We describe the use of a tensor mode-1 higher-order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) in the analyses of alignments of 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, each encoded in a cuboid of frequencies of nucleotides across positions and organisms. This mode-1 HOSVD separates the data cuboids into combinations of patterns of nucleotide frequency variation across the positions and organisms, i.e., "eigenorganisms"' and corresponding nucleotide-specific segments of "eigenpositions," respectively, independent of a-priori knowledge of the taxonomic groups and their relationships, or the rRNA structures. We show that this mode-1 HOSVD provides a mathematical framework for modeling the sequence alignments where the mathematical variables, i.e., the significant eigenpositions and eigenorganisms, are consistent with current biological understanding of the 16S and 23S rRNAs. First, the significant eigenpositions identify multiple relations of similarity and dissimilarity among the taxonomic groups, some known and some previously unknown. Second, the corresponding eigenorganisms identify positions of nucleotides exclusively conserved within the corresponding taxonomic groups, but not among them, that map out entire substructures inserted or deleted within one taxonomic group relative to another. These positions are also enriched in adenosines that are unpaired in the rRNA secondary structure, the majority of which participate in tertiary structure interactions, and some also map to the same substructures. This demonstrates that an organism's evolutionary pathway is correlated and possibly also causally coordinated with insertions or deletions of entire rRNA substructures and unpaired adenosines, i.e., structural motifs which are involved in rRNA folding and function. Third, this mode-1 HOSVD reveals two previously unknown subgenic relationships of convergence and divergence between the Archaea and Microsporidia, that might correspond to two evolutionary pathways, in both the 16S and 23S rRNA alignments. This demonstrates that even on the level of a single rRNA molecule, an organism's evolutionary pathway is composed of different types of changes in structure in reaction to multiple concurrent evolutionary forces. / text

Eukaryotic gene expression requires hundreds of proteins and several RNA factors to facilitate nuclear RNA processing. These RNA processing events include RNA transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) processing and trafficking of RNA to its proper location in the cell. As we learn more about the molecular details of the factors governing these highly coordinated processes it is becoming increasingly clear that a subset of factors participate in multiple RNA processing pathways to ensure faithful gene expression. Our work completes the characterization of the Abelson pre-mRNA splicing mutants. We have discovered that the prp27-1 splicing mutant is a severe loss of function allele of RAT1, an essential 5’→3’ exoribonuclease. Several alleles of RAT1 have been previously isolated with each conferring an array of phenotypes thus making the elucidation of its essential in vivo function difficult. We set out to determine how mutations within a specific region determines the RNA processing pathway in which Rat1p has been implicated to function within. In our analysis of Rat1p function we discovered the prp27-1 allele exhibits novel 3’ end processing defects never reported in previous rat1 mutants. We performed mutational analysis to examine the coupling of 5’ and 3’ exonucleolytic activities in nuclear RNA processing events. Through our study we have discovered a means by which the cell coordinately regulates the nuclear RNA degradation complexes to ensure efficient processing of pre-RNAs for the faithful execution of eukaryotic gene expression. Additionally, we offer evidence in support of role for Rat1p in promoting mitotic events in vivo. / text

Pienarūgščių bakterijų paieška ir jų identifikavimas migruojančių didžiųjų ančių (Anas platyrhynchos) žarnyne naudojant dalinių 16S rRNR geno sekų analizę ir kultivavimu paremtus metodus Klaidas VARNA Vilniaus Universiteto Ekologijos Institutas, Hidrobiontų Ekologijos ir Fiziologijos Laboratorija bei Populiacinės Genetikos Laboratorija, Akademijos-2, Vilnius-21, 08412, Lietuva. Šiame tyrime pavasarinių ir rudeninių didžiųjų ančių (Anas platyrhynchos) migrantų iš Nemuno deltos virškinamojo trakto pieno rūgšties bakterijų įvairovė buvo ištirta naudojant molekulinius metodus (polimerazės grandininės reakcijos amplifikacija ir dalinių 16S rRNR geno sekų sekvenavimas) ir kultivavimu paremtus metodus. Migruojančių didžiųjų ančių (Anas platyrhynchos) pieno rūgšties bakterijų paieška buvo atlikta pirmą kartą. Rudeniniai didžiųjų ančių migrantai plonojo žarnyno sienelėse (1.2×107 iki 2.1×107 k.f.v./g) ir jų turinyje (nuo 3.4×107 iki 1.1×108 k.f.v./g) turi didesnį pieno rūgšties bakterijų skaičių nei pavasariniai migrantai (atitinkamai nuo 3.2×106 iki 4.8×106 k.f.v./g ir nuo 1.0×107 iki 2.2×107 k.f.v./g). Tiek rudeninių tiek ir pavasarinių didžiųjų ančių migrantų plonojo žarnyno sienelėse ir jų turinyje dominavo kokinės pieno rūgšties bakterijų formos (atitinkamai 65% ir 83.5% bei 81.4% ir 91.6%), o lazdelių buvo mažiau (atitinkamai 35% ir 16.5% bei 18.6% ir 8.4%). Manoma, kad minėtus skirtumus įtakoja keli veiksniai: ilgai trunkanti migracija, perėjimo periodas, skirtingas maistas ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Identification of lactic acid bacteria in the migrant mallard ducks Anas platyrhynchos intestinal tract by partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and using culture-based techniques Klaidas VARNA Institute of Ecology of Vilnius University, Laboratory of Hydrobionts Ecology and Physiology, Laboratory