With the increasing demand of compact and lightweight wireless devices, there is a significant need to miniaturize the antennas, which are one of the largest radiofrequency components. The radiation performance of antennas degrades as their physical size becomes smaller in terms of operating wavelength [1]. The key challenge in antenna design, therefore, lies in the compromise between size and radiation performance. This challenge becomes critical for low frequency antennas such as for the RFID band. The Antenna-in-Package (AiP) concept, where the antenna is realized as part of the package along with the driving electronics, provides some console in terms of size as the antenna does not need any additional space. In this approach, the package becomes a functional module along with its primary job of protecting the components from the environment. This work aims to investigate various miniaturization techniques for a UHF RFID tag on package. Firstly, a dipole is given a 3D shape by carefully folding it over a package, in a manner that the currents on different segments add constructively. Secondly, the package material (which acts as the substrate for the antenna) is chosen to have a dielectric constant of 5.3 which further helps in size reduction. Finally, loading of slow-wave structures, comprising of inductors and capacitors, is used to achieve further miniaturization. The Artificial Transmission Line approach is utilized to determine the required values of the lumped components, and its location is optimized by analyzing the current distribution of the antenna to maintain a good efficiency. The RFID chip with a large capacitive impedance is conjugately matched to the antenna without an external matching network. This is done by carefully selecting the values of the lumped components as well as by adjusting the trace width of the antenna. The package has been realized through a low-loss filament (𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 0.004) with the Raise3D Pro2 printer, and the conductor has been realized by copper tape using laser patterning technology with the laser platform PLS6MW. At an operational frequency of 866 MHz, a 𝑘𝑎 of 0.26, a read-range of 2.7 𝑚, and a radiation efficiency of approximately 32% is achieved.

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) uses RF radiation to identify physical objects. With decreasing integrated circuit (IC) cost and size, RFID applications are becoming economically feasible and gaining popularity. Researchers at MIT suggest that RFID tags operating in the 900 MHz band (ultrahigh frequency, UHF) represent the best compromise of cost, read range, and capabilities [1]. Passive RFID tags, which exclude radio transmitters and internal power sources, are popular due to their small size and low cost [1]. This project produced Cal Poly’s first ever on-campus printed, assembled, and operational UHF (902 to 928 MHz) passive RFID tag. Project goals include RFID tag antenna design and simulation using the EMPro electromagnetic (EM) simulation tool [47], establishing the tag fabrication process, and testing, operational verification, and comparisons to commercial tag performance. The tag antenna design goal is to meet or exceed the read range performance of the commercial Sirit tag [23] while minimizing the required tag conductive area. This thesis provides an overview of the UHF passive RFID tag fabrication process. Cal Poly’s Graphic Communication Department Laboratory applied a screen‑printing process to print RFID tag antenna patterns onto plastic (PET) substrates. RFID IC-substrate packages were manually attached to tag antennas with conductive adhesives and functionally verified and compared to commercial tag performance. RFID tag antennas were impedance matched (using EMPro) to the Monza 3 RFID IC to maximize IC to antenna power transfer and RFID tag read range.Tag antenna read range (maximum reader-tag communication distance) was characterized in Cal Poly’s Anechoic Chamber, while RFID tag matching characteristics were measured using the differential probe method [33-41] and compared to simulations. Read range results indicate that one of the designs developed in this thesis outperforms a commercial UHF RFID tag.

Interactive packaging is an emerging research area in recent years. It brings people convenient and smart lives, reduces consumption of traditional packaging materials and direct or indirect labor costs as well. Being integrated in interactive packaging, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology becomes one of the most proactive development enablers. In this paper, an interactive and intelligent packaging solution integrating passive RFID system and Controlled Delamination Material (CDM) is given at first. Package opening action is electrically controlled by the RFID system. CDM is primarily used in aerospace applications in the past and the conductor/adhesive joint can be easily opened by applying a little electric power on to the material. Some related works will be shown about the electrochemical characteristics of CDM in order to facilitate the system design. A demonstration system was developed and the test results have proved feasibility of the solution and shown the potential of low cost for mass production. Based on this solution, an interactive medication package for pervasive healthcare is further developed, using EPCglobal Gen2 RFID technology. It will make the medication being accessible for patient only at the prescribed dose and time, and medication taking information will be delivered as well. Such medication package will not only give unprecedented high patient compliance, but also improve the communication between patients and healthcare staffs. / QC 20111202

