This thesis focuses in presenting Miguel de Unamuno’s concept of the tragic. Historically this concept has suffered various changes of meaning and application. If successful the project shall provide the distinct connotation, features, and characteristics that Unamuno attributes to the tragic. His special treatment of the tragic harnesses a way for the will to become aware of its existential condition. This awakening of consciousness evokes an arousal of dichotomies that the will must confront. Faith against reason, religion against science, heart against intellect, are amongst these conflicting predicaments. The will’s constant struggle between these opposing forces constitutes for Unamuno the tragic feeling of life. The will must live between the two and avoid the dangers of ignoring one side of the dichotomy and embrace the other. Quixotic philosophy, Unamuno argues, stands in as a manifestation of the will to salvage itself against the existential calamities of the tragic condition. The quixotic outlook empowers the will for the opportunity to forge an authentic life out of the tragic. Therefore the tragic is a fundamental aspect to understand Unamuno’s existentialism, religion, and philosophy of life.

Scholars have long since identified a quixotic mode in fiction, acknowledging the widespread influence of Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote (1605-15) on subsequent texts. In most cases, “quixotic” signifies a preponderance of allusions to Don Quixote in a given text, such that most studies of “quixotic fictions” or “quixotic influence” are primarily taxonomic in purpose and in outcome: they name and catalogue a text or group of texts as “quixotic,” then argue that, by virtue of the vast and protean influence of Don Quixote, the quixotic mode in fiction is always divided, lacking any semblance of ideological consistency. I argue, however, that the very characteristics of Don Quixote that make him such an attractive literary model for such a broad range of narratives—his bookish idealism, his fixation on the upper-classed grandiosity of the lives of noble knights—also form the consistent, ideological groundwork of quixotism: the exceptionalist substitution of fictive idealism for material reality. By tracing the ways in which quixotes become mouthpieces for various exceptionalist arguments in eighteenth-century British and American texts, like Henry Fielding's Joseph Andrews (1742), Tobias Smollett's Launcelot Greaves (1760), Charlotte Lennox's The Female Quixote (1752), Hugh Henry Brackenridge's Modern Chivalry (1792-1815), and Royall Tyler's The Algerine Captive (1797), among others, I demonstrate the link between quixotism and exceptionalism, or between fictive idealism and the belief that one (or one's worldview) is an exception to the scrutiny of the surrounding world.

Orientador: Luiz Gonzaga Marchezan / Banca: Arnaldo Cortina / Banca: Rauer Ribeiro / Banca: Juliana Santini / Resumo: O presente estudo parte da narrativa arquetípica de Cervantes, Dom Quixote de la Mancha e por meio dela estabelece pontos de contato com dois romances brasileiros: O coronel e o lobisomem e Fogo morto. Tem em Dom Quixote o modelo do herói problemático, conforme definido por Lukács em Teoria do romance: um indivíduo em conflito com a sociedade. Dessa maneira, na visada cervantina, o herói deixa de representar o coletivo, como na epopeia, para revelar, no romance, sua solidão em um mundo decadente. Percorrendo algumas invariantes que definem o quixotesco no interior do perfil do herói problemático, estabelece, então, pontos de contato com os heróis da literatura brasileira. O tema do poder, universal, perpassa os dois romances do regionalismo brasileiro, particularizando-os e figurativizando-os nos espaços e nas performances dos protagonistas Ponciano e Vitorino. Os dois, como Dom Quixote, são tocados pela "loucura da vã presunção" - conforme tipologia de Foucault - que corresponde à relação imaginária que cada personagem estabelece consigo mesmo por meio de um delírio de autovalorização, atribuindo-se características irreais ou, pelo menos, que não estão em consonância com a realidade que os cerca. Tomados pela ideia fixa, criam uma espécie de redoma que os impede de traçar os limites da realidade e, a despeito de suas ações infundadas, continuam lutando para a concretização de seus respectivos projetos. Como consequência dessa dissonância entre ser e sociedade, instaura-se um conflito, uma ruptura insuperável. A loucura é a única forma encontrada para esses heróis sobreviverem na sociedade degradada que os cerca e, de alguma forma, cada herói, ao seu modo, afronta à ordem estabelecida. As ações desenvolvidas por eles são dissonantes com a realidade e, por meio de gestos e entoações exageradas, hiperbólicas, culminam em situações tragicômicas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study starts with the archetypal Cervantes narrative Dom Quixote de la Mancha and by means of it establishes point of contact with two Brazilian novels O coronel e o lobisomen and Fogo morto. It exists in Dom Quixote the model of the problematic hero as it was defined by Lukács the Novel Theory: an individual in conflict with the society. In this way in the aimed of cervantina the hero stops representing the collective, like in epopee, to develop in the novel, his loneliness in a decadent world. Passing through some invariants that defined the quixotic inside the profile of the problematic hero, establishes, then points of contact with the heroes of the Brazilian literature. The theme of power, universal, goes through the two novels of the Brazilian regionalism, specifying them and making them figurative in the place and in the performing of the protagonists Ponciano and Vitorino. Both as Dom Quixote, are touched by-the "madness of vain conceit" - as Focault typology - that corresponds to the imaginary relationship that each character establishes with himself even, by means of a delusion of grandeur, attributing himself unreal characteristics or, at least, that are not in accordance with the reality that is around them. Taken by the fixed idea, they create a kind of bell-glass that prevents them from drawing the limits of the reality and, despite their unfounded actions, they keep on fighting for the specification of their respective projects. As a consequence of that dissonance between being and the society, it establishes a conflict, an insuperable break. The madness is the only way found by those heroes to survive in a degraded society that surrounds them and someway, each hero in his way, affronts the established order. The developed actions that they created are dissonant with the reality and by means of gestures and exaggerated intonation, hyperbolic, culminating... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