of Population Genetics, Akademijos-2, Vilnius-21, 08412, Lithuania. In this study the lactic acid bacteria diversity of the intestinal tract content of the vernal and autumnal migrant mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) from Nemuno delta has been investigated by molecular methods: polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of partial 16S rRNA genes and using culture-based techniques. The investigation of the lactic acid bacteria of the migrant mallard ducks has been performed the first time. Autumnal migrant mallard ducks in the small intestine walls (from 1.2×107 until 2.1×107 c.f.u./g) and in their content (from 3.4×107 until 1.1×108 c.f.u./g have the greatest number of the lactic acid bacteria then vernal migrants (respectively from 3.2×106 until 4.8×106 c.f.u./g and from 1.0×107 until 2.2×107 c.f.u./g). In the small intestine walls and in their content of the autumnal and vernal migrant mallard ducks, dominated cocci-shaped lactic acid bacteria (respectively 65% and 83.5%, 81.4% and 91.6%), whereas rod-shaped was under (respectively 35% and 16.5%, 18.6% and 8.4%). Supposedly, that these defferences determine some factors: a long migration, period of incubate... [to full text]

The 5’ external transcribed spacer (5’ ETS) of pre-ribosomal RNA, although highly variable in size and sequence, has been shown to be critical for the initiation of rRNA processing. This study further examined the 5’ ETS in Schizosaccharomyces pombe with respect to structural elements that underlie rRNA maturation. Initially, the 5’ ETS/18S rRNA junction region was examined by mutational analyses to detect cis-acting elements critical to known cleavage sites. The results indicated that sequence/structure in the junction region does not direct or strongly influence cleavage at the 5’ end of 18S rRNA. Systematic mutations also were used to examine the significance of previously suggested putative ribosomal protein binding sites or U3 snoRNA binding sites as well as other stem-loop sequences of regions IV, V and VI in the 5’ ETS. The results indicated that the putative U3 snoRNA binding sites were less critical than previously anticipated but have identified elements in regions IV and V with significant influence on the production of mature ribosomal RNA. In vitro studies of interactions between these elements and the U3 snoRNA or cellular protein also were initiated. The results of electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated a strong interaction between region IV and the U3 snoRNA, suggesting that region IV probably contributes to the function of an important structure in the nucleolar precursor particle, which together with region V and probably other hairpins, may act to organize a stable processing domain. In contrast to the previous studies, which suggested as many as six intermediate cleavage sites in the 5’ ETS of S. pombe, re-examination of termini using hybridization and ligation-mediated RT-PCR indicated only two major cleavage sites. In general the 5’ ETS sequence mutants did not seem to influence the rRNA processing profile significantly but could dramatically affect the quantity of the product, an observation that provided further evidence of quality control, which helps ensure that only functional RNA is incorporated into mature ribosomes. Taken together the results illustrated that various sequence/structural elements in the 5’ ETS could influence or be critical for the maturation of rRNA. The results also support the possibility that the precursor molecule is first organized into one or more processing domains that direct the actual maturation processes. / This study was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

The mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal RNA (mt. SSU rRNA = rns) gene appears to be a reservoir for a number of group I and II introns along with the intron- encoded proteins (IEPs) such as homing endonucleases (HEases) and reverse transcriptases. The key objective for this thesis was to examine the rns gene among different groups of ophiostomatoid fungi for the presence of introns and IEPs. Overall the distribution of the introns does not appear to follow evolutionary lineages suggesting the possibility of rare horizontal gains and frequent loses. Some of the novel findings of this work were the discovery of a twintron complex inserted at position S1247 within the rns gene, here a group IIA1 intron invaded the ORF embedded within a group IC2 intron. Another new element was discovered within strains of Ophiostoma minus where a group II introns has inserted at the rns position S379; the mS379 intron represents the first mitochondrial group II intron that has an RT-ORF encoded outside Domain IV and it is the first intron reported to at position S379. The rns gene of O. minus WIN(M)371 was found to be interrupted with a group IC2 intron at position mS569 and a group IIB1 intron at position mS952 and they both encode double motif LAGLIDADG HEases referred as I-OmiI and I-OmiII respectively. These IEPs were examined in more detail to evaluate if these proteins represent functional HEases. To express I-OmiI and I-OmiII in Escherichia. coli, a codon-optimized versions of I-OmiI and I-OmiII sequences were synthesized based on differences between the fungal mitochondrial and bacterial genetic code. The optimized I-OmiI and I-OmiII sequences were cloned in the pET200/D TOPO expression vector system and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). These two proteins were biochemically characterized and the results showed that: both I-OmiI and I-OmiII are functional HEases. Detailed data for I-OmiII showed that this endonuclease cleaves the target site two nucleotides upstream of the intron insertion site generating 4 nucleotide 3’overhangs.

