The purpose of this study is to understand the relationship between training and organizational performance, moderated by R&D expenditures, in Taiwan Electronics and Information Industry. Using data collected through 64 enterprises between 2000 and 2002, the influences of training on organizational performance was studied over the multi-regression analysis. The empirical findings are concluded as follows. 1. Training has positive effects on organizational performance. 2. The lag effects of training on organizational performance are negative. 3. The higher the investment on R&D expenditures, the higher the training effects on organizational performance raised. R&D expenditures have moderating effects on the influences of training on organizational performance.

As the increase of competition levels, the ability of generating a continuous stream of innovation occupies an exceptionally important role in the development and manufacturing of companies, especially in bio-pharmaceutical industry in United States. This paper presents an empirical perspective on the nature of innovation of the U.S. bio-pharmaceutical companies. Several issues discussed here are central to a study of R&D expenditure's determinates of top listed bio-pharmaceutical companies sampling from U.S. market. It begins with the background information of innovation in overall bio-pharmaceutical sector, and then moves on to detail of R&D activities in bio-pharmaceutical industry. Next it discusses the estimated factors which influence R&D expenditures, following by previous literatures review. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and to test financial and non-financial factors determining R&D expenditures for individual top technique bio-pharmaceutical listed firms through literature review using data for the 2001 to 2010 periods by both single variable analysis and multiple variable analyses empirically. Moreover, the further step in this study is to investigate the real relations between those factor and R&D expenditures individually and synthetically. In this way, this work helps us have a more clear understanding on the relationship between firm performance and firm R&D expenditures. More specifically, the study provides evidence on three essential issues. To answer there three questions, the paper conducts both single variables analysis and multiple variable analysis. For single variable analyses, first step is to draw scatter plots based on 97 sets of data by using MARLAB software. Following this step, to illustrate the exact correlation between the given independent variable and dependent variable (the natural logarithm of R&D), after processing data filter the paper adopt curve fitting based on varying sets of data. According to the results from this study, the conclusions obtained can be divided into two streams. First type is the one that the hypothesis get support from this study. For instance, there is a significantly positive correlation between firm size and R&D expenditures as expected. Also, just as expected, a high sales growth rate is positively correlated with R&D expenditures based on given sample. Besides, it is proved in this paper that R&Di,t-1 have a lagged effect on the R&Dit expenditures. The other type is that hypothesis cannot be proved, no significant evidence have been found or not as effective as what have been estimated in hypothesis. For example, it is not reasonable to say the R&D expenditures and operating profit margin have a positive correlation. Moreover, the lnR&Dit and cash flow to sales income rate also have no obvious correlation. According to the analyses of two multiple variable models, all six variables can be regarded as the determinants of R&D expenditures; especially the variable of firm 3 / 105 size is the major. Additionally, some interesting findings provided in the end of this study.

Abstract This dissertation investigates the success of technology M&As. The research question is approached through four separate empirical essays, each of which assesses a different but interrelated issue of value creation of technology M&As. The approach used throughout the dissertation is to consider the motives of improving acquirer’s R&D activity through the acquisition of a technology firm and stress the role of the interaction between acquirer’s and target’s resources. The first two essays investigate the valuation consequences of M&As, while the following two essays examine pricing implications of M&As. The results indicate that technology M&As are successful in enhancing the acquiring firm’s R&D activities to the extent that it manifests as an increase in the stock market valuation of acquirer’s R&D spending and its higher future profitability. The results also demonstrate that investors do not fully recognize these benefits at the announcement of M&A. Therefore investors benefit from technology M&As in the long run when these benefits begin to materialize. Furthermore, the results show that even when compared to other possible motives, enhancing acquirer’s R&D activities is an important and successful motive for M&As, emphasizing the absorptive capacity of the acquiring firm in generating synergies from the combination of two firms. Overall, the findings of the dissertation provide more evidence on the success of mergers and acquisitions motivated by technology improvement. The thesis emphasizes the interaction between acquirer’s and target’s resources in creating synergies from M&As, with a focus on technological resources. The evidence also has important implications for the literature on the stock market valuation of R&D expenditures as it indicates that technology M&As can be considered an R&D investment with significant impacts on this activity.

