Ferramentas computacionais, baseadas em modelos de inventários, que consigam predizer, com precisão apropriada, o consumo de combustíveis e as emissões veiculares, principais motivadores do desenvolvimento automotivo atual, são fundamentais para a elaboração de políticas públicas eficazes vinculadas a essas questões. No Brasil, apesar de afetarem significativamente a sociedade, muitas das intervenções governamentais nesse segmento são realizadas sem a adequada avaliação de seus impactos. Isso ocorre ou porque a importância dessas ferramentas nem sempre é reconhecida ou por não se ter ferramentas apropriadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de desenvolver uma ferramenta de prognóstico do consumo de combustíveis e das emissões da frota rodoviária, estatisticamente consistente, que pudesse ser utilizada para esse propósito. Para tanto, inicialmente buscou-se identificar os aspectos relacionados às questões que deveriam ser considerados nesse desenvolvimento, por meio do levantamento das tendências evolutivas e alternativas que estão sendo apresentadas relativas a combustíveis, tecnologia veicular e sistemas de transportes. A seguir foram revistos os principais modelos e ferramentas públicos, nacionais e estrangeiros, dessa natureza. E, diante da constatação que eles não poderiam ser empregados, apesar dos limites impostos pela disponibilidade de dados, foi proposta uma nova abordagem para se atingir esse objetivo. Primeiro foi desenvolvido um conjunto de planilhas integrando todos os dados e cálculos de um modelo bottom-up similar ao utilizado nos inventários de emissões tóxicas nacionais, totalmente interconectado e configurado para facilitar, por meio de um processo iterativo, o ajuste fino das estimativas mais incertas, de forma que os consumos totalizados resultantes do modelo coincidissem tanto quanto possível com os consumos observados no país. A seguir, foram desenvolvidos modelos econométricos, para estimar os consumos totalizados de combustíveis a partir de indicadores econômicos pertinentes. E pela inserção desses modelos econométricos no modelo bottom-up anterior, foi gerado um modelo híbrido que permite inventariar e prognosticar, segregadas por classes, o consumo de combustíveis e as emissões veiculares. Os consumos de combustíveis obtidos por meio desses modelos, quando comparados com valores observados, forneceram resultados estatisticamente robustos, que podem ser, em algumas condições, convertidos na emissão de CO2. O mesmo não é possível afirmar com relação às demais emissões, inclusive em função da dificuldade de vincular as fontes emissoras a indicadores de qualidade do ar, o que não invalida o uso do modelo híbrido para obtenção de resultados comparativos. Finalmente, os modelos foram submetidos a análise sensibilidade e sua aplicabilidade foi verificada para alguns cenários. / Computational tools, based on inventory models, which are able to predict, with the appropriated accuracy, vehicular fuel consumption and emissions, main current drivers of the automotive development, are essentials for the development of effective public policies related to these issues. In Brazil, despite their significantly influence over the society, many government interventions in this segment are undertaken without the adequate assessment of their impacts. This happen because the importance of these tools is not always recognized or because proper tools are not available. The goal of this study was to develop a statistically consistent prognostic tool of road fuel consumption and emissions, which could be used for this purpose. Initially, by surveying the evolutionary trends and known alternatives related to fuels, vehicular technology and transportation systems, it was examined all the aspects that should be considered for this work. Next it was reviewed the main domestic and foreign public models and tools of this sector. Realizing that they could not be used, due to the limits imposed by data availability, it is proposed a new approach to achieve this goal. First it is developed a set of worksheets integrating all data and calculations of a bottom-up model, similar to the ones used in national inventories of toxic emissions. The set was interconnected and configured to facilitate, through an iterative process, the fine tuning of the uncertain estimates, in such way that the model total consumptions as much as possible reproduce the fuel consumptions observed in the country. Next econometric models were developed to estimate total fuel consumptions based on identified relevant economic indicators. And inserting these econometric models in the previous bottom-up model, it was generated a hybrid model that allows inventorying and forecasting of fuel consumptions and vehicular emissions segregated by classes. When compared with the observed fuel consumptions, these models presented statistically robust results. Under some conditions, these results can be converted in CO2 emissions. The same cannot be said with respect to other emissions, partially due to the difficulty to link emission sources to air quality measurements, which does not invalidate the use of the hybrid model to obtain comparative results for these emissions. Finally, the models were submitted to a sensitivity analysis and their applicability was verified for some scenarios.

