O Estado de São Paulo se destaca como uma das principais regiões produtoras de citros do mundo. Recentes estudos mostram que a área irrigada de citrus no Estado tem aumentado signicativamente nos últimos 5 anos. Porém, as limitações dos recursos hídricos e falta de informações sobre o manejo eficiênte da irrigação na cultura do citrus são os principais problemas face aos produtores. Visando atender essa necessidade, este projeto teve como objetivos determinar a evapotranspiração de uma planta jovem de limeira ácida ‘Tahiti’ (Citrus latifolia Tan.) e os coeficientes de cultivo durante a formação de um pomar. Considerando a independente contribuicão da evaporação do solo e transpiração da cultura pela substituição do coeficente de cultivo (Kc=ETc/ETo) em dois separados coeficientes; Ke, um coeficiente de evaporação de água do solo e Kcb, um coeficiente de transpiração da cultura. Avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo, assim como aspectos produtivos da cultura, frente a diferentes níveis de irrigação, com o fornecimento crescente de 25 a 100% da necessidade hídrica da cultura. O experimento foi realizado na ESALQ/ USP em Piracicaba - SP, em uma área irrigada por gotejamento, com plantas espaçadas de 7x4 metros entre linhas e plantas respectivamente, sendo que cada planta foi atendida por 4 pontos de molhamento no solo distribuídos de forma eqüidistantes entre si. Foi avaliado o desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas, com base em medidas de diâmetro do caule, altura e sistema radicular. Foi realizado o monitoramento climático utilizando estação meteorológica automatizada e a obtenção da evapotranspiração da cultura por lisímetro de pesagem. Durante o período de estudo, Kc variou entre 0,6 a 1,22, e Kcb variou entre 0,4 a 1,0. Os resultados mostraram que a independente influência da evaporação do solo e transpiração é importante para melhor compreensão sobre o consumo de água de plantas jovens de lima ácida ‘Tahiti’, quando comparado a plantas adultas. Os maiores consumos foram observados no verão. A reposição de 100% da água evapotranspirada resultou em melhor desenvolvimento vegetativo de plantas jovens de limeira acida ‘Tahiti’ em condições de campo. Os resultados mostraram também que não houve diferenças entre as lâminas quanto à distribuição das raízes, de plantas jovens (33 meses) em profundidade, concentrando-se na camada de 0,0- 0,3m. Entretanto, a distribuição horizontal foi maior nos níveis baixos (0%; 25% e 50%) do que nos maiores níveis (75% e 100%). Nas plantas irrigadas com 75% e 100% houve concentração das raízes até 0,6 m, indicando que o déficit hídrico induziu o crescimento na direção horizontal. E que a profundidade e distância horizontal efetiva das raízes, de plantas com 48 meses, localizam-se a 0,6 m de profundidade. Os resultados mostraram que a irrigação induziu à precocidade da produção e ao aumento da produtividade e do número de frutos nas plantas jovens de lima ácida ‘Tahiti’ já a partir da lâmina de 25% da evapotranspiração da cultura. Quanto à qualidade de frutos, não houve diferença significativa entre os níveis de irrigação avaliados. / The State of São Paulo is one of the most important producers of citrus of the world. Recent studies showed that during the last 5 years, there was a significant increase in the area with citrus irrigation. However, the shortage of water and the unavailability of required information for efficient irrigation scheduling are the main problems that producers face. Therefore, the objective of this work was an estimate water requirement of young ‘Tahiti’ lime orchards considering the independent contributions from soil evaporation and crop transpiration by splitting the crop coefficient (Kc=ETc/ETo) into two separate coefficients; Ke, a soil evaporation coefficient and Kcb, a crop transpiration coefficient. Evaluate the effect of different irrigation levels (0 to 100% of crop evapotranspiration by weighing lysimeter) on ‘Tahiti’ acid lime young tree canopy and root growth, productivity and quality of fruit, under drip irrigation in the field. The experiment was conducted during a 3-yr period (August 2002 – May 2005) in a 1.0 ha plot planted with ‘Tahiti’ acid lime trees, grafted on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo rootstock. The trees were 1-yr old at planting, spaced 7 x 4 m. The orchard was located in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. Each treatment was assigned to different irrigation level, based on ETc as determined by a weighing lysimeter. The trunk diameter and height tree were evaluated monthly. The roots were evaluated when the trees were 30 and 48 months old. Adopted during the first root sampling were 4 horizontal distances from the tree trunk (0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 m) and 2 depths (0.0-0.3 and 0.3- 0.6 m). Adopted during the second sampling were 5 horizontal distances from trunk (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 m), and 3 depths (0.0-0.3, 0.3-0.6 and 0.6-0.9 m). The yield was evaluated by measuring weight and number of fruits per tree in 2004 and 2005. The quality of the yield was evaluated by measuring fruit diameter, rind thickness, % of juice, total soluble solids, pH and total acidity. During the study period, Kc varied between 0.6 to 1.22, and Kcb varied between 0.4 to 1.0. The independent influence of soil evaporation and transpiration is important to better understand the water consumption of young lime tree during the growth, compared to mature lime tree. The biggest ETc and Kc were observed on summer. The results showed that young trees irrigated with 100% ETc resulted in greater growth. The results also showed that did not happen differences in root distribution in the depths, most of them at 0-0.3m. However, the horizontal distribution at lower levels (25 and 50%) of that in the biggest levels (75 and 100%) that concentrated at 0.6 m, indicating that water stress induced the root growth horizontally. The results, at the second analysis, showed that did not happen differences in root distribution soil profile, and effective depth and horizontal distance of root located to 0.6 m of depth and 0.6 of horizontally distant of tree. Finally, the irrigation induced precocity of production, increase of productivity and the fruits number already with irrigation of 25% of ETc. The quality of fruit, did not present difference among the treatments.