An ID generating circuit is unquestionably the core of a chipless RFID tag. For convenience of printing process and cost consideration, the circuit should be kept as simple as possible. Based on the cognition, an 8-bit time-domain based ID generating circuit that merely consists of a ML and eight capacitors was offered, and implemented on photo-paper substrates via inkjet printing process. In addition to the experimental measurements, the circuit was also input into circuit simulators for cross-validation. The good agreement between simulations and measurements is observed, exhibiting the tag technical feasibility. Besides of low cost, the tag has wide compatibility with current licensed RFID spectrum, which will facilitate the future deployment in real applications. Compared   to  time-domain   based  chipless   tags,  frequency   signatures   based chipless RFID tags are expected to offer a larger coding capacity. As a response, we presented a 10-bit frequency-domain based chipless RFID tag. The tag composed of ten configurable LC resonators was implemented on flexible polyimide substrate by using  fast  toner-transferring  process.  Field  measurements  revealed  not  only  the practicability  of  the  tag,  but  also  the  high  signal  to  noise  ratio  (SNR).  Another frequency domain tag consists of a configurable coplanar LC resonator. With the use of all printing process, the tag was for the first time realized on common packaging papers.  The tag feasibility was confirmed by subsequent measurements. Owing to the ultra-low cost potential and large SNR, The tag may find wide applications in typical RFID solutions such as management of paper tickets for social events and governing of smart documents. Ultra wide band (UWB) technology possesses a number of inherent merits such as high speed communication and large capacity, multi-path immunity, accurate ranging and positioning, penetration through obstacles, as well as extremely low-cost and low- power transmitters. Thus, passive UWB RFIDs are expected to play an important pole in  the future identification applications for IoT. We explained the feature difference between  UWB  chipless  tags  and  chip  based  tags,  and  forecasted  the  applications respectively  based on the comparison  between the two technologies.  It is expected that the two technologies will coexist and compensate each other in the applications of IoT. Lastly, the thesis ends up with brief summary of the author’s contributions, and technical prospect for the future development of printable chipless RFID tags. / <p>QC 20140304</p>

Os sistemas de identificação por radio frequências (RFID - Radio Frequency IDentification) são uma tecnologia de transmissão e armazenamento de informação remota, composta por dispositivos (etiquetas e leitores RFID), que comunicam à distância sem necessitarem de qualquer contato direto. Embora a RFID possua algumas décadas de existência, apenas nos últimos anos tem recebido atenção por parte do meio industrial e demonstrado ser uma tecnologia com um futuro promissor, devido especialmente às suas inúmeras possibilidades de utilização e vantagens que possui quando comparada com outras tecnologias semelhantes. Embora a utilização da RFID aparente ser bastante vantajosa e com bastantes benefícios, muitas questões e dificuldades são colocadas no momento da sua implementação. No âmbito desta dissertação será apresentado uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o estado de arte da tecnologia RFID, os dispositivos que a compõem e que são essenciais ao seu funcionamento, assim como várias aplicações da tecnologia. Serão igualmente abordados os problemas que dificultam a disseminação da tecnologia. O objetivo do trabalho foi (i) realizar um levantamento na literatura dos fatores que influenciam a eficiência da tecnologia RFID e (ii) realizar uma análise experimental dos fatores que influenciam a capacidade de transmissão do sinal de radio frequência entre os vários dispositivos RFID existentes no contexto industrial. / The Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems are a technology that permits the transmission and storage of information remotely, composed of devices (tags and readers), which communicate at a distance without the need for any direct contact. While RFID has a few decades of existence only in recent years it has received attention from the industrial environment and demonstrated to be a technology with a promising future, especially due to its many possibilities of use and advantages when compared with other similar technologies. However, although the actual use of RFID may appear to be very advantageous and with many benefits, many issues and problems are posed at time of implementation. Within this dissertation it will be presented a literature review on the state of the art RFID technology, the devices that make up to it and that are essential to its operation, as well as the various applications of technology. The problems and difficulties that are posed at the moment and difficulties that compromise the spread of technology will also be discussed. The objective of this work was (i) to conduct a literature review of the factors that influence the efficiency of RFID technology and (ii) conduct an experimental analysis of the factors that influence the ability of signal transmission between different radio frequency RFID devices existing in the industrial context.

