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Propagation of Shear Waves Generated by a Finite-amplitude Ultrasound Radiation Force in a Viscoelastic MediumGiannoula, Alexia 31 July 2008 (has links)
A primary purpose of elasticity imaging, commonly known as elastography, is to extract the viscoelastic properties of a medium (including soft tissue) from the displacement caused by a stress field. Dynamic elastography methods that use the acoustic radiation force of ultrasound have several advantages, such as, non-invasiveness, low cost, and ability to produce a highly localized force field.
A method for remotely generating localized low frequency shear waves in soft tissue is investigated, by using the modulated radiation force resulting from two intersecting quasi-CW confocal ultrasound beams of slightly different frequencies. In contrast to most radiation force-based methods previously presented, such shear waves are narrowband rather than broadband. As they propagate within a viscoelastic medium, different frequency-dependent effects will not significantly affect their spectrum, thereby providing a means for measuring the shear attenuation and speed as a function of frequency. Furthermore, to improve the detection signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), increased acoustic pressure conditions may be needed, causing higher harmonics to be generated due to nonlinear propagation effects. Shear-wave propagation at harmonic modulation frequencies does not appear to have been previously discussed in the elastography literature.
The properties of the narrowband shear wave propagation in soft tissue are studied by using the Voigt viscoelastic model and Green’s functions. In particular, the manner in which the characteristics of the viscoelastic medium affect their evolution under both low-amplitude (linear) and high-amplitude (nonlinear) source excitation and conditions that conform to human safety standards. It is shown that an exact solution of the viscoelastic Green’s function is needed to properly represent the propagation in higher-viscosity media, such as soft tissue, at frequencies much beyond a few hundred hertz. Methods for estimating the shear modulus and viscosity in viscoelastic media are developed based on both the fundamental and harmonic shear components.
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Estudo da força de radiação acústica em partículas produzida por ondas progressivas e estacionárias. / Acoustic radiation force on particles produced by progressive and standing waves.Marco Aurélio Brizzotti Andrade 28 January 2010 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o fenômeno da força de radiação acústica produzida por ondas progressivas e estacionárias. Neste trabalho o estudo da força produzida por ondas estacionárias é aplicado na análise de um levitador acústico e o estudo da força de radiação acústica por ondas progressivas é feito visando a futura construção de um separador acústico. Neste trabalho é utilizado o método dos elementos finitos para simular o comportamento de um levitador acústico. Primeiramente, é feita a simulação de um levitador acústico que consiste de um transdutor de Langevin com uma face de emissão plana que opera na freqüência de aproximadamente 20 kHz e um refletor plano. O método dos elementos finitos é utilizado para determinar o deslocamento da face do transdutor e o potencial acústico que atua numa esfera pequena. O deslocamento da face do transdutor obtido numericamente é comparado com o medido experimentalmente por um vibrômetro de fibra ótica e o potencial acústico determinado pelo método dos elementos é verificado experimentalmente colocando pequenas esferas de isopor no levitador. Depois de verificar o modelo numérico, o método dos elementos finitos é utilizado na otimização de um levitador acústico composto de um refletor côncavo e um transdutor com face de emissão côncava. Os resultados numéricos mostram que a força de radiação acústica no novo levitador é aumentada em 604 vezes quando comparada com o levitador composto de um transdutor com face plana e refletor plano. Este trabalho também apresenta um modelo numérico para determinar a trajetória de partículas esféricas na presença de uma onda de ultra-som progressiva. O modelo assume que as seguintes forças atuam na partícula: gravidade, empuxo, forças viscosas e força de radiação acústica devido a uma onda progressiva. Com o objetivo de não restringir o tamanho das partículas que podem ser utilizadas no modelo é empregada uma equação empírica do coeficiente de arrasto, válida para uma grande faixa de número de Reynolds. O modelo proposto requer a distribuição de pressão gerada pelo transdutor de ultra-som. A distribuição de pressão é medida experimentalmente utilizando um hidrofone calibrado. A verificação do modelo é feita soltando-se pequenas esferas de vidro (com diâmetros da ordem de 500 m) em frente a um transdutor de ultra-som de 1 MHz e 35 mm de diâmetro. / The objective of this work is to study the acoustic radiation force produced by progressive and standing waves. In this work, the studies related to the acoustic radiation force generated by ultrasonic standing waves are applied in the analysis of an acoustic levitator and the studies involving the acoustic radiation force generated by progressive waves are conducted aiming the design of acoustic separators. In this work, the finite element method is used to simulate an acoustic levitator. First, an acoustic levitator consisting of a 20 kHz Langevin ultrasonic transducer with