Urbanisation is characterised by mass migration of people to urban areas and conversion of land from rural to urban land uses. Changes in population dynamics have led to half the world’s population living in urban areas; in developed countries, urban dwellers account for three-quarters of the total population. Though populations have shifted from rural to urban areas, people continue to rely on their environment, and trees in particular, for tangible and intangible benefits alike. A great deal of factual and anecdotal knowledge supports the role of trees for ecological, social, and economic well-being. In spite of this, during urbanisation, previously vegetated land is converted to housing, roads, or utility corridors, all of which are necessary to support growing populations. This thesis investigates tree growth in these modified urban landscapes, in particular, the effects of pavements on urban trees. Pavements are truly pervasive, covering more than half of all land in highly developed urban areas. Their durability and strength are of great importance to transportation, but large-scale soil sealing is not without consequence. Pavements affect the hydrologic cycle, soil and air temperature, and nutrient cycling. Because of their effect on the surrounding environment, pavements inherently affect remnant or planted trees. They are believed to negatively affect tree growth and survival, thereby compromising the ecological, social, and economic benefits otherwise derived from the urban forest. In recent times, porous pavements have been increasingly installed in favour of impervious pavements. Porous pavements are perceived to be an environmentally-sound alternative to standard impervious pavements. This thesis begins by reviewing the literature concerning porous pavement’s effect on underlying soil and urban vegetation, thus illustrating the scarcity of empirical data describing the effect of porous pavement on tree growth. A greater understanding of porous pavement’s impact on the surrounding environment is needed, if its installation is to continue. With this aim in mind, this thesis describes an experiment in Christchurch, New Zealand, which monitored the impacts of porous and impervious pavement on underlying soil conditions, and subsequent tree growth. The experiment comprised 50 Platanus orientalis trees planted in an augmented factorial design, which consisted of controls and four treatments. Trees were split evenly amongst plots, such that ten replicates existed per treatment. The pavement treatments measured 2.3m by 2.3m, and were based on the combination of pavement type (2 levels: porous, impervious) and pavement profile design (2 levels: +/- subbase compaction and gravel base). The resulting four treatments were impervious concrete pavement (IP), impervious concrete pavement with compacted subbase and gravel base (IP+), porous concrete pavement (PP), and porous concrete pavement with compacted subbase and gravel base (PP+). From December 2007 to March 2009, data were collected to determine the effect of these treatments on soil moisture, aeration, pH, and nutrient concentration. Final tree height, stem diameter, shoot and root biomass, and root distribution were also measured at the conclusion of the experiment. Results of this experiment indicated that the effects of pavement porosity on soil moisture and aeration were dynamic, varying with season and soil depth. Increased soil moisture beneath porous pavements resulted from rapid infiltration following precipitation. This decreased the duration of plant stress resulting from drought. Relative to bare soil, paved plots had consistently greater soil moisture, likely because pavements reduced evaporation. The inclusion of a gravel base in the profile design limited capillary upflow, which resulted in lower soil moisture under pavements designed with a gravel base. Soil aeration was significantly lower beneath pavements relative to unpaved plots. This is likely related to greater soil moisture beneath pavements. Finally, soil pH increased beneath pavements, in particular beneath porous pavements. Though all growth parameters increased for trees surrounded by porous, rather than impervious pavement, this occurred only in the absence of a compacted subgrade and gravel base. Evidently, the impact of the compacted subgrade superseded the impact of pavement porosity. Furthermore, root growth was relatively shallow beneath pavements, likely due to favourable soil moisture directly beneath pavements. This research highlights (i) the dramatic effect of pavements on underlying soil conditions; (ii) that pavements do not inherently limit tree growth; (iii) that porous pavements can conditionally improve tree growth; and (iv) that soil compaction limits potential benefits resulting from porous pavements.