Os sistemas de identificação por radio frequências (RFID - Radio Frequency IDentification) são uma tecnologia de transmissão e armazenamento de informação remota, composta por dispositivos (etiquetas e leitores RFID), que comunicam à distância sem necessitarem de qualquer contato direto. Embora a RFID possua algumas décadas de existência, apenas nos últimos anos tem recebido atenção por parte do meio industrial e demonstrado ser uma tecnologia com um futuro promissor, devido especialmente às suas inúmeras possibilidades de utilização e vantagens que possui quando comparada com outras tecnologias semelhantes. Embora a utilização da RFID aparente ser bastante vantajosa e com bastantes benefícios, muitas questões e dificuldades são colocadas no momento da sua implementação. No âmbito desta dissertação será apresentado uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o estado de arte da tecnologia RFID, os dispositivos que a compõem e que são essenciais ao seu funcionamento, assim como várias aplicações da tecnologia. Serão igualmente abordados os problemas que dificultam a disseminação da tecnologia. O objetivo do trabalho foi (i) realizar um levantamento na literatura dos fatores que influenciam a eficiência da tecnologia RFID e (ii) realizar uma análise experimental dos fatores que influenciam a capacidade de transmissão do sinal de radio frequência entre os vários dispositivos RFID existentes no contexto industrial. / The Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems are a technology that permits the transmission and storage of information remotely, composed of devices (tags and readers), which communicate at a distance without the need for any direct contact. While RFID has a few decades of existence only in recent years it has received attention from the industrial environment and demonstrated to be a technology with a promising future, especially due to its many possibilities of use and advantages when compared with other similar technologies. However, although the actual use of RFID may appear to be very advantageous and with many benefits, many issues and problems are posed at time of implementation. Within this dissertation it will be presented a literature review on the state of the art RFID technology, the devices that make up to it and that are essential to its operation, as well as the various applications of technology. The problems and difficulties that are posed at the moment and difficulties that compromise the spread of technology will also be discussed. The objective of this work was (i) to conduct a literature review of the factors that influence the efficiency of RFID technology and (ii) conduct an experimental analysis of the factors that influence the ability of signal transmission between different radio frequency RFID devices existing in the industrial context.

Os sistemas de identificação por radio frequências (RFID - Radio Frequency IDentification) são uma tecnologia de transmissão e armazenamento de informação remota, composta por dispositivos (etiquetas e leitores RFID), que comunicam à distância sem necessitarem de qualquer contato direto. Embora a RFID possua algumas décadas de existência, apenas nos últimos anos tem recebido atenção por parte do meio industrial e demonstrado ser uma tecnologia com um futuro promissor, devido especialmente às suas inúmeras possibilidades de utilização e vantagens que possui quando comparada com outras tecnologias semelhantes. Embora a utilização da RFID aparente ser bastante vantajosa e com bastantes benefícios, muitas questões e dificuldades são colocadas no momento da sua implementação. No âmbito desta dissertação será apresentado uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o estado de arte da tecnologia RFID, os dispositivos que a compõem e que são essenciais ao seu funcionamento, assim como várias aplicações da tecnologia. Serão igualmente abordados os problemas que dificultam a disseminação da tecnologia. O objetivo do trabalho foi (i) realizar um levantamento na literatura dos fatores que influenciam a eficiência da tecnologia RFID e (ii) realizar uma análise experimental dos fatores que influenciam a capacidade de transmissão do sinal de radio frequência entre os vários dispositivos RFID existentes no contexto industrial. / The Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems are a technology that permits the transmission and storage of information remotely, composed of devices (tags and readers), which communicate at a distance without the need for any direct contact. While RFID has a few decades of existence only in recent years it has received attention from the industrial environment and demonstrated to be a technology with a promising future, especially due to its many possibilities of use and advantages when compared with other similar technologies. However, although the actual use of RFID may appear to be very advantageous and with many benefits, many issues and problems are posed at time of implementation. Within this dissertation it will be presented a literature review on the state of the art RFID technology, the devices that make up to it and that are essential to its operation, as well as the various applications of technology. The problems and difficulties that are posed at the moment and difficulties that compromise the spread of technology will also be discussed. The objective of this work was (i) to conduct a literature review of the factors that influence the efficiency of RFID technology and (ii) conduct an experimental analysis of the factors that influence the ability of signal transmission between different radio frequency RFID devices existing in the industrial context.

