This thesis deals with the scientific achievements of the inspirational scientist Marie Curie Sklodowska as well as with the issue of acute iradiation sickness. Two goals were set in the work. The first objective was to map the life and scientific work of Mrs. Curie. The second objective was to describe the causes and consequences of acute illness from radiation. At the beginning the theoretical part describes the life of Marie Curie Sklodowska. Her difficult beginnings at the University of Paris and her great achievements- discovering the elements of polonium and radium. Further, the work deals with acute radiation sickness together with basics of radiobiology. In the practical part, I tried to find an answer to this question. Why Mrs. Curie did not die from acute radiation sickness? I have gained a lot of information by studying literature, professional articles and internet resources. Most of the facts were obtained from foreign professional journals because there are not many sources in the Czech language. Thanks to this information, I could deal with this person more detailed. At the same time, in the case of toxic polonium-210, an estimated fatal dose for adults was calculated. In addition, calculations were made of how much Marie Curie Sklodowska would have to isolate and incorporate in order to die for the consequences of acute radiation sickness. For better clarity, the results are summarized in the tables. Safety precautions and health problems associated with work with radioactive elements would not be neglected. Marie Curie Sklodowska probably was not able to create a clean polonium, and therefore probably did not even accept this direct contact, which would be able to cause her death.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:02:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6371.pdf: 6160673 bytes, checksum: 0612d9e0a31753a75c67c915b6b81e66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-21 / The introduction of the Teaching of Modern and Contemporary Physics (MCP) in the curriculum of the middle school in Brazil evidenced the need to adapt the activities didacticpedagogical in the classroom, in order to reposition the cognitive and interpretative attitude of the student in a society where technology is an integral part of his daily. In this process of adequacy and implementation of this didactic transposition, teachers have been facing some epistemological obstacles and didactic difficulties. This present work had as objective the development of an Educational Instrument to help in the teaching-learning process of MCP, mainly those related to the topics of Structure of Matter, Radioactivity, Cosmic Rays and Elementary Particles. It follows an epistemological obstacle related to the phenomenology associated with the proposed contents, since they refer to structures and physical phenomena that are not easily and directly observable in the student's everyday life. In this sense, this present work proposes the construction of an Electronic Wilson Cloud Chamber, inspired by the Wilson Cloud Chamber and the Langsdorf s Diffusion Chamber, but using easily obtainable materials and that can be built without great difficulties by teacher. There are several tutorials for constructing them, but the main feature of such chambers is the formation of temperature gradient using solid carbon dioxide (dry ice). However, this product is not easily found, besides being highly sublimable, hindering their storage and large loss occurring overnight. The Electronic Chamber proposed here circumvents this problem by introducing the concept of electronic cooling by electronic solid state thermoelectric modules (Peltier effect), facilitating its transport and use in the classroom. The Educational Instrument shall then be presented to the students in a context of Education by Research or Investigative Methodology, given that many authors advocate the practical activity, laboratorial, the observation exercise and the investigative thinking as being valuable tools from didactic point of view. / A introdução do Ensino de Física Moderna e Contemporânea (FMC) no currículo do ensino médio no Brasil evidenciou a necessidade de adequar as atividades didático-pedagógicas em sala de aula, com o intuito de reposicionar a atitude cognitiva e interpretativa do aluno frente a uma sociedade em que a tecnologia é parte integrante de seu cotidiano. Neste processo de adequação e transposição didática, os docentes desta disciplina vêm faceando alguns obstáculos epistemológicos e dificuldades didáticas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a elaboração de um Instrumento Educacional auxiliar no processo ensino-aprendizagem de FMC, notadamente no que se refere aos tópicos Estrutura da Matéria, Radioatividade, Raios Cósmicos e Partículas Elementares. Decorre daí o obstáculo epistemológico relacionado à fenomenologia associada aos conteúdos propostos, uma vez que estes se referem a estruturas e fenômenos físicos que não são facilmente observáveis diretamente no cotidiano do aluno. Assim, o presente trabalho propõe a construção de uma Câmara de Wilson Eletrônica, inspirada na câmara de nuvens de Wilson e na câmara de difusão de Langsdorf, mas utilizando materiais de fácil aquisição e que pode ser construída sem grandes dificuldades pelo professor. Existem vários tutoriais para a construção das mesmas, mas a característica principal de tais câmaras é a formação de gradiente de temperatura utilizando dióxido de carbono sólido (gelo seco). Entretanto, este produto não é encontrado com facilidade, além de ser altamente sublimável, dificultando seu armazenamento e ocorrendo grande perda de um dia para outro. A câmara eletrônica aqui proposta contorna este problema, introduzindo o conceito de resfriamento por estado sólido eletrônico com módulos termoelétricos (efeito Peltier), facilitando seu transporte e uso em sala de aula. O Instrumento Educacional deverá então ser apresentado aos alunos num contexto de ensino por investigação ou metodologia investigativa, dado que vários autores defendem a atividade prática, laboratorial, o exercício de observação e o raciocínio investigativo como sendo estratégias valiosas do ponto de vista didático.

A Oceanografia, recentemente, vem fazendo uso dos mais diferentes radionuclídeos os quais funcionam como traçadores e auxiliam em uma maior compreensão dos processos de dinâmica oceânica, movimentação e deposição do fundo marinho. No Brasil, porém, há pouca informação a respeito dos teores de radionuclídeos naturais para a região costeira e oceânica e poucos são os estudos que utilizam esses radionuclídeos como ferramentas de compreensão de processos oceânicos. Neste contexto, este trabalho determinou atividades de 238U, 232Th e 40K por espectrometria gama e realizou análises granulométricas em amostras de sedimentos marinhos da Margem Continental Sudeste do Brasil. Os níveis variaram de 1,48 a 52,76 Bq kg-1 para o 238U, 10,63 a 49,45 Bq kg-1 para o 232Th e 65,45 a 873,28 Bq kg-1 para o 40K. Os resultados mostraram afinidade entre as frações finas do sedimento com 40K e 232Th. A razão 238U/232Th mostrou ser bom indicador de condições redox dos sedimentos. Verificou-se uma diferença nos níveis dos três radionuclídeos entre os setores ao norte e ao sul da Ilha de São Sebastião, com valores mais elevados ao sul. Estas diferenças foram relacionadas aos processos sedimentares dominantes em cada setor e aos agentes hidrodinâmicos responsáveis por tais processos. / Recently, Oceanography has been using a variety of radionuclides as tracers to understand ocean dynamic processes, handling and disposal of sediments in seabed. In Brazil, there is little information about the contents of natural radionuclides on the coast and deep ocean and few studies using radionuclides as tools to comprehend oceanic processes. In this context, this work determined grain size and activities of 238U, 232Th and 40K using gamma spectrometry in marine sediments from shelf and upper slope off Southeast Brazil. The levels ranged from 1,48 to 52,76 Bq kg-1 for 238U, from 10,63 to 49,45 Bq kg-1 for 232Th and, from 65,45 to 873,28 Bq kg-1 for 40K. 40K and 232Th showed good correlation with grain size (mud and clay content) and 238U/232Th ratios appeared to be good indicators of sediment redox conditions. There was a difference in levels of radionuclides between sectors northward and southward of São Sebastião Island, with higher values in south sector. These differences were related to differences in sedimentary processes in each sector and to the hydrodynamic agents responsible for these processes.

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