No description available.

The mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal RNA (mt. SSU rRNA = rns) gene appears to be a reservoir for a number of group I and II introns along with the intron- encoded proteins (IEPs) such as homing endonucleases (HEases) and reverse transcriptases. The key objective for this thesis was to examine the rns gene among different groups of ophiostomatoid fungi for the presence of introns and IEPs. Overall the distribution of the introns does not appear to follow evolutionary lineages suggesting the possibility of rare horizontal gains and frequent loses. Some of the novel findings of this work were the discovery of a twintron complex inserted at position S1247 within the rns gene, here a group IIA1 intron invaded the ORF embedded within a group IC2 intron. Another new element was discovered within strains of Ophiostoma minus where a group II introns has inserted at the rns position S379; the mS379 intron represents the first mitochondrial group II intron that has an RT-ORF encoded outside Domain IV and it is the first intron reported to at position S379. The rns gene of O. minus WIN(M)371 was found to be interrupted with a group IC2 intron at position mS569 and a group IIB1 intron at position mS952 and they both encode double motif LAGLIDADG HEases referred as I-OmiI and I-OmiII respectively. These IEPs were examined in more detail to evaluate if these proteins represent functional HEases. To express I-OmiI and I-OmiII in Escherichia. coli, a codon-optimized versions of I-OmiI and I-OmiII sequences were synthesized based on differences between the fungal mitochondrial and bacterial genetic code. The optimized I-OmiI and I-OmiII sequences were cloned in the pET200/D TOPO expression vector system and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). These two proteins were biochemically characterized and the results showed that: both I-OmiI and I-OmiII are functional HEases. Detailed data for I-OmiII showed that this endonuclease cleaves the target site two nucleotides upstream of the intron insertion site generating 4 nucleotide 3’overhangs.

Coral disease represents one of the many challenges facing coral reefs, and is a contributing factor to the overall decline in coral reef health worldwide. An increase in disease frequency, outbreaks and the emergence of new diseases has fuelled much concern over the impact of coral diseases and subsequently prompted research into their possible causes. Our understanding of putative coral pathogens has lagged behind the emergence of coral disease as a major threat to the health of coral reefs. The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the largest contiguous reef in the world, and is still regarded as one the healthiest and best managed coral reef ecosystems in existence today. Despite this, the frequency of coral disease has begun to increase sharply over the past decade, prompting researchers to focus on the aetiology, causal factors and ecological impact of coral disease within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP). This PhD thesis focused on two distinct disease elements: brown band (BrB) and white syndrome (WS). These two diseases affect corals within the GBRMP, yet their microbiology and ecology is largely unknown. The research project investigated the microbiology and ecology of WS and BrB affecting acroporids, using culture-dependent and independent methods to characterise the microbial community associated with healthy and diseased corals and identify putative coral pathogens. The lifecycle and diurnal cycles of BrB ciliates were also explored to gain a greater understanding of the effect of these ciliates on coral health. Ecological surveys were carried out at Heron Island sites commonly used for the collection of corals to ascertain the prevalence and significance of these diseases in the context of laboratory results. Surveys at five sites revealed a mean prevalence of 8.11% of tabular acroporids affected by WS, which is consistent with previous studies. BrB revealed a much lower prevalence of less than 0.04%. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed from Acropora hyacinthus samples derived from a healthy control colony, and a healthy section and lesion border of a WS affected colony. Distinct shifts in the microbial community and partitioning between the lesion border and healthy section of the diseased colony were observed. In addition, the healthy section of the diseased colony displayed a different microbial community to the control colony, supporting previous data that a microbial shift occurs preceding visible signs of infection. A number of bacteria from the healthy section of diseased coral shared close sequence affiliations to a number of Vibrio spp., including potentially pathogenic Vibrio species. Sequences retrieved from the lesion border of WS affected Acropora hyacinthus were dominated by Pseudoalteromonas spp., although these species have not been previously implicated in coral disease. The coral disease BrB is characterised by the presence of a brown ciliate band and these ciliates have been identified as a new species belonging to the class Oligohymenophorea, subclass Scuticociliatia. Within BrB-affected Acropora muricata, numerous filamentous, coccoid and rod bacteria were observed to be closely associated with the ciliate band, but absent in coral tissue adjacent to the typical brown band. It is unknown whether the bacteria associated with the mass of ciliates are the primary pathogens, a food source for the ciliates or simply opportunistic pathogens. Several isolates retrieved from BrB corals were tested for their pathogenicity in controlled infection trials using Acropora muricata. The preliminary results identified at least two isolates of interest (CC1 and HB-8). However, the results of a replicated infection trial failed to conclusively identify the bacteria as the causative agents of this disease. The findings from the cross-infection trials and ecological surveys suggest that BrB is an infectious but not highly contagious coral disease. This study revealed important aspects of both WS and BrB that were previously unknown. The research carried out has built a greater understanding, and a platform for future research directed at understanding key processes involved in these coral diseases. This research has highlighted the need for ongoing infection trials in diseases, even when a pathogen has been identified. The discovery of possible key bacterial species involved in WS and BrB warrants further research aimed at understanding the mechanisms in which bacteria may affect the coral holobiont. In conclusion, this research has further supported the notion that corals are a complex community with bacterial, animal and protistan partners, which when disturbed may see one or several of the previous benign partners becoming pathogenic. In a rapidly changing climate, this conclusion is consistent with the idea that coral diseases are on the rise due to changing environmental circumstances disturbing the balance between these interdependent partners.