研發支出之會計處理，一直以來，因著研究發展之特性，始終有著相當分歧的看法。由於研究發展支出具有長期性及未來的經濟效益，有人主張將其以「資本化」方式處理；亦由於研究發展支出具有高度的風險與不確定性，有人主張將其以「費用化」方式處理。 Shi(2003)認為研究發展支出資本化與費用化之爭論，正反映了研發支出未來效益及其風險間之抵換關係(trade-off)，亦即，若研發支出之未來效益大於其風險，則較傾向將其資本化，其會計處理同於一般的無形資產；相反地，若研發之風險大於其未來效益，則較傾向將其以費用化方式處理，於發生當期即以費用入帳。 本研究以台灣債券市場為研究對象，探討研發支出未來效益與風險間之抵換關係，文中檢視「債券風險衡量因子」(bond risk measures)與「研究發展支出」之相關性，並以「債信評等等級」與「債券風險溢酬」為債券風險衡量因子，決定平均數效果(預期未來效益)與變異數效果(風險)於債券的評價上何者較為顯著。 一般而言，以債券投資者的角度觀之，若「債券風險衡量因子」與「研究發展支出」兩者呈現負相關，亦即平均數效果較強，則代表研究發展之未來預期效益大於研究發展之風險；若此兩者呈現正相關，亦即變異數效果較強，則代表研究發展之風險大於研究發展之未來預期效益。本研究之實證結果與發現如下： 1.對全體樣本而言，研發支出與債信評等等級呈顯著之正相關(本研究採用TCRI為債信評等衡量變數，等級愈高，風險愈大)，代表研發支出之風險大於其未來效益。然研發支出與債券風險溢酬之關係未達統計顯著水準，無法再次驗證上述結果。 2.對電子業樣本而言，與上述對全體樣本之結論相同。 3.對非電子業樣本而言，研發支出與債券風險溢酬為顯著之負相關，代表研發支出之未來效益大於其風險。然研發支出與債信評等等級之關係未達統計顯著水準，無法再次驗證上述結果。 4.在全體樣本、電子業樣本、及非電子業樣本中，將研發支出以費用化或資本化方式予以衡量，兩者之實證結果並無不同，顯示兩者對研發支出未來效益與風險間之抵換關係並無顯著差異存在。 5.電子業與非電子業所獲之結論不同，再次驗證產業別對於研發支出之效果確實有其差異性。 6.針對電子業而言，本研究之實證結果較傾向以費用化之方式處理其研發支出；然針對非電子業而言，較傾向以資本化之方式處理之。 / The debate about the alternative accounting treatments of R&D expenditures reflects trade-offs between the future benefits of R&D and its risk. In general, if the uncertainty regarding future benefits is not so high that it disqualifies the measurability criterion of asset recognition, then one may argue in favor of capitalizing R&D expenditures (as is typical for intangible investment). Conversely, if future outcomes are risky and unpredictable, the expensing treatment may be warranted. This is study examines the associations among bond risk measures (bond rating and risk premium) and R&D expenditures to determine whether their mean effect (expected future benefits) or their variance effect (risk) is more significant in pricing bonds. In general, from the perspective of bondholders, a negative correlation between bond risk parameter and R&D expenditures would indicate a stronger mean effect; that is, the expected future benefits of R&D expenditures are more than enough to compensate for the added risk of R&D. Conversely, a positive correlation would imply a stronger variance effect that swamps the mean effect of future benefits from R&D expenditures. The empirical results indicate follows: (1) For all samples, R&D expenditures are significantly positively associated with bond rating. The evidence suggests that, from the perspective of bondholders, the risk and uncertainties of R&D appear to dominate its expected future benefits. However, R&D expenditures have no significant effect on risk premium. (2) For electronic industry samples, the empirical results are the same with all samples. (3) For nonelectronic industry samples, R&D expenditures are significantly negatively associated with risk premium. The evidence suggests that, from the perspective of bondholders, the expected future benefits of R&D appear to dominate its risk. However R&D expenditures have no significant effect on bond rating. (4) The interpretation of this issue are not significant different through the expensing and capitalizing of R&D expenditures. (5) The industry effect is supported by the empirical results that show different effects of R&D on the bond risk measures between electronic industry and the nonelectronic industry. (6) The results indicate that it may be in favor of expensing R&D expenditures for electronic industry and capitalizing R&D expenditures for nonelectronic industry.

以往於經理人過度自信對公司投資決策影響之研究中，大部分注重於經理人過度自信與資本投資之關係，僅有少數文獻探討經理人過度自信與R&D支出影響。 本研究主要為探討經理人過度自信、現金部位與融資限制之關聯，針對1993年至2013年間的1,892間美國公司進行分析，首先探討經理人過度自信是否影響R&D支出對現金部位的敏感度，在進一步將公司依融資限制分為五組進行探討，研究結果發現:(1)過度自信的經理人其R&D支出對於公司現金部位的敏感性較高，這隱含過度自信的經理人在公司擁有充裕的現金時可能會過度投資,而現金不足時可能會投資不足之情形。(2)融資限制最高的組別其R&D支出對現金的敏感度顯著大於融資限制最低的組別，同時當公司融資限制的程度提高,過度自信經理人的R&D支出對現金部位的敏感度也持續上升,這樣的結果也隱含在高度融資限制影響下，過度自信經理人在進行R&D決策時，會因公司持有的現金較多而進行更多的R&D投資。

Diploma thesis is concerning questions about tax inventives for research and development. Theoretical part is defining research and development and describing individual possibilities of support for research and development with emphasis on indirect support and its tools. Core of practical part is comparison of approach to R&D expenditures of research and development in selected tax systems of OECD countries and present circumstances in Czech Republic. Outcome of this thesis is several recommendations for czech tax policy in area for support for research and development.

