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Dans la famille des protéines dirigeantes, AtDIR6, oriente le couplage de radicaux phénoxyles afin de former un lignane optiquement pur : le (-)-pinorésinol. Comme de nombreux lignanes, le pinorésinol est un produit d’intérêt avec des propriétés anti-cancéreuse et anti-fongique. Avec pour objectif à long terme de mettre au point de nouveaux biocatalyseurs énantiosélectifs, nous nous sommes intéressés au mécanisme d’action d’AtDIR6.Dans un premier temps, la production d’AtDIR6 et les conditions de bioconversion ont été optimisées. L’effet dose-dépendant de la protéine sur la formation du (-)-pinorésinol a été confirmé. Les études spectroscopiques entreprises afin de préciser la nature du « substrat » pris en charge par AtDIR6 ont permis de confirmer que l’alcool coniférylique est un mauvais substrat. De plus, par RPE nous avons pu mettre en évidence pour la première fois qu’AtDIR6 augmente la durée de vie de la forme radicalaire de l’AC. Par ailleurs, le greffage covalent d’une sonde radicalaire sur AtDIR6 nous a permis de marquer une tyrosine localisée dans la cavité. Avec AtDIR6 marquée la régiosélectivité de la réaction est affectée. Par ailleurs, la reconnaissance de molécules substrats par AtDIR6 semble être naturellement limitée à un motif 2-methoxy-phénol. Nous montrons pour la première fois que le motif propényle peut être modifié comme en témoigne les produits de bioconversion de l’acétate d’AC pour lesquels une régiosélectivité dépendante de la présence d’AtDIR6 est observée. L’ensemble de nos résultats ouvre des perspectives dans l’utilisation de protéines dirigeantes pour la formation contrôlée de nouveaux produits de couplage. / The family of the leading proteins gathers proteins widely spread within the plant world. In this family, AtDIR6, one of the first characterized proteins, directs the coupling of phenoxyl radicals to form an optically pure lignan: the (-)-pinoresinol. Like many lignans, pinoresinol is a product of interest with anti-cancer and anti-fungal properties. With the long-term goal of developing new enantioselective biocatalysts, we are interested in the mechanism of action of AtDIR6.At first, AtDIR6 production and bioconversion conditions were optimized. The dose-dependent effect of the protein on (-)-pinoresinol formation was confirmed. Spectroscopic studies undertaken to clarify the nature of the "substrate" accommodated by AtDIR6 have confirmed that coniferyl alcohol is a poor substrate. Furthermore, by EPR we have been able to highlight for the first time that AtDIR6 increases the life of the radical form of coniferyl alcohol. Moreover, the covalent grafting of a radical probe on AtDIR6 allowed us to tag a tyrosine located in the cavity. With the tagged protein the regioselectivity of the reaction is affected. On the other hand, the recognition of substrate molecules by AtDIR6 seems to be naturally limited to AC or its radical, apparently recognized because of the 2-methoxyphenol motif. We show for the first time that the propenyl unit can be modified as evidenced by the bioconversion products of AC acetate for which a regioselectivity dependent on the presence of AtDIR6 is observed. All of our results open up prospects for the use of dirigent proteins for the controlled formation of new coupling products.

