<p>The general purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate KrAmi – a correctional program for young offenders – regarding socioeconomic profitability. Evaluating socioeconomic results enables us to examine and reflect upon the possibilities of applying socioeconomic models to social work. The basic data, from a long-term follow up study of 140 persons in two KrAmi programs, one Knuff program and two probation programs (treatment as usual), also allow systematic comparisons with more traditional evaluation models</p><p>The data have been presented in one research report and three articles.</p><p>The research report examines both the effects in an effect study and the socioeconomic results in a CBA (Cost-Benefit Analysis) and a CEA (Cost-Effectiveness analysis). The overall aim of the socioeconomic study was to examine the socioeconomic profitability of the programmes. We found a halving of expenditure for the KrAmi and Knuff groups and a 25 percent reduction for the two probation programmes compared to the cost one year before rehabilitation started.</p><p>The 15-year investment analysis (CBA) showed that expenditures decreased and benefits increased by about 2.5 million SEK per individual for the two KrAmi programmes and one non-custodial program, by 0.5-1.0 million SEK for the Knuff program and the other non-custodial program. For the KrAmi programs investment in rehabilitation pays off in 1-1.5 years, for probation in 2.5-4 years and for Knuff in 4 years after the intervention. The benefit-cost ratios were 17.8 - 12.7 for the two KrAmi programs and 5.1 - 5.8 for the two non-custodial programs. For the Knuff program the benefit-cost ratio was 13.2. KrAmi rates are higher for rehabilitation rate (pension points), rehabilitation rate compared to investment costs and benefit-cost ratio, pay-off time is the shortest.</p><p>The results of both the effect study and socio-economic study, which were presented in the first article, suggest that social improvements for the clients corresponded with socio-economic profitability. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to difficulties in comparing short-term data on effects from ASI interviews collected in one period with long-term data concerning socio-economic costs per day per client in a different period. The second article elaborated on these design issues and also examined whether approaching an evaluation from different perspectives and employing different research methods can increase understanding. The conclusion drawn was that it was essential to have knowledge on the dissimilarities in design and measures between the two studies to come to the correct interpretations. These interpretations led to new questions to illuminate the results of the evaluations.</p><p>In the third article the focus was the long-term follow up period. In this study the Knuff program was excluded from the study and the two KrAmi programs formed the program group and the two probation group formed the control group. The follow-up period was two years during which the socioeconomic costs decreased stepwise for both groups, probation groups more so than program groups. The deteriorations were 70-80% compared to the period before treatment. However rehabilitation to labour market was more successful for program groups than for control groups thanks to the greater socio-economic profitability for program groups.</p><p>The introductory part of this dissertation focuses on methodological difficulties, and a multivariate regression analysis (MRA) is presented which shows that pre-existing differences in the composition of the program groups and control groups were not responsible for the differences on the socio-economic results. Moreover the introductory section includes a research presentation and the rationale for socioeconomic evaluation.</p>

The general purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate KrAmi – a correctional program for young offenders – regarding socioeconomic profitability. Evaluating socioeconomic results enables us to examine and reflect upon the possibilities of applying socioeconomic models to social work. The basic data, from a long-term follow up study of 140 persons in two KrAmi programs, one Knuff program and two probation programs (treatment as usual), also allow systematic comparisons with more traditional evaluation models The data have been presented in one research report and three articles. The research report examines both the effects in an effect study and the socioeconomic results in a CBA (Cost-Benefit Analysis) and a CEA (Cost-Effectiveness analysis). The overall aim of the socioeconomic study was to examine the socioeconomic profitability of the programmes. We found a halving of expenditure for the KrAmi and Knuff groups and a 25 percent reduction for the two