a plane radiating surface and a plane reflector is simulated by the finite element method. The finite element method is used to determine the transducer face displacement and the acoustic radiation potential that acts on a small sphere. The numerical displacement is compared with that obtained by a fiber-optic vibration sensor and the acoustic radiation potential determined by the finite element method is verified experimentally by placing small Styrofoam spheres in the levitator. After verifying the numerical method, the finite element method was used to optimize an acoustic levitator consisting of a concave-faced transducer and a curved reflector. The numerical results show that the acoustic radiation force in the new levitator is enhanced 604 times compared with the levitator consisting of a plane transducer and a plane reflector. This work also presents a numerical model to determine the trajectory of sphere particles when submitted to ultrasonic progressive waves. This model assumes that the following forces act on the particle: gravity, buoyancy, viscous forces and acoustic radiation force due to the progressive wave. In order not to restrict the model to a small particle size range, the viscous forces that act on the sphere are modeled by an empirical relationship of drag coefficient that is valid for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The numerical model requires the pressure field radiated by the ultrasonic transducer. The pressure field is obtained experimentally by using a calibrated needle hydrophone. The numerical model validation is done by dropping small glass spheres (on the order of 500 m diameter) in front of a 1-MHz 35-mm diameter ultrasonic transducer.
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The efficiency of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging for the staging of graft fibrosis after liver transplantation / acoustic radiation force impulseを用いた肝硬度測定による移植後肝グラフトの線維化予測Yoshino, Kenji 25 March 2019 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21643号 / 医博第4449号 / 新制||医||1034(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 川口 義弥, 教授 坂井 義治, 教授 羽賀 博典 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
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Klinischer Nutzen von Abdomensonographie und Leberelastographie zur Prädiktion und Diagnostik von Komplikationen bei allogener StammzelltransplantationKunde, Jacqueline 17 December 2015 (has links)
Die vorliegende medizinische Dissertation untersucht nicht-invasive bildgebende Verfahren wie die konventionelle Sonographie, die Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI)-Elastographie sowie die Transiente Elastographie (TE) zur Detektion von Komplikationen in der Frühphase nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation. Dem kurativen Therapieansatz der Stammzelltransplantation steht ein hohes Komplikationspotential gegenüber. Besonders hepatobiliär treten Graft-versus-host Erkrankungen (GvHD) sowie Gefäßkomplikationen (VOD) auf. Der bisherige diagnostische Goldstandard, die Leberbiopsie, ist als invasives Verfahren mit einer hohen Intra- und Inter-Untersucher-Variabilität sowie der geringen Repräsentativität als Screeningmethode ungeeignet. Die Elastographieverfahren ARFI und TE als nicht-invasive Alternativen ermitteln die Lebergewebesteifigkeit als Surrogatparameter fibrotischer Veränderungen und wurden bereits in zahlreichen Studien als geeignete Diagnoseverfahren für Leberfibrose und -zirrhose unterschiedlicher Ätiologie definiert.
Ziel dieser prospektiven Pilotstudie war die Evaluation der genannten Methoden zur Detektion von Frühkomplikationen nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass sowohl die konventionelle Sonographie als auch die Transiente Elastographie pathologische Organveränderungen vor allem des hepatobiliären Systems detektieren können. Allerdings erscheinen diese Veränderungen unspezifisch. Es bestehen keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen Patienten mit und ohne Komplikationen. Anders bei der ARFI-Elastographie. Hier zeigten die Messwerte im linken Leberlappen signifikant höhere Werte bei Patienten mit Komplikationen. Zusammenfassend ist die ARFI-Elastographie zur Prädiktion möglicher Komplikationen nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation geeignet, sollte allerdings mit anderen diagnostischen Verfahren ergänzt werden.:III. Inhaltsverzeichnis
I. Vorbemerkungen 2
II. Bibliographische Beschreibung 3
III. Inhaltsverzeichnis 4
IV. Abkürzungsverzeichnis 5
1. Einleitung
1.1. Hämatopoetische Stammzelltransplantation 6
2. Komplikationen nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation und deren Diagnostik
2.1. Akute Komplikationen 8
2.2. Akute und chronische Graft-versus-host Erkrankung 9
2.3. Hepatobiliäre Komplikationen 12
2.3.1. Veno-occlusive disease 12
2.3.2. Drug-induced liver injury 14
2.3.3. Problematik der Diagnostik 16
3. Risikostratifizierung bei Stammzelltransplantation 16
3.1. Karnovsky Index und Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Index 16
3.2. Hematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity index 17
3.3. Leberspezifisches Risikoassessment 18
4. Nicht-invasive Leberdiagnostik 19
4.1. Konventionelle Sonographie 19
4.2. Elastographie 20
4.2.1. Transiente Elastographie 21
4.2.2. Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging 22
5. Prospektive Studie: Sonographische Evaluation von Komplikationen in der
Frühphase nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation 23
5.1. Methodik 24
5.2. Eigener Arbeitsanteil 24
