Würzburg, Univ., Diss., 2008 / Zsfassung in dt. Sprache

Th.--Sci. phys.--Grenoble--I.N.P.G., 1981. N°: DE 106.

Despite challenges with poor emissions and fuel economy, gasoline two stroke engines continue to be developed for a number of applications. The primary reasons for the choice of a gasoline two stroke engine includes its low cost, mechanical simplicity and high specific power output. Some applications for the gasoline two stroke engine include small capacity motorcycles and scooters, off road recreational vehicles, hand held power tools and unmanned aerial vehicles. New technologies, which are already mature in four stroke engines, are now being applied to two stroke engines. Such technologies include direct fuel injection, electronic engine management and exhaust gas after treatment. To implement these new technologies computation models are being continuously developed to improve the design process of engines. Multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics modelling is now commonly applied to engine research and development, it is a powerful tool that can give great insight into the thermofluid working of an engine. Multi-dimensional tools are however computationally expensive and quasi-dimensional modelling methods are often better suited for the analysis of an engine, for example in transient engine simulation. This thesis reports the development of a new quasi-dimensional combustion model for a loop scavenged two stroke engine. The model differs from other quasi-dimensional models available in the literature as it accounts for a bulk motion of the flame front due to the tumble motion created by the loop scavenge process. In this study the tumble motion is modelled as an ellipsoid vortex and the size of the vortex is defined by the combustion chamber height and a limiting elliptical aspect ratio. The limiting aspect ratio has been observed in experimental square piston compression machines and optical engines. The new model also accounts for a wrinkled flame brush thickness and its effects on the interaction between flame front and combustion chamber. The new combustion model has been validated against experimental engine tests in which the flame front propagation was measured using ionization probes. The probes were able determine the flame front shape, the bulk movement of the flame front due to tumble and also the wrinkled flame brush thickness.

Although the quasi-adiabatic calculations have led to an improved description of the measured observables, the theoretical justifications of the assumptions made in the model have not yet been studied. The first part of the work described in this thesis is therefore concerned with the clarification of these theoretical uncertainties by performing a rigorous investigation of the accuracy and the validity of the model. In addition, we reformulate the quasi-adiabatic theory to give a more general formalism, approaching the three-body problem in a different way. This alternative formulation provides a clear understanding of the assumptions made in the original quasi-adiabatic theory. Using the spirit of the new quasi-adiabatic formalism, we also develop alternative approximation schemes for the treatment of quantum mechanical three-body systems. The accuracy and the range of validity of the developments, together with the quasi-adiabatic theory, are investigated carefully and precisely by comparing their predictions with those essentially exact CDCC technique for the 66Zn (d,p)67Zn reaction at 88.2 MeV. It is found that the alternative models and quasi-adiabatic theory are reliable techniques for the treatment of deuteron breakup process at intermediate energies of interest. The remainder of this thesis is devoted to the investigation of the mechanism of (p,d*) reactions. As the treatment of the final state interactions in such reactions has not previously been studied consistently, we develop an adiabatic method and apply it to new data for the 13C(p,d)12C reaction with 35 MeV incident proton energy. Due to the weak coupling between spin channels of the continuum n-p system at the energies of interest, the singlet and triplet state pickup cross-sections for the final n-p system are analyzed separately. We find that the contribution from the singlet state is dominant for small relative energies while the triplet state dominates for large energies. This application clarifies the relationship between the three-body dynamics in the final state of (p,d) and (p,d*) reactions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:04:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo7224_1.pdf: 525997 bytes, checksum: ea1f4ea6f794869a057cba1cfbc27319 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Heteroscedasticidade é uma caracterísstica comumente encontrada em dados de corte transversal. Vários autores têm estudado o comportamento de estimadores consistentes da matriz de covariâncias do estimador de mínimos quadrados ordinánarios dos parâmetros lineares de regressão quando há heteroscedasticidade de forma desconhecida. Entre os estimadores propostos e estudados encontram-se aqueles conhecidos como HC0 (proposto por Halbert White em 1980), HC1, HC2 e HC3. Resultados de simulacão em alguns artigos favorecemo estimador HC3 ou aproximações deste estimador; ver, por exemplo, MacKinnon & White (1985). Cribari Neto & Galvão (2002), a partir dos resultados em Galvão (2000), generalizaram os resultados obtidos por Cribari Neto, Ferrari & Cordeiro (2000), obtendo uma seqüência de estimadores ajustados por viés que pode ser inicializada em qualquer dos quatros estimadores listados acima. A presente dissertação utiliza integração ao numérica para obter resultados exatos sobre a qualidade da proximação de primeira ordem usada em testes quase t cujas estatísticas utilizam estimativas consistentes da variância do estimador de mínimos quadrados ordinários. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o teste que mais se beneficia de usar estimadores corrigidos por viés é aquele cuja estatística de teste é construída usando o estimador HC0. Adicionalmente, a utilização de estimativas da variância do tipo HC3 corrigidas por viés conduz a testes menos precisos, ao invés de conduzir a testes com menor distorção de tamanho. Por fim, mostra-se que a estratégia de inferência a ser preferida é a utilização de estimadores HC3 sem correção de viés