probation programmes compared to the cost one year before rehabilitation started. The 15-year investment analysis (CBA) showed that expenditures decreased and benefits increased by about 2.5 million SEK per individual for the two KrAmi programmes and one non-custodial program, by 0.5-1.0 million SEK for the Knuff program and the other non-custodial program. For the KrAmi programs investment in rehabilitation pays off in 1-1.5 years, for probation in 2.5-4 years and for Knuff in 4 years after the intervention. The benefit-cost ratios were 17.8 - 12.7 for the two KrAmi programs and 5.1 - 5.8 for the two non-custodial programs. For the Knuff program the benefit-cost ratio was 13.2. KrAmi rates are higher for rehabilitation rate (pension points), rehabilitation rate compared to investment costs and benefit-cost ratio, pay-off time is the shortest. The results of both the effect study and socio-economic study, which were presented in the first article, suggest that social improvements for the clients corresponded with socio-economic profitability. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to difficulties in comparing short-term data on effects from ASI interviews collected in one period with long-term data concerning socio-economic costs per day per client in a different period. The second article elaborated on these design issues and also examined whether approaching an evaluation from different perspectives and employing different research methods can increase understanding. The conclusion drawn was that it was essential to have knowledge on the dissimilarities in design and measures between the two studies to come to the correct interpretations. These interpretations led to new questions to illuminate the results of the evaluations. In the third article the focus was the long-term follow up period. In this study the Knuff program was excluded from the study and the two KrAmi programs formed the program group and the two probation group formed the control group. The follow-up period was two years during which the socioeconomic costs decreased stepwise for both groups, probation groups more so than program groups. The deteriorations were 70-80% compared to the period before treatment. However rehabilitation to labour market was more successful for program groups than for control groups thanks to the greater socio-economic profitability for program groups. The introductory part of this dissertation focuses on methodological difficulties, and a multivariate regression analysis (MRA) is presented which shows that pre-existing differences in the composition of the program groups and control groups were not responsible for the differences on the socio-economic results. Moreover the introductory section includes a research presentation and the rationale for socioeconomic evaluation.

Construit en multiréférentialité, sur les postulats de la psychologie socioculturelle de Vygotski, de l’analyse clinique de l’activité (Y. Clot), de l’ergonomie de l’activité, cette étude a pour finalité de construire une intelligibilité des pratiques, habitus et singularité entremêlés, dans une approche compréhensive et développementale des actions de préparation, comme « une présence au futur » .Quel(s) liens font les enseignants entre le sens, la forme et les modalités de leur action anticipatrice de préparation et le cours d’action de leur conduite effective de la classe, leur pilotage des tâches, dans la complexité d’une situation d’enseignement-apprentissage, à l’école élémentaire au cours d’une expérimentation de terrain en autoconfrontation croisée ?Cette PROBLEMATIQUE s’organise dans une démarche descriptive et compréhensive autour de trois HYPOTHESES : L’hypothèse 1, sur la nature de la pratique - chaque professionnel interprète différemment la préparation. L’hypothèse 2, entre ce sur quoi porte l’anticipation de la séance (facilitant ou non la gestion de l’imprévu) et son pilotage effectif. L’hypothèse 3, sur les prolongements possibles en formation.La METHODE, une « quasi-expérimentation », permet l’accès à la réalité quotidienne des pratiques, dans un espace de co-construction praticiens / chercheur, en appui de l’autoconfrontation qui permet de «faire vivre la conscience pour l’étudier» (Vygotski), lorsque celle-ci est mise à disposition d’un collectif professionnel, constituant le corpus, arrêté, in fine, sur cinq acteurs singuliers, pour une recherche de typicalité de cas d’enseignants.Les INDICATEURS d’analyse, organisés autour des traces et des conceptions de la préparation, permettent d’éclairer le paradigme d’anticipation et la préparation :- Il existe plusieurs configurations déterminées par le rapport au support-outil et la gestion des interactions langagières.