Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-02-10T12:57:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliano Noetzold_.pdf: 2795595 bytes, checksum: 2e54e66a30fc38e8ed8568de6278b69e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-10T12:57:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliano Noetzold_.pdf: 2795595 bytes, checksum: 2e54e66a30fc38e8ed8568de6278b69e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-14 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / Ar condicionado automotivo para máquinas agrícolas e fora de estrada, como tratores e colheitadeiras, apresenta algumas características particulares quando comparado com outros sistemas de ar condicionado para veículos. Velocidade do ar e temperatura para uma ampla faixa de condições ambientais, operação sob condições climáticas altamente transitórias e extremas, alta capacidade de resfriamento para atender elevadas cargas térmicas e proporcionar uma rápida diminuição da temperatura do ambiente do operador são características deste tipo de aplicação. O ciclo de trabalho do compressor para este tipo de veículo está diretamente relacionado com a rotação do motor. Neste trabalho foram realizados experimentos para comparar o desempenho de um ar condicionado automotivo típico para veículos off-road com capacidade nominal de 6,7 kW, desenvolvido para operar originalmente com R-134a, comparando sua performance na substituição direta pelo R-1234yf. O sistema consiste basicamente de um compressor de deslocamento fixo, uma válvula de expansão termostática, um condensador de micro-multi canais e um evaporador tubo aleta. O sistema foi instalado em uma bancada experimental e os principais parâmetros do sistema avaliados em diferentes cargas de refrigerante para uma velocidade fixa do compressor de 3500 rpm, com objetivo de verificar a carga ótima de cada refrigerante. Os parâmetros de ciclo, como capacidade do evaporador, COP, potência de compressão, taxa de compressão, sub-resfriamento no condensador, superaquecimento no evaporador, queda de pressão nos trocadores de calor e linha de sucção, as temperaturas de saída do evaporador no lado ar e taxa de fluxo de massa são comparados. A carga de refrigerante ideal para R-1234yf foi encontrada com 50 g a mais do que com R-134a. Os resultados experimentais com o sistema funcionando com a carga de refrigerante ideal, indicam que para várias condições de temperaturas de entrada do ar no evaporador, umidade relativa de 43% e temperatura de entrada do ar no condensador em 35 ºC, o sistema funcionando com o R-1234yf tem valores de capacidade do evaporador e COP menores. O R-1234yf também apresenta um maior grau de sub-resfriamento, maior superaquecimento e maior queda de pressão no evaporador e na linha de sucção do que o R-134a. A relação de compressão e a potência consumida pelo compressor para R-1234yf é mais favorável. / Automotive air conditioning for off-road agricultural machinery, like tractors and combine harvesters, presents some particular characteristics when compared with others AC systems for vehicles. Higher air velocity and temperatures over a wide range of conditions, operation under transient climatic conditions, high cooling capacity to meet high thermal loads and rapid cool down capacity on the operator environment. In addition, the compressor duty cycle is related to the engine speed for this type of vehicle and the system work in an environment subject to severe vibration. In this work, experiments were carried out to compare the performance of a typical AC for off-road vehicles of 6.7 kW nominal capacity using R-134a and with its drop-in substitute, R-1234yf. The system consists of a fixed displacement compressor, a block type thermostatic expansion valve, a multiport micro channel condenser and a tube fin evaporator. This system was installed in an experimental setup and the main parameters of operation were measured at different refrigerants charges, for a fixed compressor velocity of 3500 rpm to find the optimal refrigerant charge of each one. The cycle parameters like evaporator capacity, COP, compressor power, compression ratio, evaporator superheating, condenser sub-cooling, refrigerant pressure drop in the heat exchangers, outlet airside temperatures from evaporator and mass flow rate are compared. The optimal refrigerant charge for R-1234yf was found to be 50 g larger than with R-134a. The experimental results with the system working with the optimal refrigerant charge indicate that for different evaporator inlet air conditions, relative humidity of 43% and condenser air inlet temperature of 35 ºC, the system running with the R-1234yf presented lower evaporator capacity, COP. The same refrigerant also shows a higher degree of sub-cooling, superheat and pressure drop in evaporator and suction line. The compressor ratio and the compressor power consumption for R-1234yf were more favorable

<p dir="ltr">Energy consciousness initiatives have seen a recent uptick to curb the ever growing concerns of global warming. Heat Pumps are a crucial piece of technology for these efforts, as they consume lower energy than the requirement they satisfy and are typically used for refrigeration and HVAC systems. Hybrid Heat Pump Water Heater (HPWH) technologies have seen increased adoption, and the improvement of these technologies could pay dividends in the long run. </p><p dir="ltr">This project explores the optimal design space of HPWHs within the context of the Department of Energy Guidelines for their performance rating and compares several up and coming refrigerants with lower GWP than the current market dominant refrigerant, R-134a, to provide consistent performance with improvements on the environmental front along with potential cost improvements on the manufacturing front. For this purpose, Dymola, a simulation software that employs the Modelica language for modeling complex dynamic systems, is employed to study the transient behavior of a market example Heat Pump Water Heater. </p><p dir="ltr">The results of these simulations were validated using experimental data gathered in the laboratory using relevant instrumentation on the physical device and manufacture specified performance ratings to compare the validity of the simulation results. The results of the study indicated the presence of a multi-dimensional design space with a defined set of possible combinations for device implementation. Within that feasible region, there exist multiple trajectories of iso-preference which alter the overall device performance, and the careful study of these parameters and their implications on the device performance can lead to a more robust design pathway for future improvements of the device. The work also contextualizes these improvements by quantifying the relative importance of different parameters upon the final performance of the device, showing how to identify which parameters to focus on when embarking upon an improvement journey. Additionally, preliminarily ideal specifications for the device operation under different refrigerants studied were also identified to provide similar or better performance to the current device. </p><p dir="ltr">The study showed that when matching mass flux rates, R-152a, R-290, and R-600a outperform R-134a in terms of expected COP. Of the 3, only R-290 uses a smaller compressor size than the baseline R-134a cycle for achieving the required heating capacity. The other refrigerants studied do not improve upon the COP of the cycle, but do have benefits over R-134a in terms of their respective GWPs. </p><p dir="ltr">The results suggest that with the considered alterations, R-290 systems within the current charge restrictions (<150g) can be developed and achieve the same heating performance with slight improvements on COP and therefore potentially UEF values. </p><p dir="ltr">The study also shows that all refrigerants considered could achieve the required heating capacity with a considerably downsized condenser and appropriately reduced subcooling. It highlighted the trends being consistent across refrigerants and implemented a final alternative refrigerant through the identified optimization steps to arrive at a new configuration without revalidating the trends, showing that newer optimal configurations could be identified with minimal time spent in the simulation environment. </p><p dir="ltr">Finally, the study explored alternative control possibilities by way of overheating the water beyond its required setpoint and enabling a control based mixing at the outlet to reduce the energized time of the device and leveraging the exceptional insulation capabilities for thermal storage.</p>