Το ριβοσωματικό RNA (rRNA) παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στη διαδικασία της ακριβούς αποκωδικοποίησης της γενετικής πληροφορίας. Σύμφωνα με πρόσφατες κρυσταλλικές δομές υψηλής ευκρίνειας της μικρής υπομονάδας του προκαρυωτικού ριβοσώματος, η περιοχή αποκωδικοποίησης αποτελείται κυρίως από rRNA, περιλαμβάνοντας κυρίως τις έλικες 18 και 34, καθώς και τις αδενίνες Α1492 και Α1493 της έλικας 44 του 16S rRNA. Επιπροσθέτως, ο ρόλος του rRNA στην ακριβή αποκωδικοποίηση της γενετικής πληροφορίας έχει αποκαλυφθεί εκτενώς μέσω κατασταλτικών ή αντικατασταλτικών μεταλλάξεων, οι οποίες αυξάνουν ή μειώνουν τη λανθασμένη ανάγνωση του mRNA, αντίστοιχα. Πολλές από τις μεταλλάξεις αυτές αφορούν στο 16S rRNA της Escherichia coli. Μεταξύ αυτών είναι η μετάλλαξη C310G στην έλικα 12, η G1206C στην έλικα 34 και η G517A στην έλικα 18. Στο πρώτο μέρος της παρούσης μελέτης εξετάσθηκε το αντίκτυπο των αντίστοιχων μεταλλάξεων com1 (C310G), com6 (G1206C) και rdn2 (G517A) στο 18S rRNA του Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Τα κύτταρα yeast μετασχηματίστηκαν με rDNA πλασμίδια αγρίου-τύπου (wt) ή μεταλλαγμένα, τα οποία έφεραν τις προαναφερθείσες μεταλλάξεις. Τα κύτταρα που ελέγχθηκαν ήταν το αγρίου τύπου (rdnwt), τα μεταλλάγματα rdn2, com1, καθώς και τα διπλά μεταλλάγματα com1rdn2 και com6rdn2. Το αντίκτυπο της μετάλλαξης com6 εξήγχθη έμμεσα από το διπλό μετάλλαγμα com6rdn2, αφού το μετάλλαγμα com6 δεν ήταν διαθέσιμο στο Εργαστήριο (Τα στελέχη αυτά χορηγήθηκαν από το Εργαστήριο της Dr Susan Liebman, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA). Όσον αφορά στη μελέτη ανάπτυξης των στελεχών αυτών, τα στελέχη com1 παρουσίασαν εξαιρετικά αργή ανάπτυξη παρουσιάζοντας 3 φορές αύξηση του χρόνου διπλασιασμού τους σε σχέση με τα κύτταρα rdnwt. Αντίθετα, το μετάλλαγμα rdn2 παρουσίασε παρόμοιο φαινότυπο ανάπτυξης με τα rdnwt. Είναι αξιοσημείωτο ότι τα διπλά μεταλλάγματα com1rdn2 και com6rdn2 παρουσίασαν μικρότερο χρόνο διπλασιασμού από τα κύτταρα rdnwt. Όσον αφορά στη μεταφραστική ακρίβεια, το μετάλλαγμα com1 παρουσίασε 1,5 φορά αύξηση στο ρυθμό λανθασμένης ενσωμάτωσης του αμινοξέος λευκίνη σε μία αυξανόμενη αλυσίδα πολυφαινυλαλανίνης κατά την in vitro μετάφραση ενός poly(U) εκμαγείου, σε σχέση με τα κύτταρα rdnwt. Αντίθετα, η μετάλλαξη rdn2 οδήγησε σε μεταφραστική υπερακρίβεια, αφού δεν βρέθηκε καμία ενσωμάτωση λανθασμένου αμινοξέος ανά 10.000 κωδικόνια mRNA. Το διπλό μετάλλαγμα com1rdn2 εμφάνισε παρόμοια επίπεδα μεταφραστικής ακρίβειας με κύτταρα rdnwt. Έτσι, οι μεταλλάξεις com1 και rdn2 επηρρεάζουν τη μεταφραστική ακρίβεια σε ίσο βαθμό, αλλά προς αντίθετες κατευθύνσεις. Το άλλο διπλό μετάλλαγμα της παρούσης μελέτης com6rdn2 παρουσίασε επίσης παρόμοια επίπεδα μεταφραστικής ακρίβειας με το rdnwt, αποκαλύπτοντας έτσι πως η μετάλλαξη com6 οδηγεί επίσης σε μείωση της μεταφραστικής πιστότητας. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά υποδηλώνουν ότι το αντίκτυπο των μεταλλάξεων com1, com6 και rdn2 στην ακρίβεια της μετάφρασης είναι ανεξάρτητο και προσθετικό και όχι συνεργιστικό. Επιπρόσθετη επιβεβαίωση προήλθε με την in vitro μετάφραση εκμαγείων poly(U) παρουσία παρομομυκίνης (PM), ενός αμινογλυκοζιτικού αντιβιοτικού γνωστού για την αύξηση της ενσωμάτωσης λανθασμένων αμινοξέων στην αυξανόμενη πολυπεπτιδική αλυσίδα τόσο στα προκαρυωτικά, όσο και στα ευκαρυωτικά κύτταρα. Το στέλεχος com1 παρουσίασε 3 φορές αύξηση στη συχνότητα λάθους κατά τη μετάφραση σε σχέση με το rdnwt, επιβεβαιώνοντας το χαρακτηρισμό του ώς επιρρεπές σε λάθη μετάλλαγμα. Αντίθετα, το στέλεχος rdn2 εμφάνισε μισή περίπου συχνότητα λαθών κατά τη μετάφραση σε σχέση με τα κύτταρα rdnwt, σε συμφωνία με το προηγούμενο χαρακτηρισμό του ως υπερακριβές μετάλλαγμα. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά επιβεβαιώθηκαν περαιτέρω με in vivo μελέτες ανθεκτικότητας έναντι της PM τόσο σε υγρές όσο και σε στερεές καλλιέργειες (τρυβλία petri). Το μετάλλαγμα com1 βρέθηκε το πιο ευαίσθητο όλων, αφού το 50% αναστολής της ανάπτυξής του παρατηρήθηκε σε μόλις 5 μΜ PM σε σχέση με τα 75 μΜ για το στέλεχος rdnwt. Αντίθετα, η τιμή IC50 της PM για το rdn2μετάλλαγμα βρέθηκε ίσο προς 500 μΜ. Το διπλό μετάλλαγμα com1rdn2 παρουσίασε παρόμοια επίπεδα ευαισθησίας στην PM με rdnwt, ενώ το άλλο διπλό μετάλλαγμα com6rdn2 αποδείχθηκε ως πιο ανθεκτικό (IC50 = 125 μΜ), υποδηλώνοντας ότι η com6 πρέπει να είναι λιγότερο επιρρεπής σε λάθη σε σχέση με την com1 μετάλλαξη. Πειράματα in vivo ανθεκτικότητας στην PM (σε τρυβλία petri) επιβεβαίωσαν τα επίπεδα ευαισθησίας που αποκαλύφθηκαν με τις υγρές καλλιέργειες. Η μελέτη των μεταλλάξεων αυτών ολοκληρώθηκε με πειράματα πρόσδεσης στις θέσεις A και P του ριβοσώματος. Οι μεταλλάξεις που μειώνουν την μεταφραστική πιστότητα οδηγούν και σε αύξηση της ικανότητας πρόσδεσης μορίων αμινο-ακυλο tRNA (aa-tRNA) στη θέση Α του ριβοσώματος, ενώ αντίθετα οι μεταλλάξεις που αυξάνουν την ακρίβεια της μετάφρασης συνοδεύονται και από μείωση της ικανότητας πρόσδεσης aa-tRNAs στη θέση Α του ριβοσώματος. Με τέτοιες μελέτες βρέθηκε ότι η μετάλλαξη com1 οδήγησε σε αύξηση της ικανότητας πρόσδεσης στη θέση Α, αντίθετα με την rdn2, όπου διαπιστώθηκε ακόμη μικρότερη ικανότητα πρόσδεσης και σε σχέση με τα ριβοσώματα αγρίου τύπου. Τα διπλά μεταλλάγματα έδειξαν λίγο μεγαλύτερη ικανότητα πρόσδεσης σε σχέση με αυτά του αγρίου τύπου. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά επιβεβαίωσαν το χαρακτηρισμό των com1 και com6 ως μεταλλάξεις μείωσης της μεταφραστικής ακρίβειας σε αντίθεση με τη μετάλλαξη rdn2, η οποία οδηγεί σε υπερακρίβεια. Όσον αφορά στην ικανότητα πρόσδεσης aa-tRNAs στη θέση P του ριβοσώματος σε σχέση με τα ριβοσώματα αγρίου τύπου (rdnwt), αυτή βρέθηκε μεγαλύτερη στην περίπτωση της com1 μετάλλαξης και μικρότερη στην περίπτωση της rdn2 μετάλλαξης, υποδηλώνοντας ότι η com1 οδηγεί σε μεγαλύτερο ρυθμό πρωτεϊνοσύνθεσης σε σχέση με την υπερακριβή rdn2 μετάλλαξη. Στο δεύτερο μέρος της εργασίας διερευνήσαμε σε συνεργασία με το Εργαστήριο Βιοχημείας του κ. Χρήστου Γεωργίου (Τμήμα Βιολογίας, Παν. Πατρών), για το άν υπάρχει κάποια συσχέτιση μεταξύ της μεταφραστικής πιστότητας και του οξειδωτικού στρες στα ευκαρυωτικά κύτταρα. Για το σκοπό αυτό χρησιμοποιήσαμε δύο καλά μελετημένα μεταλλαγμένα στελέχη S. cerevisiae στο Εργαστήριό μας με αντίθετες επιπτώσεις στη μεταφραστική ακρίβεια. Αυτά ήταν το sup45 μετάλλαγμα (επιρρεπές σε λάθη με συχνότητα λάνθασμένης ενσωμάτωσης αμινοξεών ίση προς 0,0166) καθώς και το τριπλό μετάλλαγμα sup45rdn4rdn6 (συχνότητα λάθους: 0,0057), στο οποίο γίνεται η επαναφορά της μεταφραστικής ακρίβειας στα επίπεδα των μορίων αγρίου τύπου (0,0036). Οι μεταλλάξεις rdn4 και rdn6 αφορούν στην έλικα 27 του 18S rRNA, ενώ η μετάλλαξη sup45 πρόκειται για μία κατασταλτική μετάλλαξη στο γονίδιο που κωδικοποιεί για τον πράγοντα τερματισμού της πρωτεϊνοσύνθεσης eRF-1. Οι οξειδωτικοί δείκτες που μετρήθηκαν ήταν η μαλονική διαλδεϋδη (MDA: κύριο προϊόν υπεροξείδωσης λιπιδίων), η οξειδωμένη γλουταθειόνη (GSSG), οξειδωμένα μη πρωτεϊνικά μόρια (NPSSR), καθώς και οξειδωμένα πρωτεϊνικά μόρια (PSSP). Οι αντιοξειδωτικοί δείκτες που μετρήθηκαν ήταν τα ανηγμένα πρωτεϊνικά μόρια που φέρουν ελεύθερες σουλφυδρυλομάδες (PSH), καθώς και το κλάσμα PSH/PSSP μέσα στα κυτταρικά εκχυλίσματα. Εν συντομία, το επιρρεπές