abstract: The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the materiality of a unique text, Random House and The Illustrated Modern Library’s 1946 Don Quixote, illustrated by Catalonian painter Salvador Dalí. It analyzes Dalí’s classical trajectory, how Dalí and the text were received in mid-twentieth century North America, and how they both fit into the print history of illustrated editions of Don Quixote. Each is revealed to be unique in comparison with the history of the genre due to the publishing house’s utilization of Dalí’s high-quality illustrations in a small-sized text. Lavish illustrations traditionally have been reserved for larger, collectible editions. The contemporary material significance of the 1946 edition is revealed by examining organizations, people, and circumstances that were necessary for its production in the United States, and by contextualizing the text’s reception by North American popular culture, high art echelons, and art critics. The overarching history of illustrated editions of Don Quixote is examined, comparing Dalí and his illustrations with important thematic and methodological benchmarks set by illustrators within this 400-year period, especially regarding renderings of reality and fantasy. Analyses of the first three watercolor illustrations of Dalí’s 1946 Don Quixote reveal how the painter forms mythological imagery and composes the quixotic dichotomy of reality and fantasy through the metaphoric gaze of an inanimate figure representing the protagonist. Dalí at times renders the “real” Don Quixote as incapacitated, omitting from his illustrations universalized iconography utilized in previous centuries achieved by rendering Don Quixote’s perspective, gaze, and heroic interpretation of events. In these three illustrations, Dalí forms Don Quixote as a deflated figure based in burla (mockery) and engaño (self-deception) by negating Don Quixote’s gaze within the compositions, without compromising the painter’s trademark surrealist style. The text therefore challenges the genre’s print history while Dalí challenges French and German Romantic illustrators’ universalized iconography that traditionally highlights the nobility of the knight errant. By focalizing fantastic madness as interacting with burlesque reality, Dalí creates a new episteme within the genre of illustrated editions of Don Quixote, establishing his unique niche as an illustrator in this genre. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Spanish 2017

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:02:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ep_dr_arafcl.pdf: 858715 bytes, checksum: 9cf1d9899b5f8b2bde4ff336dbbab08c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente estudo parte da narrativa arquetípica de Cervantes, Dom Quixote de la Mancha e por meio dela estabelece pontos de contato com dois romances brasileiros: O coronel e o lobisomem e Fogo morto. Tem em Dom Quixote o modelo do herói problemático, conforme definido por Lukács em Teoria do romance: um indivíduo em conflito com a sociedade. Dessa maneira, na visada cervantina, o herói deixa de representar o coletivo, como na epopeia, para revelar, no romance, sua solidão em um mundo decadente. Percorrendo algumas invariantes que definem o quixotesco no interior do perfil do herói problemático, estabelece, então, pontos de contato com os heróis da literatura brasileira. O tema do poder, universal, perpassa os dois romances do regionalismo brasileiro, particularizando-os e figurativizando-os nos espaços e nas performances dos protagonistas Ponciano e Vitorino. Os dois, como Dom Quixote, são tocados pela “loucura da vã presunção” - conforme tipologia de Foucault - que corresponde à relação imaginária que cada personagem estabelece consigo mesmo por meio de um delírio de autovalorização, atribuindo-se características irreais ou, pelo menos, que não estão em consonância com a realidade que os cerca. Tomados pela ideia fixa, criam uma espécie de redoma que os impede de traçar os limites da realidade e, a despeito de suas ações infundadas, continuam lutando para a concretização de seus respectivos projetos. Como consequência dessa dissonância entre ser e sociedade, instaura-se um conflito, uma ruptura insuperável. A loucura é a única forma encontrada para esses heróis sobreviverem na sociedade degradada que os cerca e, de alguma forma, cada herói, ao seu modo, afronta à ordem estabelecida. As ações desenvolvidas por eles são dissonantes com a realidade e, por meio de gestos e entoações exageradas, hiperbólicas, culminam em situações tragicômicas... / The present study starts with the archetypal Cervantes narrative Dom Quixote de la Mancha and by means of it establishes point of contact with two Brazilian novels O coronel e o lobisomen and Fogo morto. It exists in Dom Quixote the model of the problematic hero as it was defined by Lukács the Novel Theory: an individual in conflict with the society. In this way in the aimed of cervantina the hero stops representing the collective, like in epopee, to develop in the novel, his loneliness in a decadent world. Passing through some invariants that defined the quixotic inside the profile of the problematic hero, establishes, then points of contact with the heroes of the Brazilian literature. The theme of power, universal, goes through the two novels of the Brazilian regionalism, specifying them and making them figurative in the place and in the performing of the protagonists Ponciano and Vitorino. Both as Dom Quixote, are touched by-the “madness of vain conceit” – as Focault typology – that corresponds to the imaginary relationship that each character establishes with himself even, by means of a delusion of grandeur, attributing himself unreal characteristics or, at least, that are not in accordance with the reality that is around them. Taken by the fixed idea, they create a kind of bell-glass that prevents them from drawing the limits of the reality and, despite their unfounded actions, they keep on fighting for the specification of their respective projects. As a consequence of that dissonance between being and the society, it establishes a conflict, an insuperable break. The madness is the only way found by those heroes to survive in a degraded society that surrounds them and someway, each hero in his way, affronts the established order. The developed actions that they created are dissonant with the reality and by means of gestures and exaggerated intonation, hyperbolic, culminating... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)