- Le déroulement effectif de la classe est le résultat d’un système d’interactions entre le pilotage à partir de la préparation et les interprétations, incertitudes majeures, que les élèves font des tâches. - En anticipant avec le cadre linéaire de la préparation « canonique » l’enseignant pilote du linéaire, a contrario de l’apprentissage et n’intègre pas de possibilité d’improvisation . Ce n’est pas un outil suffisant du métier, il permet d’établir des relations de détermination, mais peu de relations de signification : l’interprétation reste donc en tension. Pour résoudre cette tension, on peut envisager une voie complémentaire, au croisement d’une clinique de la relation éducative et d’une clinique de l’activité : une post-paration individuelle et collective. Cette POST-PARATION – qui permet de problématiser, d’introduire quelque chose qui n’est pas dans le constat de situation et de se positionner dans cette présence au futur pour permettre l’ajustement de l’action - corrélée avec le style professionnel, en lien avec le genre est constitutive d’un capital de mise en mots et d’un répertoire de mise en actes, qui sont des ressources pour préfigurer l’action. / Built in multireferentiality, on the postulates of the sociocultural psychology of Vygotski, of the clinical analysis of activity (Y. Clot), of the ergonomics of the activity, the finality of this study is to build an intelligibility of the practices, habitus and singularity intermingled, in an understanding and développementale approach of the actions of preparation, like “a presence with the future” .Which bonds make the teachers between the direction, the form and the methods of their anticipatrice action of preparation and the action in progress of their effective control of the class, their leading (piloting) of the tasks, with the complexity of a situation of teaching-training, at the elementary school during an experimentation of ground in cross autoconfrontation?This PROBLEMATIC is organized in a descriptive and understanding step around three ASSUMPTIONS: Assumption 1, about the nature of the practice - each professional interprets the preparation differently. Assumption 2, between it to what the anticipation of the meeting relates (facilitating or not the management of unforeseen) and its effective piloting. Assumption 3, on the possible prolongations in formation.The METHOD, a “quasi-experimentation”, the access to the daily reality of the practices allows, in an enquiring space of co-construction experts / researcher, in support of the autoconfrontation which makes it possible “to make live the conscience to study it” (Vygotski), when this one is placed at the group of professional’s disposal, constituting the corpus, decree, in fine, on five singular actors, for a search for typicality of case of teachers.The INDICATORS of analysis, organized around the traces and of the designs of the preparation, make it possible to clarify the paradigm of anticipation and the preparation:- There are several configurations determined by the report with the support-tool and the management of the linguistic interactions.- The progress of the real enfolding class is the result of a system of interactions between piloting starting from the preparation and interpretations, major uncertainties, that the pupils make with the tasks. - While anticipating with the linear framework of the “canonical” preparation the teacher controls the linear one, on the opposite of the training and does not integrate a possibility of improvisation . It is not a sufficient tool of the trade, it makes it possible to establish relations of determination, but few relations of significance: interpretation thus remains in tension.To solve this tension, one can plan a complementary way, with the crossing of a private clinic of the educational relation and a private clinic of the activity: an individual and collective post-paration. This POST-PARATION - which allows problématiser, to introduce something which is not in the report of situation and to be in this presence with the future to allow the adjustment of the action - correlated with the professional style, in bond with the kind is constitutive of a capital of setting in words and of a repertory of acting out, which is resources to precede the action.