σε λάθη κατα τη μετάφραση μετάλλαγμα sup45 μείωσε τα επίπεδα των οξειδωτικών δεικτών σε αντίθεση με το πιο ακριβές τριπλό μετάλλαγμα sup45rdn4rdn6, στο οποίο παρατηρήθηκε αύξηση των δεικτών αυτών. Περαιτέρω επιβεβαίωση των αποτελεσμάτων αυτών προήλθε με την χρήση παρομομυκίνης κατά την ανάπτυξη των στελεχών αυτών (μειώνει τη μεταφραστική πιστότητα) και τη διεξαγωγή των μετρήσεων αυτών των δεικτών οξειδωτικού στρες εκ νέου. Τα αποτελέσματα των πειραμάτων με χρήση PM έδειξαν στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις σημαντική μείωση των επιπέδων οξειδωτικού στρες. Εν κατακλείδι, τα αποτελέσματα του δεύτερου μέρους της Μεταπτυχιακής αυτής Διατριβής υποδηλώνουν ότι στα ευκαρυωτικά κύτταρα η μείωση της μεταφραστικής πιστότητας οδηγεί σε μείωση του οξειδωτικού στρες σε αυτά και το αντίστροφο. / The ribosomal RNA (rRNA) plays a key role in the process of the accurate decoding of genetic information. According to recently derived high-resolution crystal structures of the prokaryotic small ribosomal subunit, the decoding site is mainly composed of RNA, including helices 18 and 34 as well as adenines A1492 and A1493 of helix 44 of the 16S rRNA. Furthermore, the role of ribosomal RNA in the accurate decoding of genetic information has been largely uncovered by suppressor or antisuppressor mutations that increase or decrease misreading respectively. Many of these mutations are in 16S rRNA of Escherichia coli. Among these are C310G in helix 12, G1206C in helix 34 and G517A in helix 18. In the first part of this study we examined the function of the corresponding mutations com1 (C310G), com6 (G1206C) and rdn2 (G517A) in 18S rRNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast cells were transformed with wild-type or mutant rDNA plasmids carrying the afore-mentioned site-directed mutations. The strains examined were the wild-type (rdnwt), mutants rdn2, com1 and the double mutants com1rdn2 and com6rdn2. The properties of mutation com6 were only deduced from the double mutant com6rdn2, since mutation com6 was not available individually. The mutants were first constructed in Prof. Susan Liebman’s laboratory at the University of Illinois at Chicago, USA. Strains com1 were viable but exhibited an extraordinary slow growth phenotype as they displayed a 3-fold increase of their doubling time over the rdnwt. On the other hand, rdn2 mutants displayed a growth phenotype similar to that of rdnwt cells. Interestingly, the double mutants com1rdn2 and com6rdn2 abolished the slow growth phenotype and grew faster than rdnwt. Regarding translational accuracy, com1 mutant displayed a 1.5-fold increase of the rate of misincorporation of the nearcognate amino acid leucine in a growing polyphenylalanine chain with poly(U) as template over rdnwt. In contrast, mutation rdn2 displayed impressive hyperaccuracy as it was found that none nearcognate aminoacid is added in 10.000 mRNA codons. Moreover, the double mutant com1rdn2 exhibited misreading levels similar to those of the rdnwt. Thus, com1 and rdn2 affect the decoding process to an equal degree but in reverse ways. The other double mutant under study, com6rdn2 also displayed an error frequency similar to that of rdnwt revealing that com6 is an error-prone mutation as well. These results imply that the effects of mutations com1, com6 and rdn2 on translational accuracy are independent and additive rather than synergistic. Additional confirmation came by in vitro translation of poly(U) templates in the presence of paromomycin (PM), which is an aninoglycoside antibiotic known to induce suppression of the genetic