The Russian engineering corps was almost completely transformed during the first five-year plan, which ran from 1928-1932. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the nature of that change, and the forces that drove it. In this paper, I will argue that the corps was transformed in four fundamental ways: class composition, skill level, role in production, and political orientation. This paper begins by examining the old engineering corps on the eve of the first five year plan. Specifically, it examines Russian engineers as a subgroup of the intelligentsia, and how that problematized their relationship with power. I next examine how the Soviet government forcibly reshaped the engineering corps by pressure from above, specifically by a combination of state terror and worker-promotion campaigns. These two phenomena were closely intertwined. Along with collectivization and crash industrialization, they were part of the "Cultural Revolution" that reshaped Russian society in this period. I next examine how the campaign of terror against engineers was used by Stalin and his camp for political gain on a variety of fronts. Lastly, I will examine how engineers became part of the Soviet elite after 1931. For sources, I rely especially on the correspondence between Stalin, Kaganovich, and Molotov, which was published in the Yale University Annals of Communism series. I also draw heavily on The Harvard Refugee Interview Project, memoirs, and the collected works of Joseph Stalin. / History

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This thesis presents a comparative study between the short stories of Turgenev and those of the French Naturalists - Daudet and Zola. The study of the French language brought me to the realization that certain works of Daudet, for instance, could be compared to the ones of Turgenev, with whom I was familiar from my school years in Russia. Their style is very much the same. But to tie their stories to the work of Zola was a somewhat more difficult task. And yet, I will show the parallels between the short stories of Turgenev and Zola as well, especially because in the eyes of many, Zola is known as the greatest representative of the Naturalist novel. The research has confirmed the possibility of existing parallels between the stories of the three writers. I will try to show that the role of Turgenev's sketches is somewhat of a link between the Russian and French school of Naturalism. I will examine the similarities in form and style of the sketches of Turgenev, Daudet, and Zola. Their sketches' general characteristic, such as the technique of hiding the intent of the sketch, often makes the work more difficult to understand. At the same time there seems to be at least one major difference. It is the role of nature. The way the three authors approach this subject in their stories may reflect their cultural differences. Turgenev addresses nature as a story character that is equal to the other characters. To him, nature is the most powerful and purest form of this life. I think that Daudet comes close to Turgenev in these descriptions. He also reveals certain romantic ways in his stories. But Daudet does not have Turgenev's lyricism, which was introduced to Turgenev by life in the agrarian countryside of Russia. Daudet sees the beauty of nature, but he, as well as Zola, uses these descriptions for background scenes only. They add to the color of their sketches, making them more real and dimensional. In order to explain the existing difference in the writers' attitudes towards nature, I have included a brief overview of the historical situation, which existed in the countries in the middle of nineteenth century Realism. The non-parallel development of France and Russia is perhaps one of the reasons for the difference between the two literary schools of these countries. Also, I will show the existing confusion in the classification of the genre of the sketch. I mention that the major difference between a short story and a sketch lies in the fact that the former describes events, while the latter describes conditions. A sketch is like a photograph that catches the moment on film, while a short story is a narration of some particular action. I try to follow the guidelines suggested by Russian formalists, and use the established opinion that Daudet in France, just as Turgenev in Russia, is believed to have given the genre of sketch a “particular direction." After having set all these guidelines which I think ought to be introduced before the actual comparison of the stories, I will show the examples of possible comparison of the works of the writers. And my conclusion is that Turgenev's sketches are not isolated. In his shocking portrayal of the reality of serfdom he is close to Zola. But, in his artistic form he differs from Zola and comes close to the more romantic writings of Daudet. The unity of place, action, and the detailed descriptions are present in the work of all three writers. The concentration on mood and atmosphere prevails in the stories of Turgenev and Daudet as opposed to the more realistic and brutal themes of Zola. But if Turgenev's work shares the romanticism of the nature descriptions with that of Daudet, in the convincing portrait of situations Turgenev is as powerful as Zola.

Thesis is about specifics of russian market and different factors influencing chosen companies operating there. It is devided into four main parts. PEST factors of the russian market are analyzed in the first part. The second and third part is dealing with strategies of czech companies Karex Corp. and Avia Ashok Leyland Motors Ltd. that are present in Russia. It includes also recommondation for the future strategy. Comparison of two companies based on their approach to russian specifics and PEST factors is done in the last part.

This work is aimed to give complete information about Russian market to Czech enterprising subject, which think over entering this market. The interest about entering to the market of Russian Federation is growing up, but there is shortage of information. In my work I tried to show Russian business environment from different points of view.

Este trabalho apresenta a tradução de quatro contos de Aleksandr Púchkin: Do Editor, A Nevasca, A Senhorita Camponesa e História do Povoado de Goriúkhino, seguidos de um comentário. No começo do século XIX, a ficção de prosa era vista como um gênero menor na Rússia. O livro Contos do Falecido Ivan Pietróvitch Biélkin, de Púchkin, publicado em 1831, é considerado um marco na história da literatura russa e a inauguração de uma tradição de prosa ficcional. Púchkin dialoga constantemente com a obra de Karamzin, seu mentor desde a juventude e escritor consagrado na época. Karamzin era autor de diversos idílios e novelas sentimentalistas no campo da ficção, e de obras sobre a história da Rússia. Sua influência transparece nos personagens dos contos de Púchkin, mas as expectativas do leitor são sempre subvertidas. / This work brings the translation of four short stories by Aleksandr Pushkin: From de Editor, The Snowstorm, Mistress into Maid and History of the Village of Goriukhino, followed by a comment. In the early nineteenth century, prose fiction was regarded a minor genre in Russia. The book The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin, published in 1831, is a landmark in the history of Russian literature and the start of a prose fiction tradition. Pushkins work often refers to Karamzin, his mentor since youth and a renowed writer at that time. Karamzin was the author of many idylls and sentimentalist novels, in fiction, and of books about Russian history. His influence is seen in the characters of Pushkins tales, who ironically subverts the reader expectations.

Este trabalho apresenta a tradução de quatro contos de Aleksandr Púchkin: Do Editor, A Nevasca, A Senhorita Camponesa e História do Povoado de Goriúkhino, seguidos de um comentário. No começo do século XIX, a ficção de prosa era vista como um gênero menor na Rússia. O livro Contos do Falecido Ivan Pietróvitch Biélkin, de Púchkin, publicado em 1831, é considerado um marco na história da literatura russa e a inauguração de uma tradição de prosa ficcional. Púchkin dialoga constantemente com a obra de Karamzin, seu mentor desde a juventude e escritor consagrado na época. Karamzin era autor de diversos idílios e novelas sentimentalistas no campo da ficção, e de obras sobre a história da Rússia. Sua influência transparece nos personagens dos contos de Púchkin, mas as expectativas do leitor são sempre subvertidas. / This work brings the translation of four short stories by Aleksandr Pushkin: From de Editor, The Snowstorm, Mistress into Maid and History of the Village of Goriukhino, followed by a comment. In the early nineteenth century, prose fiction was regarded a minor genre in Russia. The book The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin, published in 1831, is a landmark in the history of Russian literature and the start of a prose fiction tradition. Pushkins work often refers to Karamzin, his mentor since youth and a renowed writer at that time. Karamzin was the author of many idylls and sentimentalist novels, in fiction, and of books about Russian history. His influence is seen in the characters of Pushkins tales, who ironically subverts the reader expectations.

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The thesis discusses the fundamental differences between the legal systems of Russia and Czech Republic, the legal forms of business and process of establishing companies in Russia. The work also deals with the characteristics of the legal consciousness of Russians and Russian mentality traits that affect business communications. There are discussed not only the basic cultural dimensions but also the latest trends in the development of Russian business culture. The key to a successful business in Russia is willingness to solve problems, not only through formal (e.g. law enforcement), but also informal way - through personal relationships. In comparison with the Czech character the Russian one is distinguished by greater openness and emotionality, including readiness to open conflict, and greater interpenetration of personal and professional relationships. Establishment of a company in Russia is much simpler and cheaper than in Czech Republic.