6. Publikationsmanuskript 25
7. Zusammenfassung 32
8. Literaturverzeichnis 36
9. Selbständigkeitserklärung 44
10. Lebenslauf 45
11. Danksagung 46
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Liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B: a study of the natural history using transient elastography. / CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collectionJanuary 2010 (has links)
Abstract not available. / by Wong Lai-hung, Grace. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 218-252). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
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The Potential for Ultrasonic Image-Guided Therapy Using a Diagnostic SystemBing, Kristin Frinkley 13 November 2008 (has links)
<p>Ultrasound can be used for a variety of therapeutic purposes. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has progressed over the past decade to become a viable therapeutic method and is valuable as a non-invasive alternative to many surgical procedures. Ultrasonic thermal therapies can also be used to release
thermally sensitive liposomes encapsulating chemotherapeutic drugs. In the brain, the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to drugs, antibodies, and gene transfer
can be increased with a mechanical mechanism using ultrasound and contrast
agent.</p><p>The work presented in this dissertation tests the hypothesis that a diagnostic
system can be used for combined imaging and therapeutic applications. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of a diagnostic system for use in therapeutic applications, a set of non-destructive tests is developed that can predict the potential for high
acoustic output. A rigorous, nondestructive testing regimen for standard, diagnostic transducers to evaluate their potential for therapeutic use is formulated. Based
on this work, transducer heating is identified as the largest challenge. The design and evaluation of several custom diagnostic transducers with various modifications to reduce internal heating are described. These transducers are compared with diagnostic
controls using image contrast, face heating, hydrophone, and ARFI displacement measurements. From these results, we conclude that the most promising design is a passively and actively cooled, PZT-4 multilayer composite transducer, while the
acoustically lossless lens and capactive micro-machined transducers evaluated herein are determined to be ineffective.</p><p>Three therapeutic applications are evaluated for the combined system. Image-guided spot ablations, such as in the treatment of early stage liver cancers, could not be successfully performed; however, the additional acoustic output requirements are determined to be on the order of 2.4 times those that can be currently produced without transducer damage in a clinically relevant amount of time (10-20 seconds per spot). The potential of a diagnostic system for a hyperthermia application is shown
by producing temperatures for the duration necessary to release chemotherapeutic agents from thermally-activated liposomes without damage to the transducer. Finally, a mechanically-based therapeutic method for opening the BBB with ultrasonic
contrast agent and specialized sonication regimes under ultrasonic B-mode guidance is demonstrated.</p><p>These studies indicate that a diagnostic system is capable of both moderate thermal and mechanical therapeutic applications under co-registered image-guidance.</p> / Dissertation
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An Acoustic-based Microfluidic Platform for Active Separation and MixingJo, Myeong Chan 01 January 2013 (has links)
Particle separation is of great interest to many biological and biomedical applications. Flow-based methods have been used to sort particles and cells. However, the main challenge with flow based particle separation systems is the need for a sheath flow for successful operation. Existence of the sheath liquid dilutes the analyte, necessitates precise flow control between sample and sheath flow, requires a complicated design to create sheath flow and separation efficiency depends on the sheath liquid composition. In addition, current gold standard active separation techniques are only capable of separation based on particle size; hence, separation cannot be achieved for same-size particles with different densities. In this dissertation, a sheathless acoustic-based microfluidic platform using surface acoustic wave for not only size-dependent but also density-dependent particle separation has been investigated. In this platform, two different functions were incorporated within a single microfluidic channel with varying the number of pressure node and position. The first function was to align particles on the center of the microfluidic channel without adding any external sheath flow. The second function was to separate particles according to their size or density. Two different size-pairs of polystyrene particles with different diameters (3 µm and 10 µm for general size-resolution, 3 µm and 5 µm for higher size-resolution) were successfully separated. Also, the separation of two 10 µm diameter, different-density particle streams (polystyrene: 1.05 g/cm3, melamine: 1.71 g/cm3) was successfully demonstrated. The effects of the input power, the flow rate, and particle concentration on the separation efficiency were investigated. A range of high separation efficiencies with 94.8-100 % for size-based separation and 87.2 - 98.9 % for density-based separation were accomplished.