code. Strain com1 displayed a 3-fold increase of error frequency over rdnwt, confirming its characterization as an error-prone mutant. In contrast, rdn2 displayed an error frequency about half of that observed for the rdnwt, compatible with its characterization as a hyperaccurate mutant. The previous results were confirmed by in vivo resistance studies toward PM in liquid cultures and on Petri plates. Mutant com1 was the most sensitive of all, as 50% inhibition of its growth was observed at only 5 μΜ PM compared to 75 μΜ for rdnwt. In contrast, the IC50 value of PM for the rdn2 mutant was 500 μΜ. The double mutant com1rdn2 exhibited a resistance to PM similar to rdnwt, and the other double mutant com6rdn2 was more resistant (IC50 = 125 μΜ), implying that com6 should be a less error-prone mutation than com1. In vivo resistance to PM (on petri dishes) confirmed the sensitivity levels found in liquid cultures. The study of these mutations was completed by A- and P-site binding experiments. An increase in A-site binding of aa-tRNA may arise from a higher affinity to accept noncognate tRNAs and is related to error-prone mutations, whereas a decrease is related to error-restrictive mutations. Binding of Phe-tRNA to A-site of com1 mutants was much higher than in rdnwt. In contrast, binding to A-site of rdn2 was much lower than in rdnwt. Finally, the double mutants showed an A-site binding capacity slightly higher than the wild-type. These results confirmed that com1 and com6 are error-prone mutations, whereas rdn2 an error-restrictive mutation. With regards to P-site, com1 displayed a higher binding capacity and rdn2 a lower binding capacity compared to wild-type, indicating that com1 may have a higher protein synthesis activity than rdn2. In the second part of this study, we (in cooperation with Dr Christos Georgiou’s lab; Dept. of Biology, University of Patras) investigated whether any correlation between the translational fidelity and oxidative stress exists in eukaryotic cells. We used mutants already studied in our lab for their effects on translational fidelity and other aspects of protein synthesis. These were the sup45 mutant encoding the eRF-1 release factor and the triple mutant sup45rdn4rdn6 which carries, in addition to sup45, mutations rdn4 and rdn6 in helix 27 of the 18S rRNA. Mutant sup45 is error-prone (E.F. = 0.0166), while rdn4, rdn6 are both error-restrictive. The triple mutant sup45rdn4rdn6 diplays an error frequency of 0.0057, equal to the sum of the error frequencies of the individual mutations. The error frequency of the rdnwt is 0.0036. The oxidative markers measured were malondialdehyde (MDA, the main product of lipid peroxidation), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), oxidized non protein molecules (NPSSR), and oxidized protein molecules (PSSP). On the other hand, the antioxidative markers measured were t reduced protein molecules carrying –SH groups (PSH), as well as the ratio PSH/PSSP in the cell. In brief, the error-prone mutant sup45 was shown to decrease the concentrations of the various oxidative markers, while the comparatively error-restrictive triple mutant sup45rdn4rdn6 was shown to increase them. To further test the hypothesis that the oxidative status of a yeast cell may be related to the level of translational accuracy, we repeated the above experiments using PM. Our results with PM showed in most cases a decrease in the concentrations of the various oxidative markers. This is compatible with the notion that an increase in translational errors causes a decrease in oxidative stress and vice versa.