La salvinorine A est un néoclérodane naturel possédant une forte affinité pour les récepteurs opioïdes kappa. Tout comme elle, de nombreux terpénoïdes bioactifs naturels, tels que l’acide hardwickiique, possèdent une chaîne latérale 2-(furan-3-yl)-éthyle en position 9. L’introduction de cette chaîne sur le squelette décaline est actuellement reportée dans la littérature en 3 à 8 étapes formelles et nécessitent souvent une dérivatisation préalable des autres fonctionnalités, diminuant ainsi la possibilité d’accéder à plusieurs analogues à partir d’un seul intermédiaire. L’objectif de ce travail a été de développer une méthode d’introduction efficace et diastéréosélective de ce motif à partir de la dicétone de Wieland-Miescher C(9)-méthylée (DWM). Ceci a été envisagé afin d’accéder à un intermédiaire commun peu fonctionnalisé pouvant ensuite être dérivatisé en de nombreux analogues naturels ou synthétiques. Pour cela, plusieurs stratégies ont été envisagées et testées mais l’introduction du motif désiré n’a pas été possible. L’une d’elle a tout de même permis de synthétiser de manière fortuite un nouveau composé, l’α-iodocétone de la DWM. Des essais de dérivatisation ont été effectués et sont toujours en cours de développement. Une stratégie d’aldolisation de Mukaiyama en présence de l’éther d’énol silylé de la DWM et de divers acétals a également été mise au point et permet d’accéder de manière diastéréosélective en 2 étapes à 36 nouveaux aldols simples, silylés, méthylés ou bien encore benzylés comportant différentes chaînes latérales en position C(9) avec des rendements compris entre 9 et 97%. Des fonctionnalisations ultérieures ont ensuite été entrepris sur certains intermédiaires dans l’optique de synthétiser deux sesquiterpénoïdes naturels, le (+)-auréol et la (+)-strongyline A. / The natural neoclerodane salvinorin A exhibits a great affinity for kappa opioid receptors. Several other bioactive natural terpenoids, such as hardwickiic acid, are also bearing a 2-(furan-3-yl)-ethyl chain at position 9. The introduction of this chain is usually performed with 3 to 8 formal synthetic steps. Derivatization of other functionalities is often mandatory in order to meet the chemoselectivity requirements, and is preventing the possibility to access multiple analogues. The aim of this work was to develop an efficient and diastereoselective method to introduce this lateral chain at C(9) position of the C(9)-methylated Wieland-Miescher diketone (DWM) in order to access many natural or synthetic analogues from a common intermediate. Several strategies were designed, but the introduction of the ethyl-3-furyl chain remained unsuccessful. Nevertheless, the new α-iodoketone of the DWM was obtained by serendipity during this work. Experiments in order to derive this compound are still under investigation. A Mukaiyama aldol reaction strategy was set up and permit a diastereoselective access to 36 new aldols (simple, silylated, methylated or benzylated), bearing different lateral chains at C(9) position, with 9 to 97% yield. Further functionalization of two aldols were undertaken in order to synthesize two natural sesquiterpenoids, the (+)-aureol and the (+)-strongylin A.

The thesis entitled “Copper-Catalyzed Novel Oxidative Transformations: Construction of Carbon-Hetero Bonds” is divided into two main sections. Section A deals with the utility of azide as a nitrogen source for C-N bond formation, which is further divided into 4 chapters, and section B presents decarboxylative radical coupling reaction for C-heteroatom bond formation which is further divided in to two chapters. Section A Chapter 1 describes an approach for the direct synthesis of nitrile from the corresponding alcohols using azide as a nitrogen source. Nitrile functionality is a versatile and ubiquitous which occurs in a variety of natural products. Nitrile functionality can be easily transformed into a variety of functional groups and products such as aldehydes, ketones, acids, amines, amides and nitrogen-containing heterocycles, such as tetrazoles and oxazoles. In this chapter a successful attempt for developing a novel methodology to oxidize benzylic and cinnamyl alcohols to their corresponding nitriles in excellent yields has been described. This strategy uses DDQ as an oxidant and TMSN3 as a source of nitrogen in the presence of a catalytic amount of Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O. A few representative examples are highlighted in Scheme 1.1 Scheme 1. Oxidative conversion of alcohols to nitriles Second chapter represents a protocol for the synthesis of 1,5-disubstituted tetrazoles from the corresponding secondary alcohols. Among heterocyles, tetrazole and its derivatives are important class of