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV11MA035.pdf: 382044 bytes, checksum: 888904b44ab1d4e73c30ea19d52dffc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Bean production is affected by a range of abiotic stresses such as drought, low soil fertility, soil acidity and unfavorable temperatures. However, a deep root system and well distributed allows better adaptation, especially regarding the conditions of drought and low nutrient availability. Despite the advancement of research, little has been done in this line of study. Thus, this study aimed to: i) present an alternative to the measurement and statistical analysis to the root distribution, ii) measuring the character of root distribution in bean genotypes Active Germplasm Bank of UDESC (Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina) and its relationship to other important agronomic characteristics, and iii) to evaluate the root distribution along the profile between mutant populations and select bean genotypes with higher metric values for the character. The experiments were performed in the experimental area of IMEGEM, arranged in a randomized design. The evaluation of root distribution was held in hybrids, cultivars, accessions and mutant populations of beans. For that were open profiles perpendicular to the plant rows of beans, where a rectangle with dimensions of 0.5 m wide by 0.3 m, 0.05 m grid was set aside and a photo was taken. The determination of root distribution in the binary system (name of presence (1) and absence (0) of roots in each box) was performed by analysis of the photo. It was observed that the measurement of the characteristic root distribution through the determination of simple events is a valuable tool for researchers because it allows the quantitative analysis of root distribution by means of Generalized Linear Models the GENMOD procedure of SAS. Considering the small number of genotypes, can be stated that the Active Germplasm Bank Bean has promising genotypes for the character root distribution, where BAF09 (black) and BAF35 (carioca) present the best root deep distribution (20 to 30 cm). It might still be verified the presence of significant positive correlation between root distribution and other traits of agronomic importance. The mutant populations present different performance against the mutagenic for the root distribution. Since the most promising segregating populations are derived from cultivars IPR Uirapuru and IPR Chopim, as they present a significant increase in the number of roots with increasing doses of mutagen / A produção de feijão é afetada por uma gama de estresses abióticos, como seca, baixa fertilidade do solo, acidez do solo e temperaturas desfavoráveis. No entanto, um sistema radicular profundo e bem distribuído permite melhor adaptação da cultura, principalmente no que tange as condições de deficiência hídrica e baixa disponibilidade de nutrientes. Apesar do avanço da pesquisa, pouco se tem trabalhado nessa linha de estudo. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivos: i) apresentar uma alternativa para a mensuração e a análise estatística para o caráter distribuição radicular; ii) mensurar o caráter distribuição radicular em genótipos de feijão do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da UDESC (Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina) e verificar a correlação com outros caracteres de importância agronômica; e iii) avaliar a distribuição radicular ao longo do perfil entre populações mutantes e selecionar genótipos de feijão com valores métricos superiores para o caráter. Os experimentos foram realizados na área experimental do IMEGEM, arranjados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A avaliação da distribuição radicular foi realizada em híbridos, cultivares, acessos e populações mutantes de feijão. Para isso foram abertos perfis perpendiculares alinha de semeadura, onde um retângulo com dimensões de 0,5 m de largura por 0,3 m de altura, quadriculado com 0,05 m de lado foi disposto e uma foto foi capturada. A determinação da distribuição radicular no sistema binário (denominação de presença (1) e ausência (0) das raízes em cada quadrícula) foi realizada por meio da análise da foto. A mensuração da característica distribuição radicular a partir da determinação de eventos simples (presença=1 e ausência=0) é uma valiosa ferramenta para o pesquisador, já que possibilita a análise quantitativa da distribuição radicular, por meio dos Modelos Lineares Generalizados do procedimento GENMOD do SAS. Ainda que de forma incipiente, devido ao pequeno número de genótipos avaliados pode ser afirmado que o Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Feijão possui genótipos promissores para o caráter distribuição radicular. Sendo que BAF09 (preto) e BAF35 (carioca), por apresentarem distribuição radicular profunda e significativa (20 a 30 cm), merecem destaque. Pôde ser verificada ainda a presença de correlação positiva e significativa entre a distribuição radicular e outros caracteres de importância agronômica. As populações mutantes apresentaram desempenho diferenciado frente ao mutagênico para a distribuição radicular. As populações segregantes mais promissoras foram oriundas das cultivares IPR Uirapuru e IPR Chopim, pois apresentaram um aumento significativo na distribuição radicular o aumento das doses do agente mutagênico