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angelo Augusto Silva Sampaio.pdf: 715245 bytes, checksum: 61b8725f4ee371bc064c778263e1e6df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Behavior Analysis has yet to establish a productive research program about culture, cultural practices and their evolution. Although conceptual problems (about the appropriate units of analysis and the complexity of cultures) and methodological issues (there aren t well tested procedures to explore cultural phenomena within a behavior analytic perspective) are at the root of this absence, the conceptual issues have been tackled by some (S. Glenn and M. Harris, for instance). These efforts have not been followed, until now, by validating empirically based studies. We suggest that quasiexperimental studies may be a productive alternative to this problem. Quasiexperimental studies should allow the description of functional relations among events: The experimental manipulation, and therefore, control, is limited in such cases, but there are empirically based measurements of dependent variables when independent variables are present and absent. J. Diamond s scientific position seems to be compatible with philosophical and methodological tenets of Behavior Analysis and Diamond has repeatedly argued for quasi-experimentation as a method to study culture and cultural evolution. The present work focuses were: to explore the possibilities opened by quasi experimental procedures on the study of culture and to further explore Glenn s and Harris interpretations of culture. In order to do it Diamond s book Colapse was analyzed. Diamond s interpretation of the Viking colonies fate was taken as the exemplar. Exerts interpreted as elements of Diamond s construction of quasiexperiments about the Viking colonies were selected and their procedural elements and main results were evaluated. The present results suggest that quasi-experimentation may be a valuable methodological alternative to the empirically based study of culture. Possible relationships between Diamond s results and Glenn s proposition of metacontingencies and macrocontingencies as units of analysis at the cultural level of selection and Harris principle of infra-structural determinism of cultures are discussed. Diamond s distinction between proximate and ultimate causes indicates a relevant separation between variables for the analysis of present and past cultures. The present work also points out methodological aspects pertinent to the implementation of quasiexperimental studies on culture / A dificuldade em se estabelecer um programa de pesquisa sobre práticas culturais, cultura e evolução cultural na Análise do Comportamento deve-se em parte a questões conceituais (sobre as unidades de análise pertinentes e a complexidade inerente às culturas) e metodológicas (ausência de procedimentos experimentais adequados e timidez na exploração de alternativas metodológicas pertinentes). As propostas de S. Glenn e M. Harris têm contribuído para a elucidação das questões conceituais, mas ainda não dispomos de estudos empíricos que validem suas proposições. Um modo de lidar com as questões metodológicas pode ser o uso criterioso da quase-experimentação, uma busca sistemática pelo estabelecimento empírico de relações funcionais entre eventos com limites ao controle de variáveis, mas com dados sobre condições nas quais a variável independente está presente e condições em que ela está ausente. Com os objetivos de explorar as possibilidades da quase-experimentação no estudo específico da cultura e de discutir as propostas de Glenn e Harris a partir de dados empíricos, nos voltamos para a obra do geógrafo Jared Diamond, que tem advogado o uso de quaseexperimentos no estudo da cultura e compartilha pressupostos metodológicos e filosóficos com a Análise do Comportamento. O foco da análise foi a interpretação de Diamond sobre os destinos das colônias vikings, para o que foram tomados como centrais os capítulos do livro Colapso que tratam das colônias vikings medievais no Atlântico Norte. Trechos dos capítulos foram categorizados e fontes de informação adicionais (textos citados em Colapso) foram consultadas. Buscou-se (1) identificar aspectos do texto que caracterizariam metodologicamente o trabalho de Diamond como a construção de quase-experimentos sobre os vikings e (2) indicar o que tais quaseexperimentos sugerem a respeito (2.1) da unidade de análise de práticas culturais, (2.2) da pertinência dos conceitos de metacontingência e macrocontingência e (2.3) da posição de Diamond sobre a complexidade das culturas e sua relação com o princípio do determinismo infra-estrutural de Harris. Os resultados da análise de Colapso indicam que quase-experimentos sobre a cultura são possíveis e podem gerar resultados produtivos já que permitiriam inclusive afirmar relações funcionais entre eventos que seriam relevantes para a compreensão do fenômeno cultural como indica a sugestão de Diamond de que cinco conjuntos de fatores (dano ambiental, mudança climática, sociedades vizinhas hostis, diminuição do apoio de parceiros comerciais e a resposta da sociedade aos seus problemas ) são relevantes para o destino das sociedades. A distinção entre causas mediatas e imediatas também indica uma separação entre variáveis relevante para o estudo de culturas passadas ou presentes. Nossa análise ainda aponta aspectos metodológicos pertinentes à condução de estudos quase-experimentais sobre a cultura