Cette thèse aborde l’impact du private equity sur la gouvernance des entreprises (chapitres 1 et 2) et les déterminants du capital risque (chapitre 3). Les deux premiers chapitres examinent les changements que les capital-investisseurs introduisent dans la gouvernance des entreprises (en termes de remplacement du dirigeant) suite à une opération Public-to-Private. Les résultats empiriques montrent que (i) les entreprises soutenues par private equity exercent un suivi plus actif et sont plus susceptibles de licencier le dirigeant que les compagnies cotées (chapitre 1) (ii) les entreprises soutenues par des firmes de private equity plus spécialisées (en termes de secteur d’activité) ont moins tendance à licencier leur dirigeant que les entreprises soutenues par des firmes de private equity plus généralistes (chapitre 2). Du point de vue de la théorie, les résultats montrent que le taux de remplacement du directeur général et la sensibilité du départ du dirigeant à la performance sont plus élevés dans les entreprises soutenues par private equity que dans les compagnies cotées (chapitre 1). Ce résultat va dans le sens de l'hypothèse de contrôle, qui affirme que la structure de propriété plus concentrée des entreprises soutenues par private equity induit un contrôle plus fort des actionnaires et un remplacement plus fréquent du dirigeant en cas de faible performance que la structure de propriété dispersée des entreprises cotées. Pour les entreprises ayant des structures de propriété concentrées similaires (i. e., notre échantillon de compagnies soutenues par private equity du Chapitre 2), nos résultats empiriques confortent plutôt l’hypothèse de « l'information interne » avancée par Cornelli et Karakas (2015). Cette théorie suggère que les investisseurs sophistiqués (en particulier les firmes de private equity spécialisées) sont plus enclins à utiliser de l’information «soft» (interne) pour évaluer la compétence du directeur général et pour décider de son remplacement. A contrario, les investisseurs moins sophistiqués auraient tendance à privilégier de l’information «hard», par exemple la performance financière relative de l'entreprise (par rapport à des firmes similaires). Enfin, le Chapitre 3 est lié aux débats sur les déterminants du développement du capital-risque. Nous essayons d'évaluer la façon dont les mécanismes de soutien gouvernemental à l'innovation ont un impact sur les investissements en capital-risque. Nous examinons également l’effet modérateur de l'environnement institutionnel sur la relation entre les dépenses gouvernementales en recherche et développement (R&D) et le capital-risque. Nos résultats montrent qu'un niveau plus élevé de dépenses gouvernementales en R&D entraîne un niveau plus élevé d'investissements en capital-risque. Nous trouvons également une relation positive entre la qualité des institutions formelles et le montant des investissements en capital-risque early-stage. Contrairement aux résultats attendus, la qualité de l’environnement institutionnel a un effet modérateur négatif sur la relation entre les dépenses gouvernementales en R&D et le niveau des investissements en capital-risque. Ce résultat suggère qu’en présence d'institutions formelles hautement développées les opportunités technologiques mesurées par les dépenses gouvernementales en R&D n'ont aucun effet stimulant sur le développement du capital-risque. / This PhD thesis addresses the effects of private equity on corporate governance (Chapter 1 and 2) and the determinants of Venture Capital (VC) investments (Chapter 3). The first two chapters examine the changes that private equity investors introduce in the governance of their portfolio companies (in terms of CEO turnover) after a Public-to-Private (PTP) operation. Our empirical results show that (i) PE-backed companies exert a more active monitoring, and are more likely to dismiss their CEO than public firms (Chapter 1) (ii) PE-backed companies with more specialized investors are less likely to dismiss their CEO than other PE-backed companies (Chapter 2). From a theory perspective, the findings that CEO turnover rate and CEO turnover-performance sensitivity are higher in PE-backed companies comparing with public firms (Chapter 1) seem to support the ‘control hypothesis’, i.e., the contention that the concentrated (and illiquid) ownership structure of PE-backed companies provides stronger shareholder monitoring and a tighter control for poor performance than the dispersed ownership structure of public firms. For companies with similar concentrated ownership structures (i.e., our sample of PE-backed companies in Chapter 2), our results rather support the ‘inside information hypothesis’ of boards advanced by Cornelli and Karakas (2015). This theory suggests that sophisticated investors (e.g. specialized PE firms) are more likely to use ‘soft’ (inside) information when they evaluate the CEO’s competence and the decision to dismiss the CEO. In contrast, less sophisticated investors are more likely to base their decision on ‘hard’ information, e.g., the firm’s performance relative to its peers. Finally, Chapter 3 is related to debate on the determinants of venture capital development. We try to assess how particular mechanisms of governmental support to innovation impact VC investments, and whether the institutional environment moderates the relationship between governmental R&D and VC investments. Our results show that higher level of governmental R&D expenditures lead to higher level of VC investments. We found also that higher quality of formal institutions is associated with higher level of early stage VC activity. Contrary to what was expected, the quality of the institutional environment has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between governmental R&D expenditures and VC activity. A possible interpretation of this result is that in the presence of highly developed formal institutions the technological opportunities measured by governmental R&D expenditures have no stimulating effect on venture capital development.