesar da crença generalizada do contrário.

For the evaluation of mineral development projects, it is imperative to consider the risks involved in mineral exploration and development and to bear in mind that an adjustment for these risks is a common practice which implies raising the minimum discount rate. A company may for instance use different discount rates depending on the different risks involved so as to compensate for the variability of success. In determining a discount rate, an organization should follow this rule “The greater the risk, the higher the discount rate should be. The discount rate will have a great influence on the economic evaluation of mineral projects. All other factors used for calculating the NPV (Net Present Value) being equal, the project at hand may be accepted or rejected depending upon the discount rate, and the fluctuation of the NPV from positive to negative. It must be pointed out that the determination of the discount rate is the most difficult and vital aspect of “cash-flow analysis.” In practice however the discount rate is usually fixed by top management and then delegated to the respective departments responsible for actual economic evaluation of the investment alternatives. A major problem in determining the appropriate discount rate is that it effectively depends more on subjective perception of the degree of risk or other past experience factors than on a systematic approach. By using a risk-free rate of return, plus a subjectively determined risk premium, a discount rate may be developed, which is expected to compensate the investor for the extra risk involved. In practice the selection of risk-free rate of return is relatively simple. In most cases, the yield on government bonds, under non-inflationary conditions, is adopted as the risk-free rate of return. The real problem lies in the choice of the risk premium which must be adequately adapted to compensate for the additional risks associated with the investment under consideration. Consideration of proper conditions in respect of a specific project under economic evaluation should help to determine the risk premium. The risk premium should be entirely dependent on the risks influencing the mineral development project. All possible risks affecting a mineral development project under consideration should be taken into account, when determining an appropriate risk premium. This is a stupendous task and will imply a large number of risks, which will no doubt make the determination very difficult to tackle and use. Furthermore, there are naturally numerous difficulties in structuring an analysis with many factors, because it is complex and multi-faceted. In order to facilitate the implementation of the determination, there are usually a definite number of key risks to be observed. Risks, crucial for success of the mineral development project, are classified as follows: -- Technical risk - reserve, completion, production -- Economical risk – price, demand, foreign exchange -- Political risk – currency conversion, environment, tax, nationalization From the review of factors influencing the determination of discount rate carried out (Section 4), it is concluded that the quantitative methodology for discount rate should be a process of identifying potential factors (risks), analyzing factors to determine those that have the greatest impact on mineral development, and determining discount rate. It is therefore imperative to find a method whereby all mining risks, together with their probability and impact, and an understanding of the combined effect of all risks attached to the cash flow and the rate of return. Thus then a way of a procedure calculating risk scores is required. Existing knowledge should therefore be used optimally to determine discount rate. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Mining Engineering / unrestricted

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Sport media has been a known producer of traditional gender images that reflect inequality between sexes. Sport media has been studied endlessly, but one aspect that has not fostered as much attention is sport media, advertising, and children. Sports Illustrated for Kids is the only sport media print magazine for children, with a readership age of 8-15 years old. Images and gender stereotypes have been used continuously by advertising companies to sell products to consumers. Children in particular cannot accurately determine between content that is meant to inform and content that is meant to sell. This study examined whether editorial and advertising images in Sports Illustrated for Kids reflects actual participation rates of athletic activities based on gender in issues from the past decade. Utilizing past research, this study looked at overall numbers and stereotypes by examining factors such as state of dress, photo angle, and motion in photograph. Findings show that females are still under and misrepresented in SIK. Even so, findings of this study suggest representation of women in team neutral sport such as soccer and basketball is on the rise. Findings could have implications for SIK's young readership as well as highlight a need for more education about advertising and editorial practices being implemented. / Master of Arts / Sport media has been a known producer of traditional gender images that reflect inequality between sexes. Sport media has been studied endlessly, but one aspect that has not fostered as much attention is sport media, advertising, and children. Sports Illustrated for Kids is the only sport media print magazine for children, with a readership age of 8-15 years old. Images and gender stereotypes have been used continuously by advertising companies to sell products to consumers. Children in particular cannot accurately determine between content that is meant to inform and content that is meant to sell. This study examined whether editorial and advertising images in Sports Illustrated for Kids reflects actual participation rates of athletic activities based on gender in issues from the past decade. Utilizing past research, this study looked at overall numbers and stereotypes by examining factors such as state of dress, photo angle, and motion in photograph. Findings show that females are still under and misrepresented in SIK. Even so, findings of this study suggest representation of women in team neutral sport such as soccer and basketball is on the rise. Findings could have implications for SIK’s young readership as well highlight a need for more education about advertising and editorial practices being implemented.

This paper describes and applies a method to quantify and related damage of painted wooden pulpits in 16 churches in Gotland, Sweden, to both the current and the historical indoor climate of the twentieth century. In addition, it demonstrates that the energy used to heat a church in the past can be measured and the study alsopoints towards a relationship between damage and heat output. The results suggest that more damage is present in churches with a higher heat output and there is increased damage in churches using background heating compared to churches that do not. However, the method needs to be improved and a larger population is required to validate these results. / Climate for Culture / Cultural heritage and human comfort: the issue of indoor climate in historic buildings in the twentieth cnentury

Can Battery Electric Vehicles replace conventional internal combustion engine vehicles for commuting purposes when exposed to a busy corporate activity within the city of Edinburgh? This thesis investigates the application of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) use in a commercial business environment in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland UK. The motivation behind this work is to determine if the Battery Electric Vehicle can replace conventional fossil fuel vehicles under real world drive cycles and the desire by many to combat the causes of climate change. Due to the nature of this work a significant part of the work will be underpinned by the quantitative methodology approach to the research. As the question indicates the research is supported by real live data coming from the vehicle both in proprietary data logging as well as reading and analysing the data coming from the vehicles own Electronic Control Unit (ECU).There will be mixed research methodology encompassing quantitative and qualitative research to obtain a complete response in respect to the management of the vehicle these methodologies will be the analysis of the measurable data as well as explorative, to gain the underlying reasons and motivations for choosing a battery electric vehicle as an option to the conventional vehicle for this type of application use.