Submitted by Luciana de Cenço Correa Lacerda (lulacerda2@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-06-21T19:31:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Luciana 21.06.18 PRONTA.pdf: 1525467 bytes, checksum: a6d6df3286d60500baf769d3035234e1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Neli Silvia Pereira null (nelisps@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-06-25T18:40:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lacerda_lcc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1525467 bytes, checksum: a6d6df3286d60500baf769d3035234e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-25T18:40:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lacerda_lcc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1525467 bytes, checksum: a6d6df3286d60500baf769d3035234e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Lesões na pele podem resultar em feridas que, dependendo do tempo de reparação tissular podem ser classificadas como agudas ou crônicas, sendo crônicas aquelas que não apresentaram cicatrização dentro do período de quatro semanas. A ferida é contaminada por diferentes espécies bacterianas, sendo o sistema imunológico da pele o responsável por impedir que tais contaminações evoluam para infecções. No entanto, muitas vezes o quadro infeccioso é instalado, havendo necessidade de tratamento com antimicrobianos. Tendo em vista que o mau uso de antimicrobianos provoca resistência a multidrogas em estirpes bacterianas potencialmente patogênicas, este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar as bactérias prevalentes em feridas agudas e crônicas de cães por meio de sequenciamento da região 16S rRNA e testar a sensibilidade dos isolados a diferentes antimicrobianos. Para tanto, foram amostradas 20 feridas, sendo cada uma de um cão atendido no Hospital Veterinário da UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal. De cada ferida foram obtidos dez isolados, os quais foram selecionados para o sequenciamento de DNA por meio de comparação entre os perfis genéticos obtidos pelo emprego de marcador molecular randômico. Foram sequenciados 74 isolados identificados como pertencentes a oito gêneros de bactérias gram-negativas, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella spp., Kluyvera georgiana e Providencia stuartii, e três de gram-positivas, Enterococcus sp., Staphylococcus spp. e Bacillus spp. Casos de cães com feridas agudas ou crônicas, associadas a mais de um gênero bacteriano, foram de 85,7% e 30,7%, respectivamente. Isolados da espécie S. aureus apresentaram amplificação para quatro genes codificadores das enterotoxinas sea, seh, see e hlg, enquanto um isolado de B. cereus foi positivo para a presença dos genes hblA, hblC, hblD, nheA, nheB, nheC e entFM. Dois dos isolados de E. coli (6%) apresentaram o gene blaCTX-M-2 e provaram ser resistentes à cefotaxima, um antibiótico do grupo dos β-lactâmicos. Todos os isolados avaliados apresentaram resistência a pelo menos um dos antimicrobianos testados, sendo metronidazol, cefalexina e cefazolina, aqueles pelos quais os isolados mostraram maior resistência. Cinco pacientes que estavam sob antibioticoterapia no momento da coleta possuíam estirpes resistentes aos antimicrobianos pelos quais estavam sendo tratados. Tendo em vista que há uma grande diversidade bacteriana resistente à multidrogas colonizando feridas cutâneas agudas e crônicas de cães, a implantação de antibiogramas previamente à recomendação de antimicrobianos é prática imprescindível e deve ser implantada para preservação da saúde animal e, consequentemente, pública. / Skin lesions can result in cutaneous wounds that may be classified as acute or chronic depending on the period of time spent in tissue repairment. Wounds that have not healed within four weeks are generally classified as chronic. The wound is contaminated by different bacterial species and the immune system of the skin is responsible for preventing infections. Nonetheless, the infectious process is often developed and antimicrobial treatment become necessary. Considering that the misuse of antimicrobials provokes multidrug resistance in potentially pathogenic bacterial strains, this work aimed to identify prevalent bacteria in acute and chronic wounds of dogs by 16S rRNA sequencing and to test the sensitivity of the isolates to different antimicrobials. For that, 20 wounds were sampled, each one from a dog admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. From each wound ten isolates were obtained, which were selected for DNA sequencing through genetic profiles comparison by applying a random molecular marker. Seventy-five isolates were identified as belonging to eight Gram-negative bacteria genera, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella spp., Kluyvera georgiana and Providencia stuartii, and to three gram-positive bacteria genera, Enterococcus sp., Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. Cases of dogs with acute or chronic wounds associated to more than one bacterial genus were 85.7% and 30.7%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus isolates presented amplification to four enterotoxin encoding the genes sea, seh, see and hlg, whereas a B. cereus isolate was positive for hblA, hblC, hblD, nheA, nheB, nheC and entFM genes. Two of the E. coli isolates (6%) presented the blaCTX-M-2 gene and proved to be resistant to cefotaxime, a β-lactam antibiotic. All isolates evaluated were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested, being metronidazole, cephalexin and cefazolin the ones for those the isolates showed to be more resistant. Five patients undergoing antibiotic therapy at the same period of sampling presented resistants bacterial strains to the antibiotics by which the patients were being treated. Considering that there is great multidrug resistant bacterial diversity colonizing acute and chronic cutaneous wounds of dogs, the implantation of antibiograms prior to the antimicrobials recommendation is a practice to be implemented in order to preserve animal and, consequently, public health.