Det här är en kvalitativ studie som syftar till att undersöka användningen av RFID-teknik i det interna flödet hos en verksamhet i lagerbranschen. Det som undersöktes var hur tekniken kan effektivisera verksamheten och vilken potential som finns med RFID där ämnet realtidsspårning introduceras. Tillsammans med antenner och läsare så möjliggör RFID-teknik identifiering och spårning av lastbärare genom radiofrekvenser vilket gör det till en resurs med hög potential. För att spåra lastbärare används RFID-teknik genom att varje lastbärare utrustas med en unik RFID-tagg.  Fördelarna med att implementera RFID-teknologi inkluderar spårbarhet och synlighet i det interna flödet vilket leder till minskade förluster av lastbärare och en potential till att korta ner ledtider och öka effektiviteten i verksamheten. Hinder som höga initiala investeringskostnader och komplexitet i integration kan identifieras vid implementeringen. För att optimera utnyttjandet av RFID-teknologi för användning och för spårning så föreslås utvecklingar inom området så att fler aktörer ska kunna implementera tekniken och möjliggöra en förbättrad spårning längs värdekedjan. Fallföretaget har sedan två år tillbaka börjat med användning av plastpallar med RFID-taggar i sin verksamhet för att tillfredsställa sina kunder.  Studien bekräftar att trots vissa utmaningar med RFID-teknologin så erbjuder tekniken fördelar som minskad risk för mänskliga fel och bättre hantering och spårbarhet av lastbärare. Avslutningsvis har den här studien visat att användningen av RFID i plastpallar erbjuder signifikanta möjligheter att förbättra interna logistikprocesser. Våra resultat bidrar till såväl den akademiska diskussionen som till praktiska tillämpningar, och stärker förståelsen för hur moderna teknologier kan användas för att driva effektivitet och innovation inom logistiksektorn. / This is a qualitative study aimed at investigating the use of RFID technology in the internal flow of a warehouse. The study examined how the technology can streamline operations and the potential of RFID, particularly in real-time tracking. Alongside antennas and readers, RFID technology enables the identification and tracking of carriers or pallets through radio frequencies, making it a resource with high potential. To track pallets, RFID technology is utilized by equipping each pallet with a unique RFID tag.  The advantages of implementing RFID technology include traceability and visibility in the internal flow, leading to reduced losses of carriers and the potential to shorten lead times and increase efficiency in warehouse operations. Challenges such as high initial investment costs and integration complexity may be identified during implementation. To optimize the utilization of RFID technology for tracking and usage, developments in the field are proposed to enable more actors to implement the technology and facilitate improved tracking along the value chain. The case company has been using plastic pallets with RFID-tags in its operations for the past two years to satisfy customer demands.  The study confirms that despite some challenges with the accuracy of RFID technology, the technology offers significant advantages for modern logistics. The study confirms that despite some challenges with the accuracy of RFID technology, it offers significant advantages for modern logistics systems. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of further research and development to fully leverage the potential of RFID technology in the future.