nitrogen containing molecules. Due to their well-known biological activities as well as vast applications in pharmaceuticals and material science, they are potential targets for synthetic organic chemists. Therefore, a simple and user-friendly method for the synthesis of tetrazole is desirable. In this chapter, a mild and convenient method to synthesize 1,5-disubstituted tetrazoles using easily accessible secondary alcohols by employing TMSN3 as a nitrogen source is developed. This reaction is performed in the presence of a catalytic amount of Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O using DDQ as an oxidant under ambient conditions (Scheme 2).2 Scheme 2. Oxidative conversion of secondary alcohols to tetrazoles Third chapter presents a method for synthesizing amides from their corresponding secondary alcohols. Amide functionality is a crucial backbone in peptide chemistry, it also serve as an important precursor or intermediate for variety of organic transformations. In this contention, a mild and convenient method to synthesize amides using easily accessible secondary alcohols by employing TMSN3 as a nitrogen source is developed. This reaction is performed in the presence of a catalytic amount of Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O using DDQ as an oxidant under ambient conditions (Scheme 3).3 Scheme 3. Oxidative conversion of secondary alcohols to amides Additionally, the application of this methodology has also been revealed for the synthesis azides directly from their alcohols. Some of the representative examples are shown in the Scheme 4.3 Scheme 4. Direct conversion of alcohols to their azides. Fourth chapter describes highly chemoselective Schmidt reaction. The classical Schmidt reaction involves the formation of new carbon-nitrogen bonds in a reaction of a carbon-centred electrophile with hydrazoic acid followed by loss of nitrogen, which usually occurs via a rearrangement. It is well known that under the Schmidt reaction conditions, ketones and carboxylic acids are converted into their corresponding amides and amines respectively, whereas aldehydes furnish a mixture of formanilides and nitriles. In this chapter, Schmidt reaction of aldehydes to obtain their nitriles without formation of the corresponding formanilide is presented (Scheme 5).4 It was also observed that aromatic ketones and acids functionalities were intact under the reaction condition, unlike the conventional Schmidt reaction. Scheme 5. Highly chemoselective Schmidt reaction Section B It is divided into two chapters, describes a copper catalyzed decarboxylative radical coupling for the synthesis of vinyl sulfones and nitroolefins (Scheme 6). Scheme 6. General strategy for the second part First chapter narrates a strategy for synthesizing nitroolefins from the α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids. Nitroolefins represent a unique class of nitro compounds, which have multifaceted utility in organic synthesis. They possess antibacterial, rodent-repelling, and antitumor activities. They serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Nitroolefins also react with a variety of nucleophiles, and their electron-deficient character renders them as a powerful dienophiles in Diels-Alder reactions. In our attempt to use the decarboxylative strategy, this chapter describes a method for the nitrodecarboxylation of substituted cinnamic acid derivatives to their corresponding nitroolefins. This nitrodecarboxylation reaction is performed using catalytic amount of CuCl in the presence of air using TBN as a nitrating source (Scheme 7).5 Besides, the reaction provides a useful method for the synthesis of β,β-disubstituted nitroolefin derivatives which are generally difficult to access from other conventional methods. Scheme 7. Decarboxylative nitration Second chapter presents a new protocol for the synthesis of vinyl sulfones from the α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid. Vinyl sulfones are versatile building blocks, which find their utility as Michael acceptors and used in cycloaddition reactions. This functional group has also been shown to potently inhibit a variety of enzymatic processes, and thus provides unique properties for drug design and medicinal chemistry. Vinyl sulfones are prominent in medicinal chemistry owing to their wide presence in pharmaceutically active molecules, such as enzyme inhibitors and biological activity. In this chapter, we report a method for the construction of C-S bonds via ligand promoted decarboxylative radical sulfonylation of ,-unsaturated carboxylic acids to synthesize vinyl sulfones using Cu catalysis (Scheme 8).6 This is the first report for this particular conversion. Scheme 8. Decarboxylative sulfonation