Accidents involving passenger trains happen regularly in India. The reasons for such accidents could be many; such as weather and flooding, faulty tracks, bridge collapse, collisions caused by signaling errors, mechanical failures, driver error, sabotage etc. The annual accident-related deaths as a percentage of the total number of passengers carried by Indian Railway may seem to be negligible, but the aim should be to achieve zero fatality as every single person killed is an irreplaceable loss to his/her family. It needs to be mentioned that in addition to fatalities for which exact numbers are not available, serious injuries and permanent disabilities caused by train accidents in India at present stand completely unaccounted for. In the absence of a large scale renovation and crash avoidance measures coupled with the propensity to increase the number of trains every year, enhancing passive safety is crucial i.e. crashworthiness and occupant safety of passenger coaches of Indian trains. In the current work, crashworthiness and occupant safety of the existing typical three-tier cabin passenger coach of Indian Railway in an event of collision accident are assessed with the aid of a finite element analysis. In the light of the published work on research in railroad equipment crashworthiness, the current work is intended to envisage the methodology to assess the Indian Railway passenger coach from the point of view of the crashworthiness and occupant safety using CAE (Computer aided engineering) based approach. It is involved with an extensive study of the structural crush behavior of an individual passenger coach car and its effect on the interaction between occupants and the coach interior. Here the structural crush behavior of a typical three-tier cabin passenger coach is evaluated for the head-on impact against a fixed and rigid barrier. The occupant response for the same scenario is also studied which can be viewed as a component of the actual occupant response due to the structural crush behavior of the passenger coach. This can give useful estimates of injury severity and fatalities that may occur in actual accidents. An FE model of the passenger coach structure was built and validated using International Railway Union (UIC) specified code OR 567-design requirements in terms of static loads constituting structural proof cases. These proof cases specify the static load values the coach body structure should withstand without any permanent deformation or failure when applied at the specified locations on the structural ends across the longitudinal axis. In addition, a favorable correlation between the simulation and actual experiment for drop impact behavior of the open section specimens, namely C-section and I-section, was obtained to validate the simulation methodology. LS-DYNA a nonlinear dynamic explicit FE solver was used to carry out all the dynamic impact simulations involved in the current work. The material modeling takes into account the strain rate effect which is essential for the material impact behavior study. The contact modeling was done using penalty contact method. The degrading effect of the buffer on the structural crush patterns which induced the undesirable global bending and jackknifing of the whole coach structure was demonstrated with the help of dynamic impact simulations of the coach structure. The quantification of occupant injury was done by occupant safety simulations using the Hybrid III 50th percentile male dummy FE model. The dummy having been designed for simulating automobile accident scenarios, its contacts had to be adapted to suit the excessive mobility conditions in the coach interior. The dummy was revalidated successfully for the head drop test, pendulum chest impact test, neck flexion and extension test and knee impact test. Impact simulations for three different speeds were performed by positioning the dummy close to the impact point. Injury criteria such as Head Injury Criterion, Chest Deceleration, Knee force level and Neck extension-flexion moments were used to estimate the injury severity level and fatality rate.

The main aim of the thesis is a comlex description and explanation of legislative concernig the working conditions of drivers in branch of international transport. It provides the reader general overview of the whole field including function of the digital tachograph system and current development of EU legislative. In the practical part, there are described some actual problems, which occur in this area - it's especially the question of road controls and fines. The opinions of drivers concernig this matter are included as well.

The toll system selected countries, taxes of road transport in Italy, legislation, used technology, compatibility, taxes of vehicles, repair and system organization, next fiscal arrangements in the area road transport, payment methods, Telepass, contractual and technical interoperability.

This thesis is devoted to the EU Common transport policy with a focus on rail and road transport. The first chapter briefly describes the historical development of transport and ultimately defines its basic concepts. The following chapter is exclusively focused on the basic characteristics of the critical areas of selected transport sectors, which in the context of the integration of European transport systems play a crucial role. The third chapter deals with the characteristics of three Transport White Papers and defines the objectives of the Common Transport Policy and TEN-T policy. Another part deals with the Trans-European transport network and the evaluation of the success of the construction of TEN-T. The last chapter analyzes the success of the objectives of the EU Common Transport Policy defined in the third chapter.

The master‘s thesis focuses on the risks of transporting dangerous goods by road. The introductory part deals with related legislation of the Czech Republic is analyzed, followed by international legislation. In the European Union, the transport of dangerous goods is regulated primarily by the European agreement concerning the International carriage of dangerous goods by road (ADR). Between 2002 and 2019, master‘s thesis analyzes and describes the statistics of traffic accidents with the presence of dangerous goods. Furthermore, this master‘s thesis also analyzes the characteristics of the sources of traffic accident risks, and when activating the risk, the possible effects of traffic accidents and subsequent leakage of dangerous goods are described. In fulfilling the aims of the master‘s thesis, agreement was found in the causes of traffic accidents in statistics and in the literature in the fact that in 80% it is the fault of the human factor. Analysis of a set of 10 large accidents with the presence of dangerous goods using a modified "What, if" method identified impacts on public assets. Based on these identified impacts, measures were proposed that would be appropriate to apply in the public interest.

The topic of my thesis is an application of Czech and European transport systems for shipping dangerous articles by road transport. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first one is pointed to importance of effective legislation in the Czech Republic and the European Union, which is dedicated to shipping the dangerous articles by road transport. Also it regards to risks of accidents and possible ecologic impacts to an environment. This part compares the amount of traffic accidents in the Czech Republic and states of the EU in a frame of ADR. It shows the risks related to shipping the dangerous articles by road transport. The closing part belongs to important elements of safe transportation of dangerous matters. The second part of the thesis analyses current state of shipping information systems in the Czech Republic and in the European Union. There is the analysis, the suggestions for improvement of the systems´ efficiency and its application in the Czech Republic. The closing part belongs to my own project of shipping information system.