In this dissertation, an acoustic-based microfluidic platform using dual acoustic streaming for active mixing has also been investigated. The rapid and high efficiency mixing of a fluorescent dye solution and deionized water in a microfluidic channel was demonstrated with single acoustic excitation by one interdigital transducer (IDT) as well as dual excitation by two IDTs. The mixing efficiencies were investigated as a function of applied voltage and flow rates. The results indicate that with the same operation parameters, the mixing efficiency with dual-IDT design increased to 96.7 % from 69.8 % achievable with the traditional single-IDT design. The effect of aperture length of the IDT on mixing efficiency was also investigated.
Additionally, the effects of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel wall thickness on the insertion loss and the particle migration to the pressure node due to acoustic radiation forces induced by SAW have been investigated. The results indicate that as the PDMS channel wall thickness decreased, the SAW insertion loss is reduced as well as the velocity of the particle migration due to acoustic forces increased significantly. As an example, reducing the side wall thickness of the PDMS channel from 8 mm to 2 mm in the design results in 31.2 % decrease in the insertion loss at the resonant frequency of 13.3 MHz and 186 % increase the particle migration velocity at the resonant frequency of 13.3 MHz with input power of 27 dBm.
Lastly, a novel acoustic-based method of manipulating the particles using phase-shift has been proposed and demonstrated. The location of the pressure node was adjusted simply by modulating the relative phase difference (phase-shift) between two IDTs. As a result, polystyrene particles of 5 µm diameter trapped in the pressure node were manipulated laterally across the microfluidic channel. The lateral displacements of the particles from -72.5 µm to 73.1 µm along the x-direction were accomplished by varying the phase-shift with a range of -180° to 180°. The relationship between the particle displacement and the phase-shift of SAW was obtained experimentally and shown to agree with theoretical prediction of the particle position.
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Shear Wave Imaging using Acoustic Radiation ForceWang, Michael Haizhou January 2013 (has links)
<p>Tissue stiffness can be an indicator of various types of ailments. However, no standard diagnostic imaging modality has the capability to depict the stiffness of tissue. To overcome this deficiency, various elasticity imaging methods have been proposed over the past 20 years. A promising technique for elasticity imaging is acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) based shear wave imaging. Spatially localized acoustic radiation force excitation is applied impulsively to generate shear waves in tissue and its stiffness is quantified by measuring the shear wave speed (SWS).</p><p>The aim of this thesis is to contribute to both the clinical application of ARFI shear wave imaging and its technical development using the latest advancements in ultrasound imaging capabilities.</p><p>To achieve the first of these two goals, a pilot imaging study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of ARFI shear wave imaging for the assessment of liver fibrosis using a rodent model of the disease. The stiffness of severely fibrotic rat livers were found to be significantly higher than healthy livers. In addition, liver stiffness was correlated with fibrosis as quantified using collagen content.</p><p>Based on these findings, an imaging study was conducted on patients undergoing liver biopsy at the Duke University Medical Center. A robust SWS estimation algorithm was implemented to deal with noisy patient shear wave data using the random sample consensus (RANSAC) approach. RANSAC estimated liver stiffness was found to be higher in severely fibrotic and cirrhotic livers, suggesting that ARFI shear wave imaging may potentially be useful for the staging of severe</p><p>fibrosis in humans.</p><p>To achieve the second aim of this thesis, a system capable of monitoring ARFI induced shear wave propagation in 3D was implemented using a 2D matrix array transducer. This capability was previously unavailable with conventional 1D arrays. This system was used to study the precision of time-of-flight (TOF) based SWS estimation. It was found that by placing tracking beam locations at the edges of the SWS measurement region of interest using the 2D matrix array, TOF SWS precision could be improved in a homogeneous medium.</p><p>The 3D shear wave imaging system was also used to measure the SWS in muscle, which does not conform to the isotropic mechanical behavior usually assumed for tissue, due to the parallel arrangement of muscle fibers. It is shown that the SWS along and across the fibers, as well as the 3D fiber orientation can be estimated from a single 3D shear wave data-set. In addition, these measurements can be made independent of the probe orientation relative to the fibers. This suggests that 3D shear wave imaging can be useful for characterizing anisotropic mechanical properties of tissue.</p> / Dissertation
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Identifying Vulnerable Plaques with Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse ImagingDoherty, Joshua Ryan January 2014 (has links)