Since 1979 the UK has experienced the most decisive break in the providing style and underlying principles of welfare provision since 1944 to 1948, or perhaps ever. This thesis provides an historical overview of the succession of Acts in regards to state education, health and housing. It looks at the effects of, and reasons for, the reforms in these areas, showing how these have changed each sectors' operational style and ethos. A close insight into the reforms is provided by surveys of head teachers of Grant-Maintained schools, chief executives of NHS trusts, directors of local government housing departments and chief executives of housing associations and of Local Government. The questionnaires investigated issues such as, finances, changes in their functions, effects upon staff and external relations and highlights benefits and disadvantages. In general these sectors have experienced the introduction of a quasi-market, via the separation of the provider, purchaser and enabler roles. The aim has been to increase competition and consumer power in the state sector. In reality, competition is expanding, but these welfare markets have been subjected to increased scrutiny and control from Central Government. The market ethos is spreading across the nation, and although many people who are living through it are unaware of the rapid changes, this period may be looked back upon in history as being the most radical and far-reaching alteration of British economic, social and political structures.

Doctor en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Mención Modelación Matemática / Este trabajo de tesis contiene dos cap\'itulos principales, donde se estudian dos problemas independientes de Modelaci\'on Matem\'atica. En el Cap\'titulo 1 se estudia la existencia y unicidad de distribuciones quasi estacionarias para un movimiento Browniano con drift extinguido en cero, para el caso que infinito es Frontera de Entrada y cero frontera de salida de acuerdo a la clasificaci\'on de Feller. El trabajo est\'a relacionado con la publicaci\'on pionera \cite, donde algunas condiciones suficientes son establecidas para demostrar la existencia y unicidad de QSD en el contexto de una familia de Modelos de Din\'amica de Poblaciones y difusiones de Feller. El trabajo generaliza los teoremas m\'as importantes de \cite , ya que no se imponen condiciones extras para obtener los resultados de existencia y unicidad de QSD y la existencia del l\'imite de Yaglom. La parte t\'ecnica est\'a basada en la teor\'ia del problema de Sturm Liouville sobre la semirecta positiva. Espec\'ificamente, se demuestra que bajo las principales hip\'otesis existe espectro discreto si y solo si infinito es frontera de entrada y todas las eigenfunciones son simples e integrables respecto a la medida de rapidez del proceso.\\ En el cap\'itulo 2, se estudia el problema de obtener cotas optimales sobre el Hamiltoniano para el Modelo de Ising de largo alcance, con t\'ermino de interacci\'on decayendo de acuerdo a $d^{\alpha-2}$, $\alpha \in [0,1)$. El trabajo est\'a basado en el art\'iculo publicado en 2005 \cite{Paper1}, donde cotas optimales son obtenidas para el caso $\alpha \in [0,\frac{log{3}}{\log{2}}-1)$ en t\'erminos de estructuras jer\'arquicas llamadas tri\'angulos y contornos. Los teoremas principales de este trabajo pueden ser resumidos como (i) No existe una cota optimal para el Hamiltoniano en t\'erminos de tri\'angulos para $\alpha \in [\frac-1,1)$. (ii) Existe una cota optimal para el Hamiltoniano en t\'erminos de Contornos para $\alpha \in [0,1)$, resultados que son demostrado en los Teoremas \ref{XYZ} y \ref{Teo1} respectivamente. Ambos generalizan los resultados existentes, y constituyen la principal contribuci\'on de este trabajo. Para demostrar el Teorema \ref, se construye expl\'icitamente una familia de contraejemplos. La parte t\'ecnica est\'a fuertemente basada en la teor\'ia de Fractales sobre Conjuntos Discretos. Para demostrar teorema \ref{Teo1} , se usa el argumento se agrupar y sumar sobre contornos con la misma masa. Las demostraciones para ambos resultados son muy t\'ecnicas y requieren una gran cantidad de c\'alculos , los cuales son entregados en detalle. Por otra parte, los teoremas principales tienen importantes implicancias en \'esta clase de Modelos. La m\'as importante y directa es la existencia de una fase de transici\'on para bajas temperaturas basada en el argumento de Peierls. Dicha demostraci\'un, es tambi\'en entregada en este trabajo.

La rupture des matériaux quasi-fragiles, tels que les céramiques ou les bétons, peut être représentée schématiquement par la succession des étapes de nucléation et de coalescence de micro-fissures. Modéliser ce processus de rupture est un enjeu particulièrement important lorsque l'on s'intéresse à la résistance des structures en béton, en particulier à la prédiction de la perméabilité des structures endommagées. La démarche choisie est une vision multi-échelle où le comportement global est caractérisé par la mécanique de la rupture, et le comportement local représenté par la méthode des éléments discrets. Le modèle représente la fissuration par des grandeurs généralisées, qui seront définies dans le cadre de la mécanique de la rupture. Afin de prendre en compte l’aspect non linéaire de la fissuration dans les matériaux quasi-fragiles, la cinématique usuelle de la mécanique de la rupture est enrichie par l’ajout de degrés de libertés supplémentaires chargés de représenter la part non linéaire du champ de vitesse. L'évolution du comportement est alors condensé par l'évolution de facteurs d'intensité. Le modèle proposé permet de prédire le comportement lors de chargements de mode mixte I+II proportionnel et non-proportionnel. Enfin, une campagne d'essais visant à caractériser le comportement en fissuration du mortier à été réalisée. Les résultats obtenus montrent un rôle important de la fissuration par fatigue. La méthode de changement d'échelle a également été appliquée sur les champs de vitesse en pointe de fissure, confirmant la représentation du comportement en pointe de fissure par une cinématique enrichie. / Fracture in quasi-brittle materials, such as ceramics or concrete, can be represented schematically by series of events of nucleation and coalescence of micro-cracks. Modeling this process is an important challenge for the reliability and life prediction of concrete structures, in particular the prediction of the permeability of damaged structures. A multi-scale approach is proposed. The global behavior is modeled within the fracture mechanics framework and the local behavior is modeled by the discrete element method. An approach was developed to condense the non linear behavior of the mortar. A model reduction technic is used to extract the relevant information from the discrete elements method. To do so, the velocity field is partitioned into mode I, II, linear and non-linear components, each component being characterized by an intensity factor and a fixed spatial distribution. The response of the material is hence condensed in the evolution of the intensity factors, used as non-local variables. A model was also proposed to predict the behavior of the crack for proportional and non-proportional mixed mode I+II loadings. An experimental campaign was finally conducted to characterize the fatigue and fracture behavior of mortar. The results show that fatigue crack growth can be of significant  importance. The experimental velocity field determined, in the crack tip region, by DIC, were analyzed using the same technic as that used for analyzing the fields obtained by the discrete element method showing consistent results.

The crime of habitual drunkenness under s. 360 of the Criminal Code The subject of my thesis concerns the crime of habitual drunkenness under s. 360 of Act. No. 40/2009 Coll., Criminal Code, as amended. In this thesis I describe not only its political theory but also its historical background and evolution in the Czech Republic. The crime of habitual drunkenness was and still is considered to be an atypical crime with very unusual analogy in respect of the Criminal Code. However, this crime is somewhat a break through in the fundamental principle of criminal law, the principle of liability for fault (nullum crimen sine culpa). This crime is considered unusual because of its specific legislative and legal construction as well as its extraordinary implications in terms of theoretical principles and requirements which are the basis of criminal law. All of the above mentioned attributes, historical and current concepts and proposals de lege ferenda can be found in this thesis. This thesis is divided into ten chapters. For clarity, these chapters are divided into multiple sub-sections. First chapter deals with the notion of insanity which, by no means, goes hand in hand with the crime of habitual drunkenness. Second chapter is a complex summary of the historical evolution from Maria Theresa codes until...

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