The presented diploma thesis provides the comprehensive presentation about the low emission zones that become more and more used instrument of air protection in european metropolises and in smaller cities. There are already circa sixty low emission zones in Deutschland, in the Czech Republic this instrument hasn't been used yet. Therefore the diploma thesis' determined goal was to analyze the legal regulation of the low emissions zones to clearify the division consisting in absence of low emission zones in the Czech Republic. Systematicall structure of the diploma thesis into six part is the result of the author's aim to make the presentation transparent. The first part of the diploma thesis represents the introduction into the theme of the air protection and provides a brief overview of relevant legal regulations just as the analysis of air pollutants including their negative effect on the peopel's health and on the environment. The author provides the presentation of transport regulation possibilities that the cities are able to realize (excluding the low emission zones). The third part deals with the implementation of the low emission zones into the czech law and with the development of legal regulation of the low emission zones. The detailed analysis of current legal regulation regarding the...

Challenges arising from an increasing traffic demand, limited resource availability and growing quality expectations of the customers can only be met successfully, if each transport mode is regarded as an intelligent transportation system itself, but also as part of one intelligent transportation system with “intelligent” intramodal and intermodal interfaces. This topic is well reflected in the Third International Conference on “Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems” which took place in Dresden 2013 (previous editions: Rome 2009, Leuven 2011). With its variety of traffic management problems that can be solved using similar methods and technologies, but with application specific models, objective functions and constraints the conference stands for an intensive exchange between theory and practice and the presentation of case studies for all transport modes and gives a discussion forum for control engineers, computer scientists, mathematicians and other researchers and practitioners. The present book comprises fifty short papers accepted for presentation at the Third Edition of the conference. All submissions have undergone intensive reviews by the organisers of the special sessions, the members of the scientific and technical advisory committees and further external experts in the field. Like the conference itself the proceedings are structured in twelve streams: the more model-oriented streams of Road-Bound Public Transport Management, Modelling and Control of Urban Traffic Flow, Railway Traffic Management in four different sessions, Air Traffic Management, Water Traffic and Traffic and Transit Assignment, as well as the technology-oriented streams of Floating Car Data, Localisation Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems and Image Processing in Transportation. With this broad range of topics this book will be of interest to a number of groups: ITS experts in research and industry, students of transport and control engineering, operations research and computer science. The case studies will also be of interest for transport operators and members of traffic administration.

Background and discussion of the problem: At present, it is not possible to compare the greenhouse gas emissions in the third-party logistics sector on an equal basis, as there are different methods of calculating greenhouse gas emissions to be applied to third-party logistics companies. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to highlight the challenges that arise for the 3PL company and its business-to-business customers when there are different greenhouse gas emission calculation methods available for application. Method: A qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with the 3PL company, the government agency, and three business-to-business customers. In addition, a text analysis of five different third-party logistics companies was conducted.  Conclusion: The study has determined that the current calculation methods are insufficient as individual calculation methods and are not suitable for comparison. As a result, inequity in the third-party logistics industry is likely to persist, as third-party logistics companies may report distorted results. The study also shows that when third-party logistics providers are unsure about which calculating method to use, their business-to-business customers are impacted.  The study contributes to practical usefulness as the 3PL company gains a clearer insight into how other stakeholders relate to the different calculation methods, which is also relevant for other third-party logistics companies. The study has also contributed to theoretical usefulness through several different articles, creating an extended theoretical availability for the third-party logistics industry. / Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: För närvarande går det inte att likställt jämföra växthusgasutsläpp inom tredjepartslogistikbranschen, eftersom det finns olika beräkningsmetoder av växthusgasutsläpp att tillämpa för tredjepartslogistikföretagen.  Syfte: Studiens syfte är att belysa utmaningar som uppstår för 3PL företaget och dess business-to-business kunder när det finns olika beräkningsmetoder av växthusgasutsläpp att tillämpa. Metod: En kvalitativ studie har genomförts genom semi-strukturerad intervjustudie med 3PL företaget, myndigheten och tre business-to-business kunder. Samt har en textanalys på fem olika tredjepartslogistikföretag genomförts.  Slutsats: Studien fastställer att de beräkningsmetoder som tillhandahålls idag inte lämpar sig för jämförande och är otillräckliga som enskilda beräkningsmetoder. Slutsatsen av detta är att orättvisan inom tredjepartslogistikbranschen kommer kvarstå då tredjepartslogistikföretagen kan redovisa förvrängda resultat. Studien fastställer även att tredjepartslogistikföretagens business-to-business kunder påverkas när tredjepartslogistikföretagen känner sig osäkra kring valet av beräkningsmetod. Studien bidrar till praktisk användbarhet då 3PL företaget får en klarare insyn i hur andra intressenter förhåller sig till de olika beräkningsmetoderna, vilket även är relevant för andra tredjepartslogistikföretag. Studien har även bidragit till teoretisk användbarhet genom att användning av flera olika artiklar skapat en utökad teoretisk tillgänglighet inom tredjepartslogistikbranschen.