<p>The rupture of arterial plaques is the most common cause of ischemic complications including stroke, the fourth leading cause of death and number one cause of long term disability in the United States. Unfortunately, because conventional diagnostic tools fail to identify plaques that confer the highest risk, often a disabling stroke and/or sudden death is the first sign of disease. A diagnostic method capable of characterizing plaque vulnerability would likely enhance the predictive ability and ultimately the treatment of stroke before the onset of clinical events.</p><p>This dissertation evaluates the hypothesis that Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging can noninvasively identify lipid regions, that have been shown to increase a plaque's propensity to rupture, within carotid artery plaques <italic>in vivo</italic>. The work detailed herein describes development efforts and results from simulations and experiments that were performed to evaluate this hypothesis.</p><p>To first demonstrate feasibility and evaluate potential safety concerns, finite-element method simulations are used to model the response of carotid artery plaques to an acoustic radiation force excitation. Lipid pool visualization is shown to vary as a function of lipid pool geometry and stiffness. A comparison of the resulting Von Mises stresses indicates that stresses induced by an ARFI excitation are three orders of magnitude lower than those induced by blood pressure. This thesis also presents the development of a novel pulse inversion harmonic tracking method to reduce clutter-imposed errors in ultrasound-based tissue displacement estimates. This method is validated in phantoms and was found to reduce bias and jitter displacement errors for a marked improvement in image quality <italic>in vivo</italic>. Lastly, this dissertation presents results from a preliminary <italic>in vivo</italic> study that compares ARFI imaging derived plaque stiffness with spatially registered composition determined by a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) gold standard in human carotid artery plaques. It is shown in this capstone experiment that lipid filled regions in MRI correspond to areas of increased displacement in ARFI imaging while calcium and loose matrix components in MRI correspond to uniformly low displacements in ARFI imaging.</p><p>This dissertation provides evidence to support that ARFI imaging may provide important prognostic and diagnostic information regarding stroke risk via measurements of plaque stiffness. More generally, the results have important implications for all acoustic radiation force based imaging methods used clinically.</p> / Dissertation
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Shear wave elastography with two-dimensional ultrasound transducer. / Elastografia por onda de cisalhamento com transdutor de ultrassom bidimensional.Santos, Djalma Simões dos 30 July 2018 (has links)
Chronic liver diseases are the eighth leading cause of death in Brazil and a major public health problem in the world. Liver biopsy is the best available reference standard for evaluating and classifying stages of liver diseases, but it presents limitations and complications that are common in invasive methods. In recent years, elasticity imaging methods have been the focus of intense research activity with the ability to measure mechanical properties of soft tissues in a non-invasive way. Shear wave elastography is one of the most promising methods because it enables to quantitatively assess tissue elasticity. However, the current depth range of shear wave elastography impedes its application in obese patients, which have a great risk of developing liver disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the use of shear wave elastography in deeper tissues using a two-dimensional ultrasound transducer array. An efficient transducer array arrangement was simulated, fabricated and characterized. The results show that the proposed transducer configuration presents enhanced transmitting capabilities for generating tissue displacement in deeper tissues. In addition, numerical simulations were performed in order to track the tissue deformation and reconstruct its elastic properties. / Doenças crônicas do fígado são a oitava causa de morte no Brasil e um dos principais problemas de saúde pública do mundo. A biópsia do fígado é o melhor padrão de referência disponível para avaliação e classificação dos estágios das doenças hepáticas, mas apresenta limitações e complicações que são comuns nos métodos invasivos. Nos últimos anos, métodos de imagem por elasticidade têm sido o foco de intensa atividade de pesquisa, pois têm a capacidade de medir propriedades mecânicas dos tecidos moles de maneira não invasiva. A elastografia por ondas de cisalhamento é um dos métodos mais promissores, pois permite avaliar quantitativamente a elasticidade do tecido. No entanto, a atual faixa de profundidade da elastografia por ondas de cisalhamento impede sua aplicação em pacientes obesos, que apresentam grande risco de desenvolver doença hepática. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o uso da elastografia por onda de cisalhamento em tecidos mais profundos usando um transdutor de ultrassom bidimensional. Uma configuração eficiente de transdutores matriciais foi simulada, fabricada e caracterizada. Os resultados mostram que o transdutor proposto possui capacidade de transmissão melhorada para gerar deslocamento em tecidos profundos. Além disso, simulações numéricas foram realizadas para monitorar a deformação do tecido e